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см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2,а также ссылки после *). 1. Several factors should be considered*11.9 when we analyze the experimental results. 2. A telephone network can be used to connect personal computers to an electronic e-mail system. 3. In all cases, the received signal must be converted by a transducer such as a loudspeaker. 4. Computers cannot be called «brains».*11.17 V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tobe(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. There was a problem of negative feedback. 2. The problem is to choose a suitable filter. 3. The fixed coils of a wattmeter are to be connected in series with the load. 4. These devices are being used more*3.2 extensively. VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tohave(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. It is a well-known fact that cordless*1.1 telephones have a limited mobility. 2. A computer displays results after*9.2(1) it has performed calculations. 3. All the input pulses have to be of identical form. 4. Virtual reality techniques have been used to make a 3D model (=трехмерная модель) of the planet Mars. VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2(1,2),11.6, 11.7,а также ссылки после *). 1. Filaments may be heated either by DC or AC, but in the latter*4.5 case hum may by created. 2. Since there is*6.2 (6) no electrostatic field near the cathode, the plate current through the tube is zero. 3. Once generators are operating in parallel, they are in synchronism. VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых словосочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12,а также ссылки после *). 1. This auxiliary winding, due to its size, position, and other arrangements, produces a revolving*7.3.2.1 field. 2. Most of *3.1 the tools that we have invented have helped our bodies rather than our minds. IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы текста. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE RADIO 1. New methods of detecting radio waves were invented in England, France, Russia and Italy, but the first practical use of the discovery was made by A. S. Popov and G. Marcony. 2. A. Popov, the great Russian scientist, was born in 1858. By the time he graduated from the Petersburg University (1883), he had already had a broad knowledge of electrical theory as well as*9.1.2 a wide experience in that field.*11.9 3. Popov was one of the first to pay attention**7.1.2.1, 10.1 to the works of Hertz who proved by experiments the existence of electromagnetic waves. After many experiments Popov carried out together with his assistant Rybkin, the device they constructed*9.3.2 started receiving electromagnetic waves at a distance. By means*11.12 of his receiver Popov could detect the waves at a distance of several meters and then several kilometers. While making experiments,*7.3.2.1 the scientist discovered that when a wire was connected to the receiver, the range of operation*11.8 increased. After that he connected his first receiver to the first antenna. 4. On April 25, 1895, Popov demonstrated his device at the Russian Physic-Chemical Society. Popov expressed hope that the device, after being perfected, would make it*4.1 possible to transmit signals at a distance by means of rapid electrical oscillations. In summer 1895, Popov´s invention was successfully tested and in the same year he attached to the device an apparatus used for recording telegrams over the wire telegraph. In the following year this receiver was used at an electric power station in Nizhny Novgorod. 5. In 1897, Popov successfully carried out his experiments at sea, havingsucceededin effecting*11.8radio communication between the shore and the sea at a distance of 3 km.*7.3.2.2 In those days the future wireless*1.3 communication between the continents was being founded. 6. The year of 1898 saw a new important invention made by Popov together with his assistants Rybkin and Troitsky - the reception of signals by means of a receiver. Successful experiments having been completed,*8.4 serious practical testing was started. In those days Popov´s radio telegraph helped to save the ship «General-Admiral Apraksin». X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 6-й абзацы текста. Вариант 3 I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it,that(those),one(см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *). 1. It is necessary to reduce the load in the battery to a minimum. 2. It was in 1896 that Popov transmitted the first radiogram. 3. The biggest*3.1 difficulty in designing*7.2.2, 11.8 optical computers is that of miniaturization. 4. One should be careful when working*7.3.2.1 with chemical substances. II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. The problem of antenna design*11.8 is one of the most important problems in radio engineering. 2. Isotope power sources have some limitations. 3. The scales in common use today are the Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Centigrade. III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.,5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13,а также ссылки после *). 1. Advances in microelectronic components led to the development of smaller*3.1 computers. 2. By the end of the nineteenth century the method ofmaking*7.2.2 rockets had greatly developed. 3. These questions were answered in series of investigations. IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2,а также ссылки после *). 1. A rheostat is a resistor whose resistance may be varied. 2. The output power should be made as high as possible. 3. Transistor oscillations can be used for the same purposes as vacuum tubes. 4. The cathode-ray tube enabled scientists to control*11.8. electrons. V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tobe(см. грамм. справ.6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. The next advantage is that there is no external electric field in the system. 2. The purpose of the detector in a receiver is to remove the desired communication from the carrier. 3. We are to finish with the experiments in two months at the most.*3.2 4. Electronics was being used more and more to control industrial processes. VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tohave(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. Ambient light has a very little effect upon communication link. Many years had passed before*9.2 (1) Faraday´s discovery of induction found practical application. 2. Investigating the nature of lightning Lomonosov had to risk his life. 3. Several attempts have been made to produce artificial rain. VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2, 11.6, 11.7,а также ссылки после *). 1. The longer and thinner a piece of wire the greater will be its resistance. 2. Ordinarily, single-phase motors are not self-starting, since the single-phase field does not revolve as does*4.2.3. the three-phase. 3. The energy which an object has because of its motion is called kinetic energy. VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых словосочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12). 1. We must take into consideration the amount of force applied. 2. In order to fit the power law model to data, it is necessary to estimate values for α and β. IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2 3 и 4-й абзацы текста. HOW COMPUTERS WORK 1. A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires. 2.The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early СPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. 3. The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. 4. The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might*5.6.1 include multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions and square roots. Superscalar computers may contain multiple (зд.: много) ALUs so that they can process several instructions at the same time. 5. Magnetic core memory was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until*9.2.(1) it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory. A computer´s memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered «address» and can store a single number. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up (зд.: иметь целью) to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). A computer can store any kind of information in memory as long as it can be somehow represented in numerical form. X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 5-й абзацы текста. Вариант 4 I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it,that(those),one(см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *). 1. It is also important to achieve as low noise as possible. 2. It is the solid state switch that has become a natural application for the transistor. 3. The atomic weight of oxygen is greater*3.1 than that of carbon. 4. One cannot well imagine a modern rocket or a satellite without a variety of transistors. II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. Special signals are sent out by the television transmitter in addition to the picture impulses. 2. Low-energy radio waves are reflected and absorbed by the electrons and ions of the ionosphere. 3. Every computer now in existence must be told*5.5.3, 5.5.4 what to do. III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13). 1. Solar panels often power spacecraft. 2. In only a very short period of time computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed. 3. The problems of circuits will be dealt with from the point of view of radar engineering. IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2,а также ссылки после *). 1. Any information may be represented by the binary system. 2. Heat losses should be reduced constantly and effectively. 3. Popov`s apparatus was so sensitive that it could pick up even the weakest*3.1 radio waves. 4. The device allows the characteristics of electrical signals to be displayed.*7.1.2.1 V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tobe(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1). 1. There are always electrical discharges in the air. 2. The purpose of a huge solar collector is to convert solar energy into electrical energy. 3. These sources are to be linked up into a single network. 4. Memory chips are being used in many modern handsets which now are beginning to be popular. VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tohave(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1.). 1. Both microprocessors have a 128-bit data bus and up to 32KB of on-chip cache. 2. Popov has found practical application for Hertz`s great discovery. 3. Supercomputers have to operate like brain: all the computations proceed concurrently. 4. Multimeters have traditionally been used to measure voltage, current, and resistance. VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2, 11.6, 11.7,а также ссылки после *). 1. A bug is an error in either the syntax or the logic of a computer program. 2. Because of the very low density, it is difficult to measure directly the temperature of the upper atmosphere. 3. Since the end of World War II there has been*6.2(6) a rapid development of jet engines. VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых сочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12). 1. By means of the field rheostat the current in the field windings (зд.: обмотка возбуждения), and consequently the magnetic field and the electromotive force, may be regulated. 2. Until 1940, developments in electronics took place at a comparatively moderate space (зд.: в ограниченных областях). IX. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты, затем письменно переведите второй из приведенных текстов. CORDLESS TELEPHONES 1. Cordless telephones are devices that are employed mostly*3.2 within a home or office. Cordless*1.3 telephones have a very limited mobility – up to a hundred meters. They essentially serve as a wireless extension to the wiring that exists in a home or office because they are plugged (зд.: включаются) directly into the existing telephone jack. Cordless telephones operate over a pair of frequencies in the 46 – and 48 megahertz bands or over a single frequency in the 902–928-megahertz band. 2. The system based on satellite transmission is available through the use of geostationary-orbit satellites. Satellite-based systems have their specific properties: they are absolutely independent of ground stations. Thus, they may be employed anywhere in the world. |