Тема 2. Becoming a doctor. Before reading the text Повторите грамматический материал. Глагол to be. Глагол to be

• Название: Тема 2. Becoming a doctor. Before reading the text Повторите грамматический материал. Глагол to be. Глагол to be
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Тема №2. Becoming a doctor.

1. Before reading the text:

Повторите грамматический материал.

Глагол to be.

1. 
   Глагол to be быть относится к числу глаголов, личные формы которых произошли от различных корней.
   

В настоящем времени (The Present Simple Tense) он имеет три формы: am, is, are.

2. 
   В утвердительной форме глагол to be стоит после подлежащего. В вопросительной форме он ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательной форме он стоит после подлежащего и сопровождается отрицательной частицей not.
   

He is a doctor. Он врач.

Is he a doctor? Он врач?

He is not a doctor. Он не врач.

3. 
   Глагол to be употребляется как глагол-связка для образования составного сказуемого и на русский язык обычно не переводится;
   

He is a doctor. Он врач.

Is he a doctor? Он врач?

He is not a doctor. Он не врач.

Глагол to be может также употребляться как смысловой глагол:

The doctor is in the ward now. Врач (находится) в палате сейчас.

4. 
   Спряжение глагола to be в настоящем простом времени
   

The Present Simple Tense:

Утвердительная форма

Вопросительная форма

Отрицательная форма

I am Am I? I am not

You are Are you? You are not

He is Is he? He is not

She is Is she? She is not

It is Is it? It is not

We are Are we? We are not

You are Are you? You are not

They are Are they? They are not

5. 
   В отрицательной форме в разговорной речи часто употребляются сокращенные формы isn't, aren't.
   
6. 
   На вопросительные предложения с глаголом to be могут быть два ответа — полный и краткий:
   

Вопрос: Полный ответ: Краткий ответ:

Are you a doctor? Yes, I am a doctor. Yes, I am.

Вы врач? Да, я врач. Да.

No, I am not a doctor. No, I am not.

Нет, я не врач. Нет.

Как видно из приведенных примеров, при кратких ответах "Yes, I am" или "No, I am not" на русский язык, переводится только слово"yes" - да, "no" - нет.

5. 
   Если в вопросительном предложении есть вопросительное слово, то оно ставится в начале предложения перед сказуемым:
   

Where is John? Где Джон?

What is this? Что это?

Такие вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов, называются специальными вопросами, в то время как вопросы, не содержащие вопросительных слов и требующие ответа «да» или «нет», называются общими вопросами:

Is Linda from London? Линда из Лондона?

Am I late? Я опоздал?

2. Read the text.

Becoming a doctor (part 2)

The first two or three years of medical school are the pre-clinical years.

The student learns anatomy (the bones, muscles and organs of the human body), physiology (how the body works), biochemistry (the chemical reactions occurring in the body’s cells), pharmacology (the chemistry of drugs) and pathology (the study of diseases).

There is much to learn. The body has over 50 organs, 100 joints, 200 bones, 400 nerves, 500 arteries and 600 muscles, as well as 8 meters of gut and 100 square meters of lung. Every cell carries 10,000 genes on two meters of DNA in 46 chromosomes. There are 3,000 known inherited diseases and another 50,000 acquired diseases. More than 20,000 drugs are available to treat these diseases.

The later (clinical) years at medical school are spent in hospitals learning about illness. Illness is what the patient feels that something is wrong with him. A disease (for example, diabetes) can produce a wide spectrum of illness, depending on how the patient copes with the problem. Some people with diabetes feel that they are crippled and worthless; other people with the same disease live normal and active lives. One person who has a cold goes to bed for a week; another person goes to the doctor for some medicine; another person does not even think that he is ill. The student must learn how the patient’s beliefs, personality and culture influence the disease. He must learn to use his personality to reassure and comfort the patient. When he can do this, he will be ready to perform operations and prescribe drugs.

The medical course in Britain lasts five years; in the United States it lasts eight. After the final examinations, the student may call himself a doctor, but he cannot practice medicine alone yet. He does a residency (one or two years); working under supervision, usually in a hospital. Much of their work is administrative and boring. They are usually too inexperienced to win the patients’ respect. They live, eat and sleep within the hospital, which sometimes feels like a prison. The exciting areas of medicine, such as heart transplants and “wonder drugs”, seem a long way away.

Residents learn that a degree in medicine is the beginning, not the end, of the road to success. Whatever branch of medicine the young doctor enters, he must study for at least three more years as well as doing a fulltime job. For some specialties, such as surgery, the young doctor will spend another ten years studying. Over half of all doctors now take postgraduate examinations later in their careers.

Medical school is not a passport to a glamorous and exciting life, and there are certainly easier ways to earn a high salary. Doctors have twice the rate of alcoholism, divorce, and suicide as other professional people, and women doctors often have difficulty combining medicine with motherhood. But the rewards of understanding, and occasionally curing, the diseases of the human body and mind, have no parallel in any other profession.
3. Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is the difference between an illness and a disease?
   
2. 
   What factors can influence a disease?
   
3. 
   Does the doctor work alone during his residency?
   
4. 
   What is much of the work like during a residency?
   
5. 
   How long does it take to become a surgeon?
   
6. 
   How many doctors do postgraduate studies?
   
7. 
   What are some of the dangers for doctors in developed countries?
   

4 . Choose the correct answer:

1. 
   ANATOMY STUDIES ... . :
   
   1. 
      bones, muscles, organs of the human body;
      
   2. 
      disease, symptoms;
      
   3. 
      clinical subjects;
      
   4. 
      family relations;
      
2. 
   PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES ... . :
   
   1. 
      surgical procedures;
      
   2. 
      the work of the body;
      
   3. 
      the qualities of good doctors;
      
   4. 
      the behavior of scientists;
      
3. 
   BIOCHEMISTRY STUDIES ... . :
   
   1. 
      new films;
      
   2. 
      wild animals;
      
   3. 
      chemical reactions occurring in the body’s cells;
      
   4. 
      abnormalities of sleep;
      
4. 
   PHARMACOLOGY STUDIES ... . :
   
   1. 
      special diets;
      
   2. 
      chemistry of drugs;
      
   3. 
      cough and temperature;
      
   4. 
      physical examination;
      
5. 
   PATHOLOGY STUDIES ... . :
   
   1. 
      diseases;
      
   2. 
      nursing;
      
   3. 
      hospitals;
      
   4. 
      books;
      
6. 
   WHERE ... YOU FROM? :
   
   1. 
      am;
      
   2. 
      is;
      
   3. 
      are;
      
   4. 
      was;
      
7. 
   HOW OLD ... YOU? :
   
   1. 
      am;
      
   2. 
      is;
      
   3. 
      are;
      
   4. 
      was;
      
8. 
   WHAT ... YOUR AUNT'S NAME? :
   
   1. 
      were;
      
   2. 
      is;
      
   3. 
      are;
      
   4. 
      --;
      
9. 
   I ... GLAD TO SEE YOU. :
   
   1. 
      am;
      
   2. 
      is;
      
   3. 
      are;
      
   4. 
      were;
      
10. 
    TOM'S PARENTS ... DOCTORS. :
    
    1. 
       am;
       
    2. 
       is;
       
    3. 
       were;
       
    4. 
       was;
       
11. 
    ... YOUR FATHER A SURGEON? :
    
    1. 
       am;
       
    2. 
       is;
       
    3. 
       are;
       
    4. 
       --;
       
12. 
    ... YOU HUNGRY? :
    
    1. 
       was;
       
    2. 
       is;
       
    3. 
       are;
       
    4. 
       am;
       
13. 
    THE NEWS ... (NOT) VERY BAD TODAY. :
    
    1. 
       am;
       
    2. 
       is;
       
    3. 
       are;
       
    4. 
       --;
       
14. 
    I ... HOT. OPEN THE WINDOW, PLEASE. :
    
    1. 
       am;
       
    2. 
       are;
       
    3. 
       is;
       
    4. 
       was;
       
15. 
    WHAT ... YOUR PARENTS' ADDRESS? :
    
    1. 
       am;
       
    2. 
       is;
       
    3. 
       are;
       
    4. 
       were;