Учебнометодическое пособие Петрозаводск 2010 ббк 81. 2Англ удк 811. 11 Г 613 Рецензенты
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2) What is odd in the sentences? a) The police uniform includes: a shirt, slacks, a cap, a radio, two pairs of handcuffs, a handkerchief, a flashlight, a set of keys, a notebook, a heavy stick, and a 38 Smith and Wesson gun. b) Policemen have to write reports on everything – complaints, curriculum vitae, parking offenses, burglaries. 3) Who are the victims of crimes? What does the text say about it? 7.18 escape plot 1) Say whether the problem of a prison security is covered in this text. 2) Find the reasons for a full-scale search of the prison near York in the text. A suspected plot to free prisoners from two high-security jails in Britain is under investigation. A full-scale search of the prison near York, lasting two days, was completed over the weekend. Nearly 600 prisoners were then allowed out of their cells to resume normal routines after what was described as the “full lock-down” search. But prison authorities said an investigation was continuing into the alert, understood to have started after the discovery of impressions of master keys in the cells of former prison inmates. All the locks at the top-security prison were changed during the operation. The Prison Service refused to comment on reports that an escape plot was uncovered after a bar of soap containing a master-key impression was discovered in a cell vacated last week by a prisoner, Tomas Quigley, who is now completing his 18-year sentence. It was also reported that two other bars of soap found bore impressions of keys from the Prison in south London, which also houses foreign prisoners. A detailed sketch plan of the prison was also said to have been discovered in the cell of another serving prisoner at the prison near Cork. 3) Find professionally-relevant terms in the text. Define them. 4) Put the events in the correct / logical order: a) Two other bars of soap bearing impressions of keys from the Prison in south London were found. b) A full-scale search of the prison near York was undertaken. c) A detailed sketch plan of the prison was discovered at the prison near Cork. d) Tomas Quigley discovered a bar of soap containing a master-key impression; e) Nearly 600 prisoners were allowed out of their cells in York. 7.19 OUTLINES OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (AFTER CHALMERS AND ASQUITH’S) 1) Look through the text and make a supposition which category of readers it will be interesting for. Prove your supposition. 2) Read the text and find the sentences which explain the following: a) “unwritten Constitution”; b) “flexible” Constitution; c) theory and practice concerning English constitutional law are divergent; d) differences between the English and American Constitutions. To understand English constitutional law it is necessary to study numerous documents, including constitutional treaties like the Bill of Rights, various statutes and judicial decisions and others. But the whole of the Constitution of Britain will not be found in any of these documents. The English Constitution, though partly written, is yet to be regarded as “unwritten” from the standpoint of constitutional lawyers, as it is not codified as a whole in any particular document or documents. The English Constitution is considered to be flexible because Parliament can “make or unmake” any law by the same procedure and with the same ease. The Constitution is not the source of the law, but the law gives birth to the Constitution. Though the King (Queen) is the nominal Sovereign, any particular Parliament during the period of its existence is legally supreme. In England the rights of the subject are mostly deduced from actual decisions in which remedies have been afforded for their invasion. Thus it is sometimes said that under the English Constitution the remedy precedes the right. In administering justice the Judges enjoy little arbitrary power. The law which they administer is defined by statutes and other documents having statutory validity, and by judicial precedents. England is the only country possessing hereditary legislators. Theory and practice concerning English constitutional law are divergent, as it is seen from the following illustrations:
Certain important Conventions control the entire working of the Constitution. These Conventions relate to the duties of the King as a person, the duties of the Ministers of the Crown and so on. Differences between the English and American Constitutions:
3) Say what aspects are covered as “differences” between the English and American Constitutions. 4) Find professionally-relevant terms in the text. Define them. 7.20 Employment law in england 1) Read the text and translate it into Russian. Employment Law is the branch of the legal profession that deals with employment related issues. Employment Law exists in many countries, including the USA and England. English Employment Law has developed rapidly over the past forty years, largely due to a historically strong UK Union movement. In its current form, it is largely a creature of Statute, (Acts of the UK Parliament) rather than Common Law. Leading Employment Law Statutes include the Employment Rights Act 1996, the Employment Act 2002 and various Acts outlawing discrimination. Unusually for UK legislation, the operation of the Employment Law system is broadly similar across the whole of the UK. After the employer’s own processes, such as disciplinary hearings and internal appeals, have been exhausted, employment law cases usually start by one party to a dispute presenting a complaint to an Employment Tribunal. These (as Industrial Tribunals) were set up under the 1964 Industrial Training Act, although they now have a substantially greater role and do count as courts. They have sometimes been referred to as industrial juries. Generally speaking a tribunal will hear specific complaints about an aggrieved party being deprived of their rights, including (but not limited to) unfair dismissal. The tribunal will decide whether the responding party acted in a way that would be generally and typically seen as reasonable. Notice this is different from any opinion the tribunal itself might have about the reasonableness of any complained-of action. Appeals from an Employment Tribunal can be made to an Employment Appeals Tribunal on one of three grounds: 1) an error in law, 2) a finding of fact not supported by evidence, or 3) a finding of perversity. An Employment Appeals Tribunal decision can be appealed to the Court of Appeal, and after that (very rarely) to the House of Lords. 3) What are the stages for labour issues appellation in Great Britain? 7.21 Employment 1) Read the text. Work is an essential economic activity. Like people all over the world, some Britons are hard working and some are not, but they are afraid of finding themselves out of a job and not just for financial reasons. Some really enjoy hard work; they are committed “workaholics.” The rest do the work and escape when they can, and try to get as many advantages out of the system as they can. Most of the working population in Britain (about 90 per cent) is employees who work for wages which they get either weekly or monthly. Another 6 per cent are the self-employed, working on their own and paying themselves from the profits of their businesses. However, it is not simply true that the 3% of employers employ all the employees. About a third of the working population works for the State. And many of the biggest “employers” in Britain are not individuals, but trusts, or financial organisations representing hundreds of thousands of shareholders. The big businesses are managed; it is in the interests of managers to make profits. Part of them will go back into the business in the hope that it will become even more profitable, and the rest will go to the shareholders. The management will be among the shareholders. Employees have different interests. They want more wages, easier working conditions, and as many benefits as they can get out of the system. If the business fails to make profits, the employees will not get their pay; if the conditions of work of the employees are unsatisfactory, they will not work well enough to produce profits. State employees are in a different position. They include national and local administration; almost all school teachers, doctors and medical staff, many research workers, the police, and all the service personnel. Their wages come from taxation, both from individuals and businesses, and from taxation on goods and services. So it is in the interests of these employees that the State should raise plenty of money. But employees (working both in the private and the state sector of the economy) are taxpayers, whose interest, naturally, is to pay as little tax as possible. They are also consumers of state services, like health and education, which are funded from public net. All these conflicts of interest mean that no part of the economy and no services implied by the society for its members can operate independently. In the middle stands: a citizen, who, like any human being anywhere, wants food, housing, education, medical care, and then opportunities to move about, to enjoy himself, to make his home comfortable and to make his future secure for his children. Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. In a commercial setting, the employer conceives of a productive activity, generally with the intention of creating profits, and the employee contributes labor to the enterprise, usually in return for payment of wages. To the extent that employment or the economic equivalent is not universal, unemployment exists. Some people consider the employment system to be unfair given that the people who contribute the majority of work to an organisation do not receive a proportionate share of the profit. However, the surrealist movement is one of the few groups to actually opposework, and during the partially surrealist-influenced events of May 1968 the walls of the Sorbonne were covered with anti-work graffiti. Laborers often talk of “getting a job,” or “having a job.” This conceptual metaphor of a “job” as a possession has led to its use in slogans such as “money for jobs, not bombs.” Similar conceptions are that of “land” as a possession (real estate) or intellectual rights as a possession (intellectual property). An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. Employers offer wages to the workers in exchange for the worker’s labour-power. Employers include everybody from individuals hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which hire many thousands of employees. In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector. Note that although employees may contribute to the evolution of an enterprise, the employer maintains autonomous control over the productive infrastructure of land and capital, and is the entity named in contracts. The employer typically also maintains ownership of intellectual property created by an employee within the scope of employment and as a function thereof. These are known as “works for hire.” Within large organisations the management of employees is often handled by Human Resources or Personnel departments. An employee is any person hired by an employer – typically, a worker hired to perform a specific “job”. Typical examples include accountants, solicitors, lawyers, photographers, among many other worker classifications. There are different classes of employees. Some are permanent and provide a guaranteed salary; other employers hire workers on short term contracts or rely on consultants. The employee contributes labor and expertise to an enterprise. Employees perform the discrete activity of economic production. Of the three factors of production, employees usually provide the labor. Some companies feel that a happier work force is a better one and thus offer extra benefits to improve morale and performance. However, other employers try to increase profits by providing low wages and few benefits. To resist this, employees can organise into labor unions (American English), or trade unions (British English), that represent most of the available work force and must therefore be listened to by the management. This is the source of considerable bad feeling between the two sides, and sometimes even violence. An individual who entirely owns the business for which he labors is known as self-employed, although if a self-employed individual has only one client for whom he performs work, he may be considered an employee of that client for tax purposes. Workers who are not paid wages, such as volunteers, are generally not considered as being employed. Someone who works under a threat of physical force is known as a slave and slave-owners are also not considered employers. Some historians suggest that slavery is older than employment, but both arrangements have existed for all recorded history. 2) Answer the questions to the text: a) How can you characterise the attitude of Britons to work? b) What do we call people who enjoy work and are committed to it? c) Are you a workaholic? d) How many people work in the state sector? e) Who are the biggest employers in Britain? f) Whom do trusts represent? g) What do employees want to get out of the system? h) Whom do we call “state employees”? 3) The following phrases appear in this text. Find them and note their meanings: out of a job; the profits of the businesses; raise plenty of money; shareholders; consumers of state services; taxpayers; public net; in a commercial setting; a proportionate share of the profit; real estate; the private sector; ownership of intellectual property; the available work force; a self-employed individual; under a threat of physical force. 4) Find the words/word combinations which have the opposite meaning to the given ones from the text: advantages; different; hard working; to hire; to improve; to include; permanent; profitable; to resist; to secure; slavery; unemployment. 5) Write a summary of the text. 7.22 EMPLOYMENT AT THE Royal Household 1) Paraphrase the heading using substitute words. 2) Study the contents of the book and choose the texts related to the topic “The Royal Family in the United Kingdom.” 3) Name the problems covered by this article. Royal Household’s functions are divided across five departments, under the overall authority of the Lord Chamberlain, the senior member of The Queen’s Household. These departments developed over centuries and originated in the functions of the Royal Court. As a result, the departments and many job titles have ancient names – the jobs themselves, however, are thoroughly modern! There are 645 full-time employees, employed across a wide range of professions. Most of the departments are based in Buckingham Palace, although there are also offices in St. James’s Palace, Windsor Castle and the Royal Mews. Members of the Royal Household also often travel with The Queen on overseas visits and during The Queen’s stays at Balmorals Castle and Sand Ingham, since The Queen’s work continues even when she is away from London. In addition to the full-time members of the Royal Household, there are other part-time members of The Queen’s Household. These include the Great Officers of State who take part in important Royal ceremonies, as well as Ladies-in-waiting, who are appointed personally by The Queen and female members of the Royal Family. Employment in the Royal Household offers excellent career opportunities for those who wish to take a new direction. Positions in the Royal Household receive good remuneration and benefits. For domestic positions, they are often enhanced by accommodation. The Royal Household is also committed to training and development, including National Vocational Qualification and vocational training, general management and skills-based training across a range of disciplines – from carriage driving to an in-house diploma for footmen which is widely recognised in its specialised field as a valued vocational qualification. Jobs at Buckingham Palace and in other Royal residences are usually advertised in national, regional or specialist media in the usual way. All positions are also advertised internally to encourage career development and to offer opportunities for promotion to existing employees. Recruitment is in all cases on merit, in terms of qualifications, experience and aptitude. The Royal Household is committed to Equal Opportunities. |