Тесты на курсах сайта sdo sut ru на 60% 1) httpssdo sut rucourseview phpid567 (Английский язык, лексика, семестр 1)
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Зачет Для получения «зачет» необходимо выполнить тесты на курсах сайта sdo.sut.ru на 60%: 1) https://sdo.sut.ru/course/view.php?id=567 (Английский язык, лексика, семестр 1) 2) https://sdo.sut.ru/course/view.php?id=562 (Английский язык, грамматика, семестр 1) Экзамен: На «удовлетворительно» на курсах сайта sdo.sut.ru (экзамен) предлагаем выполнить тесты на курсах сайта sdo.sut.ru на 60%: 1) https://sdo.sut.ru/course/view.php?id=568 (Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык, семестр 2) 2) https://sdo.sut.ru/course/view.php?id=563 (Английский язык, грамматика, семестр 2) На «хорошо» –– адекватно перевести текст курса на выбор преподавателя, с учетом его лексико-грамматических особенностей. На «отлично» –– адекватно перевести текст курса на выбор преподавателя, с учетом его лексико-грамматических особенностей и устно рассказать тему на выбор преподавателя. Устная тема на выбор преподавателя: 1) My future profession. 2) My university and my life as a student. St.Petersburg State University of Telecommunications named after professor M.A.Bonch-Bruevich. 3) A scientist or inventor who inspired me to choose my future profession. 4) My town or city 5) ICT systems in our life. (Information communication technologies) 6) English as a global English. Перевод текста на выбор преподавателя: 1) Telecommunications: A Brief Historical Review 2) From The History Of The Radio 3) How Computers Work 4) Cordless And Cellular Telephones 5) History Of Television 6) An Imaginary Tour 7) Communications Services 8) Computer Security 9) Energy-Converting Plastic Film 10) Blu-Ray Disk Работа по текстам выполняется заранее. Текст 1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS: A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW 1. The first true telecommunications system using electrical signals to carry messages started in the 1840s with machine telegraphy. Samuel Morse firstdeveloped the telegraph in 1832 but it was not until the mid-1840s that the system was put into practical use –sending coded electrical messages (Morse Code) along the wires. The telegraph became a rapid success, its speed quicklyoutdatingthe Pony Express (=обычная почта) for long-distance communications. 2. The next major step forward came in 1878 with the invention of the telephone by Bell. This enabled speech to be transported*8.1 as electrical signals along wires and revolutionized personal communications. 3. In 1886, Hertz verified experimentally that electrical energy could*5.6.1 be radiated and thus proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. This opened the way for the free-space transmission of information without wires. This provided the basis for all radio and TV broadcasting. 4. In 1897, Popov successfully carried out his experiments at sea, havingsucceeded in effecting radio communication between the shore and the sea at a distance of 3 km. 5. In 1901, Marconi established long-distance telegraph communication by transmitting between England and Canada. Although he did not realize it at the time, he achieved such long distances by reflecting radio waves in the ionosphere (layers of ionized gases and electrons existing in the Earth` upper atmosphere at heights of 50–500 km). This overcame the problem of transmitting round the Earth from one side of the Atlantic to the other. 6. With the discoveries of the diode and thermionic valve in the early part of this century, advances were made in bothreceiver and transmitter design with an associated impact in telegraphy, telephony, and civil and military communications. Radio broadcasting soon followed, with powerful transmitters serving to communicate over wide areas. Television (TV) was first established in 1937. Radar (radio detection and ranging) was also developed from the 1930s and played a vital role in aircraft detection and navigation in World War II. 7. As further advances in technology took place (e. g. the invention of the transistor in 1947 and the subsequent development of microelectronic integrated circuits technology), new applications became feasible, and new systems were developed. Текст 2 FROM THE HISTORY OF THE RADIO 1. New methods of detecting radio waves were invented in England, France, Russia and Italy, but the first practical use of the discovery was made by A. S. Popov and G. Marcony. 2. A. Popov, the great Russian scientist, was born in 1858. By the time he graduated from the Petersburg University (1883), he had already had a broad knowledge of electrical theory as well as a wide experience in that field. 3. Popov was one of the first to pay attention to the works of Hertz who proved by experiments the existence of electromagnetic waves. After many experiments Popov carried out together with his assistant Rybkin, the device they constructed started receiving electromagnetic waves at a distance. By means*11.12 of his receiver Popov could detect the waves at a distance of several meters and then several kilometers. While making experiments, the scientist discovered that when a wire was connected to the receiver, the range of operation increased. After that he connected his first receiver to the first antenna. 4. On April 25, 1895, Popov demonstrated his device at the Russian Physic-Chemical Society. Popov expressed hope that the device, after being perfected, would make it*4.1 possible to transmit signals at a distance by means of rapid electrical oscillations. In summer 1895, Popov´s invention was successfully tested and in the same year he attached to the device an apparatus used for recording telegrams over the wire telegraph. In the following year this receiver was used at an electric power station in Nizhny Novgorod. 5. In 1897, Popov successfully carried out his experiments at sea, havingsucceededin effecting*11.8radio communication between the shore and the sea at a distance of 3 km. In those days the future wireless communication between the continents was being founded. 6. The year of 1898 saw a new important invention made by Popov together with his assistants Rybkin and Troitsky - the reception of signals by means of a receiver. Successful experiments having been completed, serious practical testing was started. In those days Popov´s radio telegraph helped to save the ship «General-Admiral Apraksin». Текст 3 HOW COMPUTERS WORK 1. A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires. 2.The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early СPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. 3. The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. 4. The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might include multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions and square roots. Superscalar computers may contain multiple (зд.: много) ALUs so that they can process several instructions at the same time. 5. Magnetic core memory was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory. A computer´s memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered «address» and can store a single number. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up (зд.: иметь целью) to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). A computer can store any kind of information in memory as long as it can be somehow represented in numerical form. Текст 4 CORDLESS AND CELLULAR TELEPHONES 1. Cordless telephones are devices that are employed mostly within a home or office. Cordless telephones have a very limited mobility – up to a hundred meters. They essentially serve as a wireless extension to the wiring that exists in a home or office because they are plugged (зд.: включаются) directly into the existing telephone jack. Cordless telephones operate over a pair of frequencies in the 46 – and 48 megahertz bands or over a single frequency in the 902–928-megahertz band. 2. The system based on satellite transmission is available through the use of geostationary-orbit satellites. Satellite-based systems have their specific properties: they are absolutely independent of ground stations. Thus, they may be employed anywhere in the world. 3. Cellular telephones are transportable be vehicle or personally portable devices that may be used in motor vehicles or by people. Cellular telephones communicate by radiowave in the 800–900-megahertz band. They allow a great degree of mobility within a service region that may occupy hundreds of square kilometers in area. 4. It should be noted that all communication with a mobile or portable device within a given cell is made to the base station that serves the cell. Because of the low transmitting power of battery-operated portable devices, specific sending and receiving frequencies of a cell may be reused in other cells within larger geographic areas. Thus, the spectral efficiency of a cellular system is increased by a factor equal to the number of times a frequency may be reused within its service area. 5. It is interesting to note that the first mobile and portable cellular systems were huge and heavy. But because of thе progress in component technology, their weight and size were considerably decreased. For example, the weight of light portables in 1990 was equal to 310 grams. By 1994 their weight was reduced and became equal to 120 grams. This process is continuing. The weight of one of the models of cellular telephones produced in Russia-Motorola 70V – is only 81 grams! Текст 5 HISTORY OF TELEVISION 1.Unlike digital computers – which started out as mechanical devices and then went through a brief electrical period during the 1930s, finally becoming electronic only in the 1940s - television was an electrical medium from the its very beginning. 2. Attempts to send images over distances with the use of electricity date to 1876, the year Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. At that time it was already known that the resistivity of selenium varied with the amount of light falling on it. Thus as soon as Bell made it clear that complex signals could be transmitted over a distance, inventors began trying to develop means of «seeing by electricity», as the title of one paper put in (зд.: гласил) at the time. 3. The first television invention that had practical consequences was the «electrical telescope», patented by Paul Nipkow in 1884. At the heart of his camera was the now famous Nipkow disk. It had 24 holes. As the disk rotated, the sequence of holes scanned the image in a straight line. A lens behind the image region collected the sequential light samples (зд.: пятно, точка) and focused them on a single selenium cell. The cell produced a succession of currents, each proportional to the intensity of the light on a different element of the image. 4. The first all-electronic system was described by Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton in a letter to Nature magazine on June 18, 1908. His system was based on the cathode-ray tube invented in 1897 by Karl Ferdinand Braun, in Strassburg. Campbell-Swinton proposed using CRTs as both the transmitterand receiver. 5. One step closer to reality was Boris Rosing of the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg University in Russia, who in 1907 developed a TV system that used mechanical scanning on the transmitting end and the Braun CRT as a receiver. One of his students, Vladimir Zworykin helped to develop television as we know it today. Zworykin invented the kinescope – a TV picture tube - thus becoming responsible for both the key transmitting and receiving elements of electronic television. Текст 6 AN IMAGINARY TOUR 1. Architects can now «walk» clients (зд.: водить клиентов) through a new building long before the foundation is even laid – thanks to new computer design programs. Clients have the opportunity to make changes and to see the results almost instantly. Want three windows rather than two? Wonder what the room would look like if the door was a little to the left? How would the room «feel» if the walls were brick rather than wood? Today it`s no problem. 2. The process of building a model of a room on a computer has several stages. First the architect sets the objects in space and defines their characteristics, such as shape of surface finish. Then a perspective on the room is chosen so the computer can orient the view it will create. What can and cannot be seen must be calculated, as well as the angle, reflections, color, and intensity of light. The result can either be viewed on a computer screen, printed, or put directly onto a color slide. The program can also let people «walk» through famous buildings on the other side of the world. 3. Microcomputer images can be black and white (monochrome), grayscale, or full-colored pictures, depending on your equipment and the software used. The resolution and the number of colors in the file greatly affect file size; the quality and size of the image therefore depend on the computer`s memory and disk space. 4.Presentation and multimedia applications use the images created in different programs, mixing images and text, sound, or video to produce an animated slide show that can be very impressive. Utility graphics software (сервисное программное обеспечение машинной графики) provides an easy method of producing greeting card, posters, calendars, and many other products with microcomputer-generated images. Текст 7 COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 1.Telephones connected by a network of cables, are commonly used for the two-way transmission of speech. The signals are switched from one line to another at switched centers known as telephone exchanges. Lines in a small area are switched by local exchanges, local exchanges are connected through trunk exchanges, and trunk exchanges are connected to other countries by international exchanges. Such a system is called a public Switching Telephone Network. 2. Modern digital telephone networks can use videophones to transmit video images as well as speech. The telephone network is used by video-conferencing services to interconnect small television studios. In this way, businesspeople can hold conferences at a distance. 3. Public telephone networks are used by many other data communications services. One of the oldest is the telex system. This enables messages, typed on teletype terminals, to be automatically printed by distant teleprinters. Telex can only transmit simple text containing capital letters and punctuation marks. 4. A newer, more advanced telex system, known as teletex, is also available. This uses VDU terminals to transmit a variety of text and graphics characters. High quality formats can be used and it is much faster than telex, operating at speeds up to 2,600 words per minute. |