Баракова. Первый Курс. Учебник соответствует требованиям Программы по иностранным языкам для вузов неязыковых специальностей и предназначен для студентов, продолжающих изучать английский язык после школы (12 курс технического вуза)

• Название: Учебник соответствует требованиям Программы по иностранным языкам для вузов неязыковых специальностей и предназначен для студентов, продолжающих изучать английский язык после школы (12 курс технического вуза)
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32. Укажите, жжкме предложены соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. 
   The process of sedimentation is called weathering.
   
2. 
   The change in temperature causes physical weathering.
   
3. 
   As a rule during the night rocks expand.
   
4. 
   When freezing water decreases in volume and develops enor­
   mous lateral pressure.
   
5. 
   The decomposition of rocks is due to the influence of heat and
   cold.
   
6. 
   As a rule water contains_dissolved mineral substances.
   
7. 
   The solvent action of water is stronger when it does not con­
   tain carbon dioxide.
   

104

Unit 4

8. 
   It should be noticed that the action of organisms and plants is
   destructive.
   
9. 
   Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks.
   

33. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What process ia called weathering?
   
2. 
   What process is called physical weathering?
   
3. 
   Where can the phenomenon of physical weathering be best
   observed?
   
4. 
   What process is called chemical weathering?
   
5. 
   What substances can act as solvents?
   
6. 
   Are all minerals and rocks resistant to the action of natural
   waters or only few minerals and rocks can resist the action of water?
   
7. 
   How do organisms act on the destruction of rocks?
   

34. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов
и сочетаний слов:

1. 
   the Earth's surface
   
2. 
   to be composed of
   

different minerals

3. 
   the expansion of rocks
   
4. 
   changes in temperature
   
5. 
   under the influence
   

of heat

6. 
   weathering
   
7. 
   destructive forces
   
8. 
   a great number of
   

fractures

9. to penetrate into fissures

а) под влиянием тепла

б) разрушительные силы

в) выветривание

г) большое количество
трещин

д) состоять из различных

минералов с) расширение пород

ж) проникать в трещины

з) изменения температуры
и) поверхность земли

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1. 
   увеличиваться в объеме
   
2. 
   развивать боковое
   

давление

3. способствовать разруше-

нию пород

4. 
   подвергаться гниению
   
5. 
   растворять вещества
   
6. 
   сопротивляться (чему-л.)
   
7. 
   некоторые органические
   

вещества

8. ускорять процесс

выветривания

9. куски породы различных

размеров

а) to facilitate the decomposition

of rocks

б) to increase in volume

в) to resist (smth)

r) rock pieces of varied (different) sizes

д) to accelerate the process of

weathering

е) to be subjected to decay

ж) to dissolve substances

з) to develop lateral pressure
и) certain organic substances

Unit 4

105

35. а) Внимательно прочитайте материал в рамке и назовите признаки приведенных ниже существительных:

Определители существительных Артикли — a, an, the.

Указательные местоимения — this — these, that — those. Притяжательные местоимения — my, his, her, its, our и т.д. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного —

Britain's deposits.

Неопределенные местоимения — some, any, each, every. Количественные местоимения — many, much, (a) little,

(a) few, a lot of и т.д. Количественные и порядковые числительные — two

countries, the third place. Предлоги — after, at, before, in, on, with и т.д.

our country, the country, any country, each country, many countries, these countries, a small country, whose country, two big countries;

the discovery, after the discovery, each discovery, such discov­eries, what discovery, few discoveries, a new discovery

б) Назовите признаки, позволяющие определить, какой частью речи яв­ляются приведенные слова:

their study — they study; the use — we use; the increase — they increase; coal output decrease — coal output decreases; the last lec­tures — the lectures last; this place — it places; the raw material bases — the country bases its economy on ...

36. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов соответствующее слово:

1. 
   There are ... causes of weathering, but ... depends on the
   change in temperature, (many, much)
   
2. 
   As is known, only ... minerals and rocks are resistant to the
   action of natural waters, (little, few)
   
3. 
   The roots of plants developed ... pressure which did not frac­
   ture overlaying rocks, (little, few)
   
4. 
   A new geological map of the region will appear in a ... years.
   (little, few)
   
5. 
   ... minerals undergo changes. They have already undergone ...
   transformation, (пищу, much)
   
6. 
   Now there are ... sources of energy as important as atomic
   energy, (little, few)
   

106

Unit 4

37. t) Изучите таблицу и затем переведите следующие наречия.

Значение	Суффикс и его произношение	Пример	Перевод
1	2	3	4
обозначает признак действия	-1у [И]	badly easily	плохо легко
обозначает направление	-ward(s) [W8d(Z)l	forward inward	вперед внутрь

uniformly, gradually, greatly, hardly, purely, finally, slowly, highly, generally, simultaneously, backward, eastward, homeward

б) Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбирая одно из данных в скобках наречий.

1. 
   Rocks are ... composed of different minerals, (purely, easily,
   generally)
   
2. 
   The expansion and contraction of rocks do not occur ... and at
   an equal rate, (hardly, uniformly, highly)
   
3. 
   Rocks are ... transformed into gravel, (greatly, slowly, simulta­
   neously)
   
4. 
   Water facilitates the decomposition of rocks .... (greatly, hardly,
   highly)
   
5. 
   At the beginning of rock decomposition cracks or fissures are
   ... noticeable (highly, purely, hardfy), but gradually they become wider
   and deeper and ... rock is transformed into gravel, sand and dust.
   (uniformly, greatfy, finally)
   
6. 
   The method is ... experimental, (simultaneously, purely, uni­
   formly)
   

38. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на место предлога в русском предложении:

1. 
   The world fossil which means "organic materials accumulated
   in the geologic past" was originally referred to anything that was dug
   (to dig — добывать) from the ground.
   

1. 
   The decomposition of rocks is influenced by many factors.
   

2. 
   A large expedition will soon be organized to study the Earth's
   depth. It should be noted that later the expedition will be followed
   by another one.
   

Unit 4107

39. Прочтите следующий текст. Найдите в каждом предложении
группу «подлежащее-сказуемое». Переведите предложения с глаголом-ска­
зуемым в страдательном залоге:

The book Planet Earth, an Encyclopedia of Geology is often referred to because it gives much information on the geological his­tory of the Earth, the rocks of Earth, the processes which occur in the Earth, etc. For example, sedimentary rocks form a small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. They are formed from sediments, accumulations of solid material. The oldest sedimentary rocks were known some 3,500 million years ago. The processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us and different sediments are being deposited and may later be changed into rocks. Most sedimentary rocks have been classified according to their grains size. Great attention is also paid to the rocks of the oceans because they are less studied.

40. Укажите, в каких предложениях модальный глагол употребляется с
инфинитивом в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения:

1. 
   We can observe physical weathering in deserts and high
   mountains. This phenomenon can best be observed in places where
   the changes in temperature are great.
   
2. 
   Sedimentary rocks can be more or less unconsolidated during
   the process of sedimentation.
   
3. 
   Sedimentary rocks can be found at or near the surface of the
   Earth.
   
4. 
   Igneous activity can be considered as one of the most funda­
   mental Earth processes.
   
5. 
   As is known, igneous rocks can be extrusive and intrusive.
   
6. 
   Like sands, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, me­
   dium-grained and coarse-grained.
   
7. 
   One can divide all sediments into consolidated and unconsoli­
   dated rocks.
   

41. Соедините главные предложения с придаточными.

1. 
   Rock disintegration does a) whereas with the fall of
   not occur uniformly and night they begin to con-
   at an equal rate tract.
   
2. 
   Under the influence of 6) until they are finally trans-
   contraction and expans- formed into sand, gravel or
   ion rock cracks are dust.
   

formed в) because it does not cause

108 Unit 4

3. 
   During the day under any change in the chemical
   the influence of heat, composition of rocks,
   rocks expand r) which gradually become
   
4. 
   Physical weathering can wider and deeper.
   

best be observed in the д) as rocks are composed of
deserts different minerals.

5. 
   Rocks gradually decom- e) where the changes in tern-
   pose perature are great.
   
6. 
   The process of physical
   weathering is purely
   mechanical
   

42. Задайте вопросы по образцу (Специальный вопрос).

Образец: Weathering takes place in the upper layers of the Earth's crust, (where?) -> Where does weathering take place?

1. 
   The main cause of physical weathering is the change in tem­
   perature, (what?)
   
2. 
   Physical weathering can best be observed in the deserts and
   high mountains, (where?)
   
3. 
   Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are the main chemical
   agents which cause the destruction of rocks, (what agents?)
   
4. 
   Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks
   by making holes in them to live in. (how?)
   

43. Выразите несогласие со следующими высЕазыванмми и подтвердите
свою точку зрения фактами из текста. Используйте предлагаемые разговор­
ные формулы:

it seems to be wrong; I can't agree with you; on the contrary; in my opinion; as far as I know; that's wrong

1. 
   Physical weathering is not caused by the changes in tempera­
   ture.
   
2. 
   In the regions of a moderate or cold climate, the decomposi­
   tion of rocks is not facilitated by the action of water.
   
3. 
   The difference in physical and chemical weathering is that
   physical weathering causes great changes in the chemical composi­
   tion of rocks.
   
4. 
   It is quite obvious that plants and organisms do not affect the
   destruction of rocks.
   

Unit 4109

44. Суммируйте содержание текста Б, используя слова в скобках.

1. 
   The main cause of physical weathering, (the change in tem­
   perature, to observe, to expand, to contract, to crack, to be hardly
   noticeable, to be facilitated by)
   
2. 
   The main cause of chemical weathering, (to be subjected to, to
   contain, to act as, to cause changes, to be transformed into)
   
3. 
   The effect of organisms and plants on the disintegration of
   rocks, (to accelerate the destruction of rocks, to penetrate into, to
   develop lateral pressure, to destroy rocks)
   

В

45. Прочитайте текст В без словаря. Скажите, о чем говорится в нем.

Слова для понимания текста:

suspended particles — взвешенные частицы

define [di 'fain] — определять

ТЕКСТ В The Earth's Crust

Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth's crust. The crust is composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specific and rather simple composition. Minerals in the Earth's crust are concentrated into specific groups which are called rocks. Two distinctly different types of crust are recognized: oceanic and continental.

Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, the composition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. Scientists say that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor consists largely of minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicon, and it is formed by the cooling of lavas extruded on the sea floor to form a type of rock called basalt. It is subjected to the same forces of erosion and weathering.

The continental crust contains less iron and magnesium than the oceanic crust, but relatively more silicon, aluminium, sodium and potassium. The continental crust is more complicated and has a more variable thickness and a less well defined structure.

A systematic examination of all known rock types shows that two principal types predominate: 1) Igneous rocks which are formed by the cooling and crystallization of liquids from deep in the crust called magma; 2) Sedimentary rocks which are formed by

110 Unit 4

sedimentation and gradual cementation of sediments by the action of water, ice, wind and organisms. They are layered or stratified. Most of the sediments are deposited in the sea along the continents.

As sediments grow larger and are buried deeper, increasing pres­sure and rising temperature produce physical and chemical changes in them. The resulting metamorphic rocks generally show whether they originated from sedimentary or igneous rocks. This process is slow — hundreds of millions of years are necessary. As weathering and erosion occur, some substances are dissolved and removed in solution while others are transported as suspended particles.

Continental crust contains extremely varied types of rock. It is quite possible to say that the rock-forming processes which we can observe today, have been active for at least 3,500 million years.

The oceanic crust, by contrast with the continental crust, shows little variation in composition. It leads to the idea that the rocks of the sea floor might not contain as many valuable mineral resources as do the rocks of the continental crust. The solution of the problem will be one of the main problems of oceanographic research in future.

46. а) Найдите • каждом абзаце текста В предложение, выражающее его
основвую мысль.

б) Найдите в тексте В предложения, в которых говорвтс* об исследо-
вавяв недр Земля.

в) Составьте план текста В и краткую авиотацию текста, используя
следующее раэговорвые формулы:

The subject of the text is ... The text deals with ... It is pointed out that ... It is obvious that ... To sum it up ...

47. а) Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Leonardo's all-round genius brought him face-to-face with prob­lems of understanding the Earth. He saw the Earth undergoing endless change, largely occasioned by the forces of weather and water (both marine erosion of coasts and river erosion of hills). Solid land was constantly decaying into alluvial plains. The creation by rivers of their own valleys, which they then silted up, fascinated

Unit 4