Обучение грамматическим основам чтения специального текста. англ книги. Практикум Обучение грамматическим основам чтения специального текста
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III. Vocabulary to text A[4]
IV. Test1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.[5]
2.Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом. 1)to solve a)changes 2)to use up a)resources b)problems b)assumptions c)productions c)economies 3)to organize a)quality 4)to provide a)choice b)activity b)service c)validity c)enterprise 5)to answer a)options 6)to buy a)needs b)portions b)wants c)questions c)goods 3.Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определениям.
Unit 2 I. Information for study. Text A Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста. MARKET ECONOMIES In MARKET ECONOMIES (also known as CAPITALIST ECONOMIES or FREE ENTERPRISE ECONOMIES) resources are allocated through markets. The role of government in a free market system is limited. Its main functions are: To pass laws which protect the rights of businesses and consumers and punish offenders; To issue money and make sure that the monetary system operates so that markets work efficiently; To provide certain essential products and services that would not be provided by firms, such as policing, national defence and the judiciary; To prevent firms from dominating the market and to restrict the power of trade unions. These activities will restrict competition and affect the workings of the market. What to produce. This decision is often made by consumers. Businesses will only produce goods if consumers will buy them and so firm must identify consumers’ needs and respond to them. Firms which produce unwanted products are likely to fail. Resources will be used to produce those goods and services which are profitable for businesses. If consumers buy more of a particular product prices will tend to rise. Rising prices will attract firms into that industry as they see the chance of profit. For example, in recent years, new firms have set up supplying accommodation for the elderly, to exploit rising demand as the population ages in the UK. As demand for out of date and unwanted products falls their prices will also fall. Firms will leave these industries due to a fall in profit. They will sell unwanted resources like land, buildings and equipment and make labour redundant. These resources will be used by other businesses. For example, many cinemas have closed down due to a lack of demand. Some of the buildings used as cinemas have been bought by other businesses and used as bingo halls, night clubs or supermarkets. How to produce. In market economies businesses decide this. Businesses aim to make a profit. They will choose productions methods which reduce their costs. Competition in business forces firms to keep prices low. Consumers will prefer to buy their goods from firms which offer lower prices, although other things such as quality will also influence them. How are goods and services allocated? Firms produce goods and services which consumers purchase with money. The amount of money consumers have to spend depends on their income and wealth. In market economies individuals own the factors of production. For example, workers earn wages from selling their labour. Owners of capital receive interest, owners of businesses receive profits and owners of land receive rent. All of these can be spent on goods and services. Those individuals with the most money can buy the most products. In practice there are no pure market economies in the world. However, some countries such as the USA, Japan and Hong Kong have economies which possess many of the characteristics of market economies. II. Exercises 1. Переведите текст А на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов. 2. Найдите в тексте А ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их. 1) What are main functions of government in a free market system? 2) How do price force firms to produce the goods which consumers need? 3) Why do firms leave production of unwanted goods and services? 4) How are resources reallocated when demand for unwanted products falls? 5) How does competition affect choice of production methods in market economies? 6) How are goods and services allocated in a free market system? 3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите близкие по значению слова из следующего списка: person, to possess, to influence, necessary, house, to work, to defend, old-fashioned, to limit. 4. Подчеркните в тексте А предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже. 1) Роль правительства в системе свободного рынка ограничена. 2) Эти действия ограничивают конкуренцию и влияют на работу рынка. 3) Фирмы, которые производят ненужные товары, могут разориться. 4) По мере того, как падает спрос на ненужные и устаревшие товары, цены на них тоже падают. 5) Многие кинотеатры закрылись из-за отсутствия спроса. 6) Предприятия выбирают такие методы производства, которые дают возможность снизить издержки. 7) Рабочие получают зарплату, продавая свой труд. 5. Образуйте существительные от глаголов при помощи суффиксов: -ion, -ing, -er. Проверьте их по тексту и переведите. to decide, to accommodate, to work, to offend, to own, to populate, to compete 6. Изложите краткое содержание текста А на английском языке в письменном виде. 7. Прочтите список ключевых слов к тексту В. market - рынок to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы command economy – командная экономика government - правительство to make (to take) a decision – принять решение production - производство consumption - потребление planning office – планирующая организация central planning – централизованное планирование direction - руководство to consume - потреблять free market – свободный рынок to intervene - вмешиваться to pursue - преследовать to invent - изобретать production possibility frontier – граница производственных возможностей to move the frontier outwards – раздвигать границы better off - богаче to create - создавать opportunity - возможность intervention - вмешательство mixed economy – смешанная экономика extreme – крайняя точка restriction - ограничение to interact - взаимодействовать share - доля output – объем производства, продукция taxation - налогообложение transfer payment – государственное пособие, трансфертный платеж 8. Прослушайте текст В на кассете 2-3 раза и постарайтесь понять его. 9. Запишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке. 10. Прочитайте утверждения и выберите те, которые соответствуют содержанию текста В: 1) Markets are arrangements through which prices influence how the society allocates resources. 2) The command economy is a society where the government does not intervene in production. 3) There is no society which is completely a command economy. 4) In a free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests. 5) In a command economy planning is very easy to do. 6) In a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. III.Vocabulary to text A
IV. Test 1.Выберите из колонки справа слова, пропущенные в предложениях.
2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом. 1) to pass a) rights 2) to restrict a) competition b) laws b) accommodation c) wayes c) consultation 3) to issue a) money 4) to influence a) services b) measure b) containers c) power c) consumers 5) to earn a) laws 6) to own a) activities b) wages b) businessess c) workings c) chances 3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определениям.
Unit 3 I. Information for study. Text A Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста. PLANNED ECNOMIES Until the late 1980s and early 1990s many Eastern European countries such as Romania, Poland and Russia could be described as PLANNED or COMMAND ECONOMIES. Today, examples might include Cuba and North Korea. Government has a vital role in a planned economy. It plans, organizes and co-ordinates the hole production process. This is unlike a market economy, where planning and organizing is carried out by firms. Another difference is that resources in planned economies belong to the state. Individuals are not permitted to own property, land and other non-labour means of production. What to produce. This decision is made by government planners. They decide the type and mix of goods and services to be produced. Planners make assumptions about consumers' needs. For example, they decide how many cars, how much milk, how many shirts and how much meat should be produced. Planners then tell producers, such as farms and factories, exactly what to produce. How to produce.Government also tells producers how to produce. Input-output analysis is often used to make plans. For example, with a given level of tehnology, the state may know the land, labour, tractors and fertilizer (inputs) needed to make 1 million tones of wheat (the output). If an area needs 20 million tones, it is possible to work out the inputs needed. A complex table is drawn up which helps planners calculate the resources needed to meat the various output targets. Plans are often for 5,10 or 15 years. How are good and services allocated? Goods and services are distributed to consumers through state outlets. People purchase goods and services with money they earn. Prices are set by the planners and cannot change without state instruction. Sometimes there are restrictions on the amount of particular goods and services which can be bought by any one individual, cars for example. Some goods and services, like education and health care, are provided free by the state. MIXED ECONOMIES In reality, no country has an economy which is entirely planned or free market. Most economic systems in the world have elements of each system. They are known as MIXED ECONOMIES. In mixed economies some resources are allocated by the government and the rest by the market system. All Western European countries have mixed economies. The public sector in mixed economies is responsible for the supply of public goods and merit goods. Decisions regarding resource allocation in the public sector are made by central or local government. In the private sector production decisions are made by firms in response to the demands of consumers. In the public sector, public goods and merit goods are provided free when used and are paid for by taxes. Examples might be roads, health care and street lighting. In mixed economies the state usually provides a minimum standard of living for those unable to work. In the UK the Welfare State provides benefits, such as unemployment benefit and sickness benefit. In the public sector the state will own a significant proportion of production factors. In the private sector individuals are also allowed to own the means of production. Businesses are set up by individuals to supply a wide variety of goods and services. Competition exists between these firms. As a result, there will tend to be choice and variety. One of the roles of the government is to ensure that there is fair competition in private sector. All private sector goods and services are allocated as in the market system described earlier. What should be the 'degree of mixing' in this type of economy? The government will decide how much business activity there will be in the private sector and how much in the public sector. Some countries, like Sweden, allow the government to play a major role in the supply of goods and services than others, like the UK. For example, in Sweden the government spends around 60 per cent of national income, whilst in the UK the government spends around 40 per cent. In countries where the government plays an important economic role, social provision will tend to be greater, taxes higher and the distribution of wealth and income more equal. In countries where the private sector plays the most important economic role, social provision will tend to be lower with fewer free goods and services at the point of sale. Also, taxes will be lower and the distribution of wealth and income less equal. For example, in the last decade, income tax rates have fallen in the UK and fewer services have been supplied by the state. The distribution of income has changed in favour of the 'wealthy' during this time. II. Exercises 1.Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока. Обратите внимание на перевод терминов. 2.Найдите в тексте ответы на заданные вопросы и запишите их. 1) What are the differences between a market economy and a planned economy? 2) Who makes decisions about what to produce in the countries with planned economies? 3) Who decides how to produce in the countries with planned economies? 4) How are goods and services allocated in the countries with planned economies? 5) Who allocates resources in the countries with mixed economy? 6) What kinds of goods are provided free in the public sector of the countries with mixed economy? 7) What is the role of government in the private sector of mixed economies? 8) How are goods and services allocated in the private sector of mixed economies? 9) How does social provision depend on the 'degree of mixing' in the countries with mixed economy? 3.К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите слова, противоположные по значению, из следующего списка: market economy, monopoly, public, minor, local, poor, chargeable, input, similar, early 4.Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов при помощи суффиксов -er, -ence, -ice, -ion. Проверьте их по тексту. Переведите их. to differ, to plan, to serve, to instruct, to educate, to provide, to restrict, to distribute 5.Образуйте существительные от данных прилагательных при помощи суффиксов -ity, -ty, -ness. Проверьте их по тексту и переведите. real, active, sick, busy, proper 6.Подчеркните в тексте А предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже. 1) В странах с плановой экономикой государство играет важную роль. Оно планирует, организует и координирует процесс производства. 2) Некоторые товары и услуги, такие, как образование и здравоохранение предоставляются государством бесплатно. 3) В странах с плановой экономикой ресурсы принадлежат государству. 4) Товары и услуги распределяются через государственные торговые точки. 5) Частные лица не могут владеть землей и другими средствами производства. 6) В странах со смешанной экономикой некоторые ресурсы распределяются правительством, а другие - посредством рыночной системы. 7) В частном секторе решения о производстве принимают фирмы в соответствии с потребительским спросом. 8) Государство обычно обеспечивает прожиточный минимум для тех, кто не может работать. 9) В частном секторе частные лица имеют право владеть средствами производства. 10) Государство должно гарантировать честную конкуренцию в частном секторе. 7. Изложите краткое содержание текста А на английском языке в письменной форме. III. Vocabulary to text A
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