Задания. Содержание Introduction
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Unit 4 I. Information for study. Text A Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS 1.Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject. For example, there are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. What distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with problems of labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, and housing. However, we need not classify branches of economics according to the area of economic life in which we ask the standard questions «what», «how», and «for whom». We can also classify branches of economics according to the approachor methodology that is used. The very broad division of approaches into microeconomics and macroeconomics cuts across the large number of subject groupings cited above. Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities. For example, we might study why individual households prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to produce cars or bicycles. We canthen aggregate the behaviour of all households and all firms to discuss total car purchases and total car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles, we may be able to explain the relative price of cars and bicycles and the relative output of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of microeconomics known as general equilibrium theory extends this approach to its logical conclusion. It studies simultaneously every market for every commodity. From this it is hoped that we can understand the complete pattern of consumption, production, and exchange in the whole economy at a point in time. 2.If you think this sounds very complicated you are correct. For many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend to loose track of the phenomena in which we were interested. The interesting task for economics, a task that retains an element of art in economic science, is to devise judicious simplifications which keep the analysis manageable without distorting reality too much. It is here that microeconomists and macroeconomists proceed down different avenues. Microeconomists tend to offer a detailed treatment of one aspect of economic behaviour but ignore interactions with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis. A microeconomic analysis of miners’ wages would emphasize the characteristics of miners and the ability of mine owners to pay. It would largely neglect the chain of indirect effects to which a rise in miners’ wages might give rise. For example, car workers might use the precedent of the miners’ pay increase to secure higher wages in the car industry, thus being able to afford larger houses which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic analysis ignores such indirectly induced effects it is said to be partial analysis. 3.In some instances, indirect effects may not be too important and it will make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities. In other circumstances an alternative simplification must be found. Macroeconomics studies the interactions in the economy as a whole. It deliberately simplifies the individual building blocks of the analysis in order to retain a manageable analysis of the complete interaction of the economy. For example, macroeconomists typically do not worry about the breakdown of consumer goods into cars, bicycles, televisions, and calculators. They prefer to treat them all as a single bundle called ‘consumer goods’ because they are more interested in studying the interaction between households’ purchases of consumer goods and firms’ decisions about purchases of machinery and buildings. II. Exercises 1. Переведите текст A на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов. 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их: 1) What distinguishes different kinds of economists ? 2) What branches of economics can you enumerate and what do they deal with ? 3) How can we classify branches of economics ? 4) What analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities ? 5) What does general equilibrium theory study ? 6) What do microeconomists tend to offer ? 7) Why do microeconomists ignore interactions with the rest of the economy? 8) When is microeconomic analysis called partial analysis ? 9) When does it make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities ? 10)What does macroeconomics emphasize ? 3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите слова, близкие по значению, из следующего списка: to advance, field, to invent, to concern, method, to propose, investigation, goods, manufacturers, to sum up, separate, sophisticated, to keep, to neglect. 4. Подчеркните в тексте A предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже. 1) Макроэкономика изучает взаимодействия в экономике в целом. 2) Экономика труда занимается проблемами рынка с точки зрения фирм, рабочих, общества. 3) Общая теория равновесия изучает одновременно каждый рынок для каждого товара. 4) Макроэкономика рассматривает все товары как единое целое под названием “потребительские товары”. 5) Микроэкономический анализ подробно изучает индивидуальные решения о приобретении отдельных товаров. 6) Мы можем классифицировать экономистов в соответствии с той отраслью экономики, которой они занимаются. 7) Микроэкономика подробно рассматривает какой-либо один аспект экономического развития, но игнорирует взаимодействия с остальными областями экономики, чтобы сохранить простоту анализа. 8) Макроэкономика намеренно упрощает отдельные строительные блоки анализа, чтобы можно было анализировать взаимодействия в экономике. 5. Изложите краткое содержание текста A на английском языке в письменной форме, используя следующие слова: this text considers.., deals with.., concerns..., discusses.. 6. Выскажите свое мнение по содержанию текста А, используя следующие выражения: “I believe”, “I think”, “My opinion is that…”. III. Vocabulary to Text A
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