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5. A facsimile (FAX) system allows the transmission of text, graphics and photographic images. 6. Contacting people on the move is possible using a radiopaging service. By carrying a small radio receiver called a radiopager, people can be contacted wherever they are. Keying their number in on a telephone causes the pager to beep. The person then goes to the nearest telephone to get on touch with the caller. 7. A telephone network can be used to connect personal computers to an electronic mail (e-mail) system. Messages sent from a personal computer are stored on a central computer. Users can read and reply to these messages using their own computer. Текст 8 COMPUTER SECURITY 1.Computer Security techniques are being developed to protect single computers and network-linked computer systems from accidental or intentional harm, including destruction of computer hardware, loss of data, deliberate invasion of data by unauthorized individuals. 2. Computers and the information they contain are considered confidential systems because their use is typically restricted to a limited number of users. 3. A variety of simple techniques can prevent computer crime. For example, destroying printed information, protecting computers screens from observation, keeping printed information and computers in locked cabinets. But more sophisticated (зд.:сложные)methods are also necessary to prevent computer crimes. 4. One technique to prevent confidentiality is encryption. Information can be scrambled and unscrambled using mathematical equations and a secret code called a key. Two keys are usually employed, one to encode and the other to decode the information. The key that encodes the data, called the private key, is possessed by only the sender. The key that decodes the data, called the public key, may be possessed by several receivers. The keys are modified periodically. 5. Another technique to prevent computers crime is to limit access of computer data files to approved users. Access-control software verifies computer users and limits their privileges to view and alter files. 6. Passwords are confidential sequences of characters that give users access to computers. Password must be difficult to guess. Effective passwords contain a mixture of characters and symbols that are not real words. 7. Computer networks, multiple computers linked together, are particularly vulnerable to computer crimes. Information on networks can be protected by a firewall, a computer placed between the networked computers and the network. The firewall also ensures that information received from an outside source does not contain computer viruses. Текст 9 ENERGY-CONVERTING PLASTICFILM 1.More than 100 years ago, the French scientists Pierre and Jacques Curie observed that certain crystalline materials, such as quartz, produced an electrical charge when subjected to pressure. For decades thereafter (с этого времени) this reversibleenergy conversion phenomenon known as piezoelectricity has found a number of limited applications in sonar and radio equipment, scientific instruments and, perhaps most familiarly, wristwatches(ручные часы). Recently, piezoelectric properties have been designed into thin, pliable plastic films that resemble transparent kitchen wrapping material. The versatility of this material promises to open up a wide variety of new piezoelectric applications for consumer and industrial products. 2. One of the new piezoelectric films, developed over the last years is called Kynar Piezo Film. Though it`s lightweight and pliant, the material is actually a rugged engineering plastic that has been specifically treated to give it piezoelectric properties. As a replacement for electromagnetic switches, the piezoelectric film offers a number of advantages. It can be cut, bent and formed into almost any shape or size. 3. Currently, Kynar Piezo Film and others like it are finding applications in lightweight, miniature speakers and microphones for audio equipment and flat switches on office-equipment and control-panel keyboards. Kynar Piezo Film has another property that makes it unique: It is also pyroelectric, which means that it produces electrical current when exposed to heat. As such, it is ideal for use in security equipment such as fire detection. 4. Yet the greatest range of applications for piezoelectric films certainly lies ahead. Right now research is being conducted on the use of piezoelectric film as a tactile sensor for robots. Ultimately, the scientists say, piezoelectric film may be the key to providing a bionic sense of touch to artificial skin for humans. Текст 10 BLU-RAY DISK 1.In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world. It was called DVD, and it revolutionized the movie industry. 2. Since 2006 another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD) has taken place. The Blu-ray name is a combination of «blue», for the color of the laser that is used, and «ray», for optical ray. With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray disks can hold and play back large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as*9.1.2 photos, data and other digital content. 3. A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB (gigabytes) of information. That`s about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie. But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer image, takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As TV sets and movie studios make the movies to high definition, consumers are going to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity. 4. Blu-ray is the next generation digital video disc. The advantage to Blu-ray is the amount of information it can hold. A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27 GB of data - that`s more than two hours of high-definition video or about 13 hours of standard video. A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50 GB, enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high-definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video. And there are even plans to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage. 5. Blu-ray discs not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. Users will be able to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles (скачивать/загружать программу сопровождения кадров фильма субтитрами) and other interactive movie features. With Blu-ray, you can record high-definition television (HDTV) without any quality loss, instantly skip to any spot on the disk, record one program while watching another on the disc, edit or reorder programs recorded on the disc, automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program, access the Web to download subtitles and other extra features. Задания для самостоятельной работы 1 (для получения «зачета» для тех, кто набрал менее 60%): Вариант 1 I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it,that(those),one(см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *). 1. It is known that conductivity of all pure metals varies with temperature. 2. It is in the early 30`s that electronic television was being developed.*5.5, 11.9. 3. The usual equipment is more simple*3.2 and compact than that described*7.3.2.2 above. 4. One believes that the procedure described above will simplify*5.4 the experiment. II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. The main part of a transmitter is a high frequency oscillator. 2. The first man – made digital computer was probably the abacus. 3. The results achieved*7.3.2.2 showed 30-micron lines. III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5., 5.1., 5.2., 5.3., 5.4., 5.5., 5.5.1., 5.5.6., 11.13.,а также ссылки после *). 1. The evolution of computer influenced programming. 2. Many viruses have spread through pirated games. 3. The acceleration of a falling*7.3.2.1 object is affected by air resistance. IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2,а также ссылки после *). 1. Any of the above mentioned effects may be used for detecting and measuring*7.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2 current. 2. You should not break technical instructions. 3. All rectifiers must provide a one-way path for electric current. 4. We are able to learn how to exploit the potential of the integrated circuits. V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tobe(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. There is little difference between a motor*11.8 and a generator. 2. The function of the primary winding is to receive energy. 3. Two data signals*2.2 are to be transmitted over two channels. 4. Liquid-crystal substances*2.2 are currently being used to create a new family of devices. VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола tohave(см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. No apparatus has only advantages. 2. Computers have opened up new horizons in science, medicine and other areas vital for human well-being. 3. After Hertz`s brilliant experiments all the scientists had to admit the existence of the electromagnetic waves. 4. There is, however,*10.4 one problem that has not yet been discussed – the radiator equipment. VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов. (см.грамм.справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2(1,2),11.6, 11.7,а также ссылки после *). 1. Solids have both definite volume and definite shape. 2. As only two coils are needed,*5.6.2 they are mounted on one base. 3. These new frequencies are called side frequencies since they appear on each side of the carrier. VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых словосочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12,а также ссылки после *). 1. As noted above, in order to lose its entire energy this particle must have about 105 collisions.*11.8 2. We should take into account that X-rays and radioactivity are discussed from an experimental standpoint. IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 5-й абзацы текста. TELECOMMUNICATIONS: A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW 1. The first true telecommunications system using electrical signals to carry messages started in the 1840s with machine telegraphy. Samuel Morse firstdeveloped*11.9 the telegraph in 1832 but it was not until the mid-1840s that*4.1.1 the system was put into practical use*10.1 –sending coded electrical messages (Morse Code) along the wires. The telegraph became a rapid success, its speed quicklyoutdatingthe Pony Express (=обычная почта) for long-distance communications.*8.4 2. The next major step forward came in 1878 with the invention of the telephone by Bell. This enabled speech to be transported*8.1 as electrical signals along wires and revolutionized personal communications. 3. In 1886, Hertz verified experimentally that electrical energy could*5.6.1 be radiated and thus proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. This opened the way for the free-space transmission of information without wires. This provided the basis for all radio and TV broadcasting. 4. In 1897, Popov successfully carried out his experiments at sea, havingsucceeded*7.3.2.2 in effecting radio communication between the shore and the sea at a distance of 3 km. 5. In 1901, Marconi established long-distance telegraph communication by transmitting between England and Canada. Although he did not realize it at the time, he achieved such long distances by reflecting radio waves in the ionosphere (layers of ionized gases and electrons existing in the Earth` upper atmosphere at heights of 50–500 km). This overcame the problem of transmitting round the Earth from one side of the Atlantic to the other. 6. With the discoveries of the diode and thermionic valve in the early part of this century, advances were made in bothreceiver and*9.1.2 transmitterdesign*11.8 with an associated impact in telegraphy, telephony, and civil and military communications. Radio broadcasting soon followed, with powerful transmitters serving to communicate over wide areas. Television (TV) was first established in 1937. Radar (radio detection and ranging) was also developed from the 1930s and played a vital role in aircraft detection and navigation in World War II. 7. As further*3.2 advances in technology took place*10.1 (e. g. the invention of the transistor in 1947 and the subsequent development of microelectronic integrated circuits technology), new applications became feasible, and new systems were developed. X. Письменно озаглавьте 6 и 7-й абзацы текста. Вариант 2 I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it,that(those),one(см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *). 1. It is clear that these diagrams are alike. 2. It is the movement of electrons which constitutes an electric current. 3. Conditions on board a spacevehicle*2.2 differ drastically from those on the surface of the Earth. 4. One must know that a high-frequency current radiates electromagnetic energy. II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1,а также ссылки после *). 1. The modern interest in light wave communication dates from the first demonstration of laser in 1960. 2. Reactive gas plasma technology is in wide-spread use in the semiconductor industry. 3. With microprocessor chips available, we can afford more control*11.8. of the events in an internal cycle. III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13,а также ссылки после *). 1. This arrangement gave an electrical signal that did not*4.2.1 requireamplification. 2. Radio has become*5.4.1 a powerful means*11.2 of progress. 3. The discovery of the double nature of electrons was followed by a change in the quantum theory. IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык ( |