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Chapter 8. Great Britain. LondonText 1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.Study the following vocabulary before reading the texts: total area – общая площадь to border on smth. – граничить с чем-либо to be separated from smth. – отделяться от чего-либо influence smth/smb – влиять на что-либо/кого-либо to be engaged in smth. – быть занятым чем-либо a Bill – законопроект decision-making – принятие решений 1. The geographical situation of the UK The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles which comprise two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland and some 5,500 small and large islands. Their total area is 244,100 square kilometers. The largest island is Great Britain. It consists of three main parts: England, Wales, and Scotland. The second in the size is the island of Ireland in which Northern Ireland occupies one third of the territory. It borders on the Republic of Ireland in the south. The British Isles are separated from the European Continent by the North Sea, The English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The warm currents of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. Winters are not severely cold and summers are rarely hot. The thick fog in autumn or winter is the most typical feature of the climate in England. The surface of England and Ireland is rather flat and it is called the Lowlands while the highland area comprises Scotland and most of Wales. The highest mountain in the United Kingdom is Ben Nevis in Scotland (1343 m.). Scotland is a land of famous lakes. They are called “lochs”. The beautiful Loch Lomond is the largest one and Loch Ness attracts millions of tourists by its legendary monster. There are not many rivers in Great Britain. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. The deepest and the longest rivers are the Thames (over 346 km long) and the Severn (about 350 km). The Thames is the busiest and most important river in the country. Many of the rivers are joined by canals. British greatest ports are associated with such rivers as the Thames, the Mersey, the Tyne, and the Clyde. Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries in the world‚ the average density being over 200 people per square kilometer. The population of Great Britain is more than 57 million. 2. British industry Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources. There are some deposits of coal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the North Sea. Nevertheless the United Kingdom is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, textile, machinery and electronics, navigation and aircraft equipment. One of the chief industries is shipbuilding. Great Britain imports oil, metal, ore, rubber, cotton, timber and enormous quantities of food-stuff, grain, meat, butter, tea so on. The United Kingdom has an economy based mainly on private enterprises. They are not controlled by the government. The main industrial centers are London, Sheffield Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Glasgow, Bristol, Edinburgh. 7% of the population is engaged in farming. The main agricultural activity is the cultivation of wheat, fruit growing and sheep rearing. 3. Political set-up The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy. The Monarch is the head of the state. Now it’s Elizabeth II. The Queen of Great Britain is not absolute, but constitutional. Her powers are limited by Parliament. The power is hereditary, and not elective. She appoints all the Ministers and the Prime Minister, but she takes no part in the process of decision-making. The real power in the United Kingdom belongs to the British Parliament (the legislative body) and the British Government (the executive one). The Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons together with the Queen in her constitutional role. The House of Commons plays the major part in law-making, it has a true power. The 650 members of the House of Commons are elected every five years. The House of Lords does not have much power but it is very important as it can offer and change laws, it may delay certain Bills but cannot finally veto them. The members of the House of Lords are landlords, bishops and peers. They are not elected. The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The Government is formed by the political party, which has the majority support in the House of Commons. Its leader becomes the Prime Minister, who chooses members of Parliament from his or her party to become the Cabinet Ministers. The British system is known as a “two-party system”. It means that one of the two strongest parties is in power. From 1832 to 1918 the dominant parties were the Conservative (or Tory) on the one hand and the Liberals (or Whigs) on the other. Later the Labour party backed by the trade unions replaced the Liberals as the main party of reform, and since 1924 the political scene has been dominated by the Conservative and Labour parties. The United Kingdom is a member of the European Union (EU), the United Nations Organization (UNO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Commonwealth. Exercises 1. Choose the right variant to complete the sentences according to the text: 1. The United Kingdom comprises … – small and large islands – a lot of large islands – the British Isles 2. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by … – the Irish Sea – the strait of Dover – the Atlantic Ocean 3. The busiest and the most important river is … – the Mersey – the Clyde – the Thames 4. Great Britain is … – not very rich in mineral resources – very rich in mineral resources – rich in mineral resources 2. Use the text to complete the sentences: 1. The United Kingdom is situated on … 2. The United Kingdom consists of … 3. The British Isles are separated from Europe by … 4. The British Isles are washed by … 5. The main industries are … 6. The main industrial centers are … 7. Great Britain imports … 8. ... is the head of the state. 9. The Queen’s rights are limited by … 10. The British Parliament consists of … 11. The main political parties are … 3. Answer the questions on the text: 1. Where is the United Kingdom situated? 2. What parts does it consist of? 3. What waters are the British Isles washed by? 4. What are the main rivers in Great Britain? 5. What goods does the British industry produce? 6. Who is the Head of the State? 7. Who has the real power in Great Britain? 8. Are the members of the House of Commons elected or not? 9. Does the House of Lords have much power? 10. What does the British parliamentary system depend on? 4. Use the text and your background knowledge to answer the questions of the quiz on Great Britain:1. Great Britain is situated … . 2. British Isles comprise two large islands: ... . 3. The official name of Great Britain is … . 4. The United Kingdom is divided into four parts: ... . 5. The capitals of these parts are …? 6. Name some rivers of Great Britain. 7. From this list choose the cities which are situated in the UK: Edinburgh, Dresden, Washington, Bristol, Frankfurt, Oslo, Glasgow, Liverpool, Chicago, Los Angeles, Manchester. 8. The Head of the State is …? 9. The real power belongs to …? 10. British Parliament consists of two Houses: ... . 11. The British Flag is called … . 12. Which of the following traditions belong to the United Kingdom: – to remember dead parents – grandparents or relatives on the first Saturday in November – to open the Parliament once a year – to make crowns out of flowers and jump over the fire on one of the summers months – trooping the Colour – Chancellor sits on the sack of wool. 13. Great Britain is separated from the continent by … – the Pacific Ocean – the Irish Sea – the Bristol Channel – the English Channel 14. 650 members of the House of Commons are elected every … – 2 years – 3 years – 4 years – 5 years 15. Choose the holidays which are celebrated in the United Kingdom: Easter; Halloween; Kupala; Victory Day; Guy Fawakes Night; Christmas; The first of May; Radunitsa; April Fool’s Day. 16. The symbols of each part are: – … in England – … in Scotland – … in Wales – … in Northern Ireland 5. Be ready to speak about Great Britain. Use text 1. as a help to your topic. Text 2. LondonRead the text and do the exercises that follow it.Study the following vocabulary before reading the texts: a head-quarter – штаб-квартира a craftsman – ремесленник e.g. = for example London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the biggest ports of the country. It is situated on both sides of the Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is about 8 million. London is more than 20 centuries old. It consists of many parts and they are all very different from each other. The most well-known are the City, the Westminster, the West End‚ Trafalgar Square and the East End. The City is the oldest part of London, financial and business centre. Numerous banks and offices are situated there, e.g. the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the head-quarters of many companies and corporations. The most striking buildings in the City are the Tower of London and St. Paul’s Cathedral. The Tower was built in the 11th century and was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it’s a museum. Not far from the Tower there is St. Paul’s Cathedral, which was built in the 17th century by Christopher Wren. Some well-known people are buried there. The Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. It includes Buckingham Palace where the Monarch lives. At Buckingham Palace one can see the ceremony of the changing of the guard. The palace of Westminster is also situated there. It is the seat of the British Parliament. One of the two high towers of Westminster is called the Clock Tower with Big Ben, the bell of which strikes the hours. Westminster Abbey is a place where many famous people are buried, e.g. I. Newton‚ Ch. Darwin‚ Ch. Dickens, A. Tennyson, Th. Hardy, К. Kipling. In the Poet’s Corner one can find memorials to W. Shakespeare, G. Byron, W. Scott and others. Nearly all the kings and queens have been crowned in the Abbey and many of them are buried here. One should mention such streets as Whitehall and Downing Street in the Westminster. Government offices are situated in Whitehall. In the middle of this street stands an impressive monument to the memory of victims of 2 wars. It is called the Cenotaph. Downing Street is a quiet little street with ordinary houses. House 10 is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain. The West End is a fashionable shopping and entertainment centre situated to the west of the City. The West End is a symbol of wealth and luxury. The best and most expensive hotels, restaurants, clubs, theatres, cinemas and the richest shops are situated there. English aristocracy lives in this region. One of the busiest streets here is Oxford street. There are many various shops which attract customers from different countries of the world. Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in the memory of the Victory at the battle of Trafalgar where in 1805 the English under the command of Nelson defeated the fleet of Napoleon. The tall column with a statue of Nelson stands in the middle of Trafalgar Square. It’s a place of political meetings and demonstrations. Opposite the Nelson monument is the National Gallery with great collection of pictures of different schools and National Portrait Gallery containing pictures of all famous English men and women. Not far from the National Gallery is the British Museum rich in its collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc. It is also famous for its library, one of the richest in the world. The East End is situated to the east of the City. It is an industrial centre inhabited by factory workers, dockers and small craftsmen. There are many factories and docks but few large parks and squares. The Port of London is situated there. Exercises 1. Answer the questions on the text: 1. Where is London situated? 2. What parts does London consist of? What are they? 3. What is the City? What buildings is it famous for? 4. What is Westminster? What places of interest does it include? 5. What is Westminster Abbey famous for? 6. What is the richest and most beautiful part of London? 7. What can you say about the East End? 8. What is the geographical center of London? Why is it named Trafalgar? 2. Speak about London. Use the information from text 2 as a help to your topic. Additional texts for reading Text 1. From the history of Britain Read the text with a dictionary and do the exercises that follow it.Study the following vocabulary before reading the texts: B.C. (Before Christ) – до нашей эры A.D. (Anno Domini) – нашей эры In the early days of history (50 B.C. – 450 A.D.) England was known as Britain. The name “Britain” comes from the name of a Celtic tribe known as the Britons that arrived from Central Europe after 800 B.C. At that time there were no big towns on the British Isles. People lived in small villages along the rivers or near the sea. The Britons caught fish, grew wheat and had many pigs, cows and sheep in the meadows near the rivers and on the sides of the mountains. In 55 B.C. the Romans with Julius Caesar at the head invaded the British Isles and forced the population to pay tribute. The Romans kept their armies in Britain. They built roads and had the country under control. They protected themselves from the attacks of the Britons by the walls which they built across Britain. You can see the Roman walls in Britain even now. The Romans left the country only in the second half of the 5th century A.D. The Roman armies were called back to Italy where they defended the country from barbaric peoples. Roman culture and civilization had a positive influence on the development of the country. The Britons couldn’t keep their land free for a long time. The Germanic tribes from Western Europe – the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes – attacked the coasts of Britain and after long wars with the Britons settled on the British Isles. The Angles got most of the land and became the strongest tribe. The Britons went to the mountains in the west of the Isles and settled there. This part of Britain is called Wales now. As time went on the 2 peoples – the Angles and the Saxons – grew into one and were called Anglo-Saxons. They called their speech English, and their country England – that is, the Land of the English. The Anglo-Saxons formed many kingdoms – Kent, Essexs, Wessex, which now are counties of Great Britain. These kingdoms were at war with one another. The strongest kings took the land from the smaller kingdoms. In the 9th century the Danes who came from Denmark and the Northmen who came from Scandinavia attacked England. For 200 years the English people were at war with them. The Danes wanted to rule the country and after many battles took the crown from the English. They held it for 24 years. It was Alfred the Great who defeated the Danes making them sign a peace agreement. The last of the invaders who came to Britain were the Normans from Normandy (France). In 1066 the Normans won the victory and William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned king of England and called William the Conqueror. The invaders spoke French, and it was the language of the upper classes and the government for the next 3 centuries. The power of the state grew and little by little England began to spread its power: first on Wales, then on Scotland and later on Ireland. The union of England, Wales and Scotland became known as Great Britain. Ireland was England’s first colony. Later the southern part of Ireland became a Free State after a long and bitter struggle. The Northern Ireland remains part of the UK till now. As Great Britain was situated on the crossways of sea routes it helped Britain to become “the mistress of the seas”. In the 17th century large territories in India, Australia, America and Africa became dependent on the British Empire. Some colonies were self-governing or dominions such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Others like India, Africa and the West Indies were ruled by a governor appointed from Britain. At the end of the 19th century Britain began to lose industrial supremacy to the United States and Germany. The population of the colonies began to struggle against the British colonists. In the 20th century such countries as Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Burma, Pakistan and many colonies in Africa became independent from the British Empire. The last country who got its independence was Australia. Exercises 1. Read the text and arrange the following statements in correct order: – the fall of the British Empire; – the English kingdoms; – the Romans times; – England under Normans; – the Britons. 2. Answer the questions on the text: 1. Where did the name “Britain” come from? 2. How long did the Romans stay in Britain? 3. Who made French the official language in Britain? 4. What British colonies do you know? 5. Why did the UK lose its colonies? 5. What country has got its independence from the UK recently? Text 2. From the history of London Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.London is without doubt one of the most fascinating cities in the world. It has a long history. The birthplace of London is the old city. Here, on the banks of the Thames was a small settlement, called Lyndin that means a lonely port. To this place in the year 55 B.C. Julius Caesar came from Rome. Britain was conquered and for 400 remained a province. The Romans called the place Londinium and unclosed it in wall, parts of which still remain. There is a street called London Wall and there are a number of districts named after gates in the old wall – Old gate, Older gate … . The Romans made it a large and rich city and built long and straight roads, beautiful palaces, shops and villas. Trade was growing. In the 5th century the Romans left Britain. The Saxons and Brides and Danes came to the British shores. They conquered the land and ruined the city. During nearly 400 years Londinium lay in ruins. In the 8th century and later Saxon kings began to rebuild the ruined city of Londinium. Soon 2 miles west from it another center, Westminster Abbey was founded. In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, came and made London the capital of Norman Britain, as the Normen were masters of Britain for 500. They brought with them Latin and French civilization. Westminster Abbey was finished and William was the first king to be crowned there. Since then for nearly 1000 years, all English monarchs have been crowned there. Many of them are buried there too. At that time the Tower was built on the Thames. London has overcome two big catastrophes. In the year 1665 the Plague broke out and it carried of 1/5 of population. So many people left the city and escaped to the villages in the surrounding countryside. The second was the Great Fire of London. It was burning for 4 days. It’s also interesting to note that the Plague has gone with the fire. It also destroyed much of the city. These days not many people live in the city centre, but London has spread further towards into the country, including surrounding villages. Answer the questions on the text: 1. What are the previous names of London? 2. Who occupied London? 3. What’s Westminster Abbey noted for? 4. What great catastrophes has London survived? 5. Who conquered London? What was their influence? Text 3. Museums of London Read the text with a dictionary and after each paragraph form a question on the main fact or information contained in it.There are many quite different museums in London. The British Museum was, and probably is, one of the most famous libraries on the world. The British Museum Library contains about 6 mln. books and in the centre of the Museum there is the large circular Reading Room with the reference section of 30,000 volumes on open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library. The Museum has a priceless collection of rare books and manuscripts, including illuminated Bibles, books printed by Caxton in the XV century and the earliest editions of Shakespeare. The collection of foreign books is also outstanding. There is a wonderful art gallery in the British Museum too. It has a unique collection of sculpture, ceramics, drawings and paintings from ancient time up today. One of the London’s newest museums is the Museum of London, opened in 1976. The aim of the Museum is to do justice to London’s long history. The exhibits start with diagrams and pictures of the formation of the land on which London stands and end with a view of the modern complex city of today. Of course as London constantly grows and changes, its history can really never end. So the museum holds frequent special exhibitions on subjects of interest – the latest archeological discoveries, for example. If you are in south London, you may as well visit the Museum of British Transport, which tells you the story of public transport in Britain. The first double-decker bus was built in 1851, but the upper deck did not have a roof until about 1930. The passengers were given raincoats to put on if it started to rain. You can see an early petrol-engine bus and one of George Stephenson’s later trains in the museum too. Near London’s centre, a couple of hundred yards from Trafalgar Square, is a tavern known as the “Sherlock Holmes”, which is dedicated to preserving the legend of the great detective. Displayed here are such “authentic” exhibits as the head of the Hound of the Baskervilles and the coiled cobra described in the mystery of the “Speckled Band”. On the upper floor you can find a complete reconstruction of Sherlock Holmes’s living room from his lodging at the fictional 221 b Baker Street. The remarkable collection of “Holmesiana” includes revolvers, handcuffs, a police lantern, a model of a Hanson cab and many other things which will give you the feeling that Holmes just might have existed, after all. No wonder that dozens of letters in the name of Sherlock Holmes arrive at his Baker Street office. The world’s famous Madame Tussaud’s museum of waxworks, is situated only a few steps from Sherlock Holmes’s Baker Street. When Madame Tussaud was 17 she made a wax portrait of Voltair and followed this with death-masks of Marie Antoinette, Robespierre and other victims of the French Revolution. She came to England in 1802, travelling with her exhibition for some thirty years before settling down permanently in Baker Street. Realism of her figures and accuracy of her costumes made the Museum quite famous. You may see here life-size wax portraits of kings, queens, statesmen, well-known writers, singers and even notorious criminals. Text 4. London parks Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.Londoners do not have to go far to find green fields and flowers. London is rich in parks and gardens. London parks are the most beautiful areas of the city. There are lawns and flower-beds‚ fountains and avenues in the parks‚ but mostly the parks consist of trees and grass and water. They are planned to look very natural. In summer you can seat in St. James’s Park by the side of the lake and listen to the band playing music. Green Park is a different kind of park. It is a quiet, wooded place. The Hyde Park is the most beautiful. There are a lot of trees, green lawns and a few ponds. The ducks and swans are swimming in the pools. Artificial lake Serpentine running the whole length of the park is very popular with Londoners where they can sit on the grass, bathe or boat. People are allowed to do everything there. You can sing or dance, or cry and nobody will make you a remark. In Hyde Park there is also speaker’s corner. It is a big open place, where a man can stand on the chair, or on a platform, or on the ground and speak everything he likes. You can listen to him, ask questions or you may pass without any reaction. Crossing the Serpentine Bridge you will find yourself in Kensington Gardens, which is a favourite playground of children. Children and adults enjoy sailing model boats on the Round Pond here. There are a lot of other wonderful parks in London. Among them there is Queen Park, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond Park, Regent’s Park with the Zoo and so on. Answer the questions on the text: 1. How is Green Park different from St. James’s Park? 2. What is Hyde Park famous for? 3. What can people do at the speaker’s corner? 4. What park is more popular among children? Why? 5. What other parks do you know? Text 5. English character Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.The British have a reputation of being conservative, have established values without questioning their validity; have a strong sense of being different from others. They keep to the left side of the road and use double-deckers. They stick to their own measurement system and continue to measure distances in miles (not kms) and yards (not meters). They buy cheese in pounds and ounces, milk in pints, petrol in gallons. English people don’t like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations. The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats, because he doesn’t wish his doing to be overlooked by his neighbours. They say “An Englishman’s house is his castle”. The average British family lives in a semi-detached house with a garden in the south of England. They own their house which is situated in the suburbs of a large town. The house has three bedrooms. On average they have two children and a pet. The family drives a two-year-old Ford Cortina. They are rather conservative in many ways. They love familiar things. They keep to old traditions. The Britons are practical and realistic. English people are famous for their sense of humor. We can find numerous limericks, jokes, nursery rhymes and tongue twisters. English people show great love for animals. Pet dogs, cats, hens, canaries, guinea-pigs, hemsters and many other animals have a good life in Britain. The English often say: “Love me – love my dog”. The typical Englishmen work in London bank but live in the countryside, in a house with a lovely garden. Every day he reads the Times newspaper and does the crossword on the way to work. He never speaks to anybody on the train, but will talk to you about the weather or cricket if you meet him in the pub at lunch time. He always wears a dark suit to work and always carries an umbrella. He gave up smoking his pipe and wearing a bowler hat some years ago. At the weekend he wears an old tweed jacket and a pair of gardening trousers. He likes plain, simple food and drinks tea at every opportunity. In his free time, he works in the garden, plays golf or takes his dog for a walk. He is suspicious of all foreigners. He is kind and polite to his wife but doesn’t show her a lot of affection. His wife is a snob who dresses rather badly. They both admire members of the Royal Family and copy their accents. He is proud of his son, who is at Cambridge University, (but would rather die than tell him). He is rather worried about his daughter, who is currently living with her punk, but hopes that she will eventually marry a doctor or an accountant. The most popular hobby is gardening and the most popular sports are fishing, football and tennis. Answer the questions on the text: 1. What do you think influenced the formation of the English character? 2. What surprises you in the way the British people live? 3. Can you give any proof of the English conservatism? 4. Give a character sketch of the typical Englishman. Text 6. Customs, holidays and traditions in Great Britain Read the text with a dictionary and answer the questions that follow it.The 6 ravens have been kept in the Tower of London now for centuries. They used to come in from Essex for food cracks when the Tower was used as a palace. Over the years people thought that if the ravens ever left the Tower, the Monarchy would fall. So Charles declared that 6 ravens should always be kept in the Tower and should be paid a wage from the treasury. Sometimes they live as long as 25 years but their wings are clipped, so they can’t fly away, and when a raven dies another raven is brought from Essex. Some ceremonies are traditional, such as the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace, Trooping the Colour 1, the State Opening of Parliament. The ceremony of trooping the Colour is one of the most fascinating. It is staged in front of Buckingham Palace. It is held annually on the monarch’s official birthday which is the second Saturday in June. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards. She is escorted by Horse Guards riding to the Parade. The ceremony is accompanied by the music of bands. The procession is headed by the Queen. In England the Queen opens the parliament once a year, she goes to the House of Parliament in the golden coach, she wears the crown and the crown jewels. She opens the Parliament with a speech in the House of Lords. The cavalrymen wear red uniforms, shining helmets, long black boots and long white gloves. These men are Life Guards. In the House of Lords, Chancellor sits on the sack of wool. This tradition comes from the old times when sheep wool made England rich and powerful. In the House of Commons there are two rows of benches: one row is for the government and the other one is for the opposition. The benches are divided by a strip of carpet, which is also a tradition from old days, when that division prevented two parties from fighting during the debates. The Englishmen have love for old things. They prefer houses with a fireplace and a garden to a flat in modern houses with central heating. The houses traditionally are not very high. They usually two-storied. British buses are double-decked and red, mail-boxes are yellow, the cars keep to the left side of road-all these are traditions. Most English love gardens. Sometimes the garden in front of the house is a little square covered with cement painted green in imitation of grass and a box of flowers. They love flowers very much. The English people love animals very much too. Sometimes their pets have a far better life in Britain than anywhere else. In Britain they usually buy things for their pets in pet-shops. All the animals‚ domestic or wild‚ are protected by the law and cruelty to them is punished by the British police. Queuing is normal in Britain, when they are waiting for a bus or waiting to be served in a shop. People will become very angry, and very rude, if you ‘jump’ the queue. Traditionally telephone boxes, letter boxes and double-decker buses are red. Old customs and traditions may seem strange to visitors but the English still keep up them, which mix with everyday life in the streets. 1.Trooping the Colour – «торжественный развод караула с выносом знамени». Answer the questions on the text: 1. What categories can you divide British traditions into? 2. What’s the role of customs and traditions in the life of the British people? 3. What hobbies do the Englishmen have? 4. What is normal for Britains but seems strange and unusual to you? |