жжжж. англ. To be в Present Simple (в Настоящем простом времени)
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Adjectives ending on ous, ing, ful, ed( 2 syllables) and long adjectives (3/4 syllables)
Irregular adjectives
As … as, not as/so … asHe is as rich as his brother. I’m as clever as my uncle. Mary is not as/so nice as her sister. Is the weather not so hot as this in New York? The … the …the...the – чем...тем as...as – такойже...как notso...as – не такой...как The more we learn, the more we know. – Чем Больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем. The sooner, the better.–Чем раньше, тем лучше. The more exercises we do, the better we understand the grammar rules. Чем больше упражнений мы делаем, тем лучше мы понимаем грамматические правила. Older than more expensive thanHe is two years older than his brother. My car is more expensive than his. It’s twice/three times/four times as long/light/heavy/high asThe road is twice as long as that one. Some useful idioms of comparison: As good as gold (золото) As old as the hills (холмы) As busy as bee (пчела) As cold as ice (лед) As changeable as weather (изменчивкакпогода) PAST SIMPLE (Прошедшее неопределенное время) We use the past tense to tell stories about the past. We also use it whenthe time when something happened is important (выражает фиксированные действия в прошлом). Время PastIndefinite служит: Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Pastindefinite переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия может быть выражено придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в PastIndefinite могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, lastweek на прошлой неделе, anhourago час тому назад, theotherday на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, duringthelesson вовремя урока и т.п. I spoke to him the other day. Я говорил с ним на днях. Не came at five o'clock. Он пришел в пять часов. Не called when I was at the Institute. Он заходил, когда я был в Институте. Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий: Неleftthehotel, tookataxi anddrovetothetheatre,Он вышел из отеля, взял такси и поехал в театр. WhenIarrivedattherailway Когда я приехал на вокзал, я пошел в кассу и, купил station, Iwent to the booking-office билет. andboughtaticket Для выражения обычного, повторявшегося в прошлом, действия: Last winter I spent a lot of time in the library. Прошлой зимой я проводил много времени в читальном зале. В этом случае вместо глагола в PastIndefinite очень часто употребляется глагол used [ju:sd] в сочетании со смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива с частицей to: Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library. Образование PastIndefinite Tense Утвердительная форма PastIndefinite Tense правильных глаголов образуется от инфинитива (без частицы to) путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания ed : to live - I lived; to work - I worked; to expect - I expected. Окончание -ed произносится как [d], [t] или [id] в зависимости от предшествующего звука: а) после звонких согласных, (кроме d) и гласных как [d]: lived [livd] informed [i'nfo:md] answered ['a:nsad] followed [foloud] b) после глухих согласных (кроме t) как [t]: helped [helpt], asked [a:skt], finished [fmifl] c) после d и t как [id]: waited [weitid], intended [intendid], wanted [wantid] Past Indefinite неправильных глаголов образуется иными способами в основном путем изменения корня: to speak - I spoke [spouk], to begin - I began ; tosell - I sold [sould]; to lose - I lost [lost]. Вопросительная форма PastIndefiniteTense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола todo в прошедшем времени (did) и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to),причем вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Did I work? Did I speak? Did he work? Did he speak? Отрицательная форма PastIndefiniteTense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола todo в прошедшем времени (did), частицы not и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола, причемnot ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I did not work. I did not speak. He did not work. He did not speak. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме PastIndefiniteTense частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего: Did I not work? Did you not work? Did he not work?
Positive (положительнаяформа) I/you/he/she/we/they worked in London in 1995. I/you/he/she/we/they went to London in 1995. Negative (отрицательная форма) We use didn’t + infinitive (without to) in all persons. I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t work in London in 1995. I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t go to London in 1995. Yes/Noquestions Shortanswers (Вопросы с предположительным (Краткие ответы) ответом “Yes”, “No”) Did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London in 1995? Yes, I did./No I didn’t. Did I/you/he/she/we/they go to London in 1995? Yes, we did./No, we didn’t. Specialquestions (специальные вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов “when”, “why”, “where”, “how “ etc.) When did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London? I worked in London in 1995. Where did I/you/he/she/we/they go in 1995? I went to London in 1995. Time expressions night weekend Saturday morning last week yesterday afternoon month evening year summer In 1987, in May, two days ago, from … till, all day long, the whole day Упражнения на закрепление: 1.. Поставьте глагол в прошедшее время. Yesterday he (go) to work by car. I (watch) television yesterday evening. He (write) a letter to Jane last week. The accident (happen) last Sunday afternoon. When I was a child, I (want) to be a judge. We (leave) home at 8.30 this morning. They (do) their shopping last Monday. Ann (take) photographs last Sunday. Завершите предложения, поставив глагол в отрицательную форму. Пример: I saw John but I didn’t see Mary. They worked on Monday but they … on Tuesday. We went to the shop but we … to the bank. She had e pen but she … a paper. Jack did Spanish at University but he … English. I sent a letter to tom but I … to Mike. She went to the post office but she … to the hospital. I spoke English when I was a child but I … French. I ate meat yesterday but I … fish. He read a newspaper yesterday evening but he … a magazine. Образуйте общий вопрос. Пример:. I watched TV last night. And you? Did you watch TV last night? I enjoyed the party. And you? …. I had a good holiday. And you? …. I got up early this morning. And you? …. I slept well last night. And you? …. I worked hard yesterday. And you? …. I went to bed at eleven o’clock yesterday. And you? …. I saw Tom at the party. And you? …. I sent three telegrams yesterday. And you? …. I passed the exam yesterday. Andyou? …. Скажите, что вы делали (не делали) вчера. Пример: (watch TV) I watched TV yesterday. I didn’t watch TV yesterday. (get up before 7.30) (have a shower) (buy magazine) (speak English) (do an examination) (eat meat) (meetmyfriend) Образуйте специальный вопрос. Пример: He went abroad . Where did he go? I met somebody. Who … ? Henry arrived. What time …? She saw somebody. Who …? They wanted something. What … ? The party finished. What time …? He went home early. Why …? We had dinner. What …? It cost a lot of money. Howmuch …? Разыграйте следующие и составьте аналогичныe диалоги. Where were you yesterday morning? I discussed a lot of problems with my manager. And you? I saw many interesting things yesterday. Did you buy any postcards? Paul had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown. No, he didn’t have an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown. He hadanappointmentwithMr. White. Расскажите о вчерашнем дне, предварительно ответив на вопросы: What did you have for breakfast yesterday? Did you enjoy your breakfast? What did you do after breakfast? d…Did you go to work? Образуйте вопрос и ответьте на него. Пример: When did you last have a holiday? - Last July.
Пример: I could ride a bike when I was five. Скажите три вещи, которые вы не могли делать в пять лет. Пример: I couldn’t use a computer when I was five. PresentPerfect (Настоящее завершенное время) We use the present perfect tense for an action in the past witha result now (выражает действие, завершенное к данному моменту, результат которого на лицо). We use the present perfect with ever, never, already, just yet, recently,for since, etc. Форма образования have/has + past participle of the verb Positive (положительнаяформа) I/we/you/they have done/finished He/she/it has done/finished Negative (отрицательная форма) I/we/you/they have not (haven’t) done/finished He/she/it has not (hasn’t) done/finished Question (вопрос) Have I/we/you/they done/finished? Has he/she/it done/finished? Examples: I have just done my work. I haven’t done my work yet. He has travelled all over the world. They have already come home.
HAVE GOT/ HAVE Have got = Have (в значении “иметь”, “обладать”). Форма “havegot” чаще употребляется в разговорной речи. Форма “havegot “ впрошедшем времени не употребляется. I’ve got a bad cold. но I had a bad cold last week. have got havePositive Positive I have got some money I have some money You have got some money You have some money We have got some money We have some money They have got some money They have some money He has got some money He has some money She has got some money She has some money It has got some money It has some money Negative NegativeI haven’t got any money I don’t have any money You haven’t got any money You don’t have any money We haven’t got any money We don’t have any money They haven’t got any money They don’t have any money He hasn’t got any money He doesn’t have any money Shehasn’t got any money She doesn’t have any money It hasn’t got any money It doesn’t have any money Questions QuestionsHave I got any money? Do I have any money? Have you got any money? Do you have any money? Have we got any money? Do we have any money? Have they got any money? Do they have any money? Has he got any money? Does he have any money? Has she got any money? Does she have any money? Has it got any money? Does it have any money? How much money have you got? How much money do you have? How many credit cards have I got? How many credit cards do I have? Short answers Short answersYes, I have./ No, I haven’t. Yes, I do./ No I don’t. Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t. Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t. |