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мэждэк леция 6. Тема многонациональные корпорации
С. КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ТЕМЫ 6:
Каковы критерии отнесения корпораций к МНК?
Опишите структуру транснациональной корпорации.
Какие показатели отражают признаки транснационализации (интернационализации) бизнеса?
Какие подходы к выработке материнскими компаниями стратегий в рамках МНК можно выделить? Дайте характеристику каждому из них.
Перечислите источники конкурентоспособности МНК (отличающиеся от источников, используемых национальными компаниями)
Охарактеризуйте роль МНК в развитии мировой экономики.
Назовите наиболее привлекательные сектора мировой экономики, являющиеся наиболее привлекательными для ТНК.
См. Контрольные вопросы к главе 3 учебника Медведева.
D. ЛИТЕРАТУРА К ТЕМЕ 6: Обязательная литература:
Медведев А.Г. Международный менеджмент… Глава 3.
Медведев А.Г. Стратегические роли дочерних предприятий многонациональных корпораций в России. Научный доклад № 15 (R) –2010. СПБ.: ВШМ СПбГУ, 2010. – §2.2. // Сайт ВШМ [2013]. Режим доступа: http://www.gsom.spbu.ru/files/upload/niim/publishing/2010/wp_medvedev.pdf. свободный.
ТНК (TNC). Дефиниции UNCTAD.
Дополнительная литература:
Dullforce, Anne-Britt. FT Global 500 // FT Magazine, June 24, 2011.
Transnational Corporations. UNCTAD. Volume 7, #1, April 1998.
UNCTAD. World Investment Report, 2010.
Владимирова И.Г. Исследование уровня транснационализации компаний / Менеджмент в России и за рубежом. – 2001. – № 6.
Дементьева А.Г. Практика принятия решений в глобальном бизнесе. – М.: Магистр:ИНФРА-М, 2014.
Катькало В.С., Медведев А.Г. Интернационализация российских компаний / Вестник СпбГУ. 2011. Сер.8. вып. 2.
Тишков В.Н., Рекорд С.И. Основные направления интернационализации российского бизнеса // Проблемы глобализации мировой экономики / Под ред. Л.С.Тарасевича, А.И.Евдокимова. – СПб., 2004.
E. ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ К ТЕМЕ 6:
Приложение 6.1. ТНК (TNC). Дефиниции UNCTAD
Transnational corporations (TNC)5
Transnational corporations (TNCs) are incorporated or unincorporated enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their foreign affiliates. A parent enterprise is defined as an enterprise that controls assets of other entities in countries other than its home country, usually by owning a certain equity capital stake.
An equity capital stake of 10 per cent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power for an incorporated enterprise, or its equivalent for an unincorporated enterprise, is normally considered as a threshold for the control of assets (in some countries, an equity stake other than that of 10 per cent is still used. In the United Kingdom, for example, a stake of 20 per cent or more was a threshold until 1997.).
A foreign affiliate is an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which an investor, who is resident in another economy, owns a stake that permits a lasting interest in the management of that enterprise (an equity stake of 10 per cent for an incorporated enterprise or its equivalent for an unincorporated enterprise).
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Transnational Corporations Statistics6
A transnational corporation (TNC) is generally regarded as an enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy. The entities are so linked, by ownership or otherwise, that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and, in particular, to share knowledge, resources and responsibilities with the others.
Once a TNC has been identified, it may be necessary to select the most important parent company for any given associate enterprise. Because the definition of a TNC does not specify majority control, it is possible for an enterprise to be an associate of more than one TNC. In such cases in the tables covering corporate data, enterprises have been treated as associates only of the parent with the highest percentage ownership.
Similarly, some TNCs are active in more than one industrial sector. Such TNCs are listed in the tables containing corporate data as being active only in the sector which is most predominant among its activities. In certain cases where a predominant activity could not be identified, the activities of TNCs have been listed as "diversified". One of the most complex problems in the compilation of the data on TNCs is the identification of holding companies. In identifying such companies, attention was paid to the strategy of each holding company, including their definition of product or service offerings. If a holding company maintains a purely financial relationship with the companies that it holds, treating the companies themselves as its product, such a holding company would be classified as a financial institution. Alternatively, if a holding company actively involves itself in the management of the companies it holds, thereby treating the goods or services produced by those held companies as its own goods or services, such a holding company would be classified as being involved in the industrial sector of the companies it holds, and ranked accordingly.
Another problem with the corporate data presented in the tables arises from the fact that requirements for the consolidation of financial data differ between countries. Because TNCs, by their very nature, cross borders, the degree to which the financial data of any given TNC are consolidated is often uncertain. Therefore, the data on sales or assets of a foreign affiliate in the host country are not always compiled using the fully consolidated sales or assets of all foreign affiliates of its parent company. In most cases when data are reported on assets or sales of foreign affiliates or of domestically-based TNCs, the extent of consolidation is not known.
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Parent Enterprise7
An incorporated or unincorporated enterprise, or group of enterprises, which has a direct investment enterprise operating in a country other than that of the parent enterprise.
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Affiliate Enterprise
An incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which a foreign investor has an effective voice in management. Such an enterprise may be a subsidiary, associate or branch.
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Subsidiary Enterprise
An incorporated enterprise in the host country in which another entity directly owns more than half of the shareholders´ voting power, or is a shareholder in the enterprise, and has the right to appoint or remove a majority of the members of the administrative, management or supervisory body.
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Associate Enterprise
An incorporated enterprise in the host country in which an investor, together with its subsidiaries and associates, owns a total of at least 10 per cent, but not more than half, of the shareholders´ voting power (the figure may be less than 10 per cent if there is evidence of an effective voice in management).
Branch
An unincorporated enterprise in the host country which is one of the following: (i) a permanent establishment or office of the foreign investor; (ii) an unincorporated partnership or joint venture (defined below) between the foreign direct investor and one or more third parties; (iii) land, structures (except structures owned by government entities), and/or immovable equipment and objects directly owned by a foreign resident; (iv) mobile equipment (such as ships, aircraft, gas or oil-drilling rigs) operating within a country other than that of the foreign investor for at least one year.
Under the fully consolidated system:
Enterprise N
A is a subsidiary of N;
B is indirectly a subsidiary of N;
C is an associate of B and hence of N, provided that B has an effective voice in the management of C;
D is a subsidiary of N and an affiliate of A;
L is a branch of D and hence of N.
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Joint Venture
A joint venture involves share-holding in a business entity having the following characteristics; (i) the entity was established by a contractual arrangement (usually in writing) whereby two or more parties have contributed resources towards the business undertaking; (ii) the parties have joint control over one or more activities carried out according to the terms of the arrangements and none of the individual investors is in a position to control the venture unilaterally.
A joint venture may take one of the following three forms:
Jointly controlled entity; the joining together of two or more enterprises resulting in the creation of a third enterprise in order to undertake a specific business venture. It is not a continuing relationship like a partnership. A jointly controlled entity is established under contractual agreement whereby the parties to the agreement contribute resources towards the business undertaking. Both parties have control over the activities carried out according to the terms of the agreement and no party can control the joint venture unilaterally.
Jointly controlled assets: the coordinated use of parts of the investors´ enterprises in order to work on a common project which does not form separate entity, and which operates with a loose organizational structure. The assets and expertise of each partner remain under the direct control of that partner.
Jointly controlled operation: the contribution of resources by investors to a joint venture project which is managed by either one of the investors or by a joint management team. In such a venture, a joint venture agreement defines the terms of the project, and each investor possesses an undivided interest in the assets of the project.
Holding Company
A corporation that owns voting stock in another corporation and is able to influence its board of directors, and therefore control its policies and management. A holding company need not own a majority of the shares of the corporation or be involved in activities similar to those of the company it holds.
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