Методичка для ФТТ(ТЭ). Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку для аудиторных занятий
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Assignment 14. Describe Franklin’s kite experiment. Assignment 15. Give a short summary of the text. UNIT SIX Assignment 1. Remember the following words and word-combinations:
Assignment 2. Practice the pronunciation of the following words: current, iron, own, to call, to pull, among, unfamiliar, discoverer, to possess, use, compass, north, south, scientific, well-known, physicist, various, to prove, earth, reference, astronomer, mathematician, achievement, also, material, to increase, power, to weigh, weight, quite, molecules, minute, to arrange, disorderly, to neutralize, process, magnetization, result, unmagnetized. Assignment 3. Translate the words, their derivatives into Russian and learn them. to achieve – achievement; to apply – application – appliance – applicable; to arrange – arrangement – disarrangement; to attract – attraction – attractable – attractive; to divide – divided – divider – division; to experiment – experiment – experimentation – experimenter – experimental; to increase – increase – increasingly; magnet – magnetic – magnetism – to magnetize – magnetization; to prove – proof – proven; physics – physicist – physical; to refer – reference– referable; to vary – variation – various – variable – variability; to weigh – weight – weightless – weightlessness. Assignment 4. Read and translate the text: TEXT 6. MAGNETISM In studying the electric current, we observe the following relation between magnetism and the electric current: on the one hand magnetism is produced by a current and on the other hand the current is produced from magnetism. Magnetism is mentioned in the oldest writings of man. Romans, for example, knew that an object looking like a small dark stone had the property of attracting iron. However, nobody knew who discovered magnetism or where and when the discovery was made. Of course, people could not help repeating the stories that they had heard from their fathers who, in their turn, heard them from their own fathers and so on. One story tells us of a man called Magnus whose iron staff was pulled to a stone and held there. He had great difficulty in pulling his staff away. Magnus carried the stone away with him in order to demonstrate its attracting ability among his friends. This unfamiliar substance was called Magnus, after its discoverer, this name having come down to us as “Magnet.” According to another story, a great mountain by the sea possessed so much magnetism that all passing ships were destroyed because all their iron parts fell out. They were pulled out because of the magnetic force of that mountain. The earliest practical application of magnetism was connected with the use of a simple compass consisting of one small magnet pointing north and south. A great step forward in the scientific study of magnetism was made by Gilbert, the well-known English physicist (1540-1603). He carried out various important experiments on electricity and magnetism and wrote a book where he put together all that was known about magnetism. He proved that the earth itself was a great magnet. Reference must be made here to Galileo, the famous Italian astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He took great interest in Gilbert’s achievements and also studied the properties of magnetic materials. He experimented with them trying to increase their attracting power. One of his magnets, for example, could lift objects weighing 25 times its own weight. At present, even a schoolboy is quite familiar with the fact that in magnetic materials, such as iron and steel, the molecules themselves are minute magnets, each of them having a north pole and a south pole. These molecules usually arrange themselves in a disorderly way, their north and south poles pointing in all directions and neutralizing one another. The process of magnetization consists of turning these little magnets until all their north poles point in one direction and south poles in the other. When iron and steel are magnetized, the molecules arrange themselves in a new orderly way instead of the disarrangement in which they neutralize each other. Dividing a bar magnet into two parts, one finds that each of the two parts is a magnet having both a north pole and a south pole. In other words, we obtain two smaller magnets instead of our having a single one of a larger size. Dividing one of these two smaller magnets into two will give us the same result. Thus, we could continue this process, always getting similar results. On placing an unmagnetized iron bar near a strong magnet, we magnetize it. Rubbing the magnet is not required for that process. In other words, our iron bar has been magnetized by the strong magnet without rubbing it. Notes to the text: 1) on the one hand – с одной стороны 2) on the other hand – с другой стороны 3) to look like – походить на 4) people could not help repeating – люди не могли не повторять 5) to carry away – уносить 6) to pull away – оттягивать 7) to come down – переходить по традиции; приходить 8) according to – согласно, в соответствии 9) because of – из-за, вследствие 10) to carry out experiments – проводить эксперименты 11) to take great interest – проявить большой интерес 12) is familiar with – знаком с 13) in a disorderly way – беспорядочно 14) in an orderly way – правильно, организованно 15) a bar magnet – полосовой (стержневой) магнит 16) iron bar – железный, стальной стержень, полоса, брус(ок) Assignment 5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs. 1) Protecting buildings from lightning strokes was a great achievement in the field of electricity. 2) Speaking of the magnet, the inventor made reference to its property of attracting iron and steel. 3) Experiments showing the changes in substances are very important for industry. 4) Soviet people constructed many hydroelectric stations, the one on the Angara being one of the largest. 5) The teacher is against our translating such an easy text with a dictionary. 6) In studying magnetism we cannot help observing the relation between magnetism and the electric current. 7) Having invented the lightning conductor, Franklin continued working at the problem of atmospheric electricity. 8) Having experimented with electricity and magnetism, Gilbert wrote a book on magnetism. 9) Gilbert greatly contributed to the study of magnetism, Galileo taking great interest in Gilbert’s achievements. 10) The atoms of different substances have different weights, their properties being also different. Assignment 6. Translate the following questions and answer them: 1) Существует ли связь между электричеством и магнетизмом? 2) Знаете ли вы, кто открыл магнетизм? 3) Что вы знаете об атмосферном электричестве? 4) Кто доказал, что наша Земля является большим магнитом? 5) Что вы знаете о магнетизме? 6) Каковы свойства магнита? 7) Кто создал первый телескоп в мире? 8) Какие опыты проводил Франклин? Assignment 7. Make up a story of Franklin’s kite experiment using the following sentences and sentences of your own (our sentences are given in a disorderly way): 1) The key was connected to the lower end of the string. 2) The story about Franklin’s famous kite is known all over the world. 3) They took some necessary things such as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on. 4) It was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity. 5) It was a stormy day. 6) The electricity was conducted from the clouds down the string to the key. 7) The kite was flying high among the clouds. 8) The rain wetted the string. 9) Atmospheric electricity greatly interested Franklin. 10) The rain fell. Assignment 8. Define what parts of speech these words are: application; ability; continuous; use; important; numerous; civilization, electric; familiar; reader; widely; useful; powerful; property; arrangement. Assignment 9. Use the following expressions in sentences of your own: all over the world; as well as; in this connection; in the form of; needless to say; to pay attention to. Assignment 10. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text and answer them. Assignment 11. Speak on magnetism. Assignment 12. Compare: 1) A generator and a motor. 2) Potential energy and kinetic energy. 3) Chemical energy and mechanical energy/ 4) Nuclear power station and steam power station. UNIT SEVEN Assignment 1. Remember the following words and word-combinations:
Assignment 2. Practice the pronunciation of the following words: 2500 yeas ago, phenomenon (phenomena), knowledge, effect, consideration, power, dangerous, houses, earth, amber, so-called, to possess, to observe, observation, due to, neither … nor, during, scientist, to make use of, such as, refrigerator, radio, period, to contribute, scientific research, among, philosopher, era, minute, process, above-mentioned, physicist, Europe, conversation, to engage. Assignment 3. Translate the words, their derivatives into Russian and learn them. to consider – consideration – considerable; to contribute – contribution – contributor; danger – dangerous; to effect – effect – effective – effectless; to follow – following – follower; to generate – generation – regeneration – generator; to know – knowledge; to mean – meaning – meaningful – meaningless; to observe – observation – observable – observer; to operate – operation – operating – operative – operator; to power – power – powerful – powerless; science – scientist – scientific – scientifically; system – systematic – systematize. Assignment 4. Translate the groups of words and remember them: a) famous mathematician, to generate electric energy, due to various applications, in spite of difficulties, the example under consideration, to attract light objects, needless to say, electrically operated devices, to make a contribution. b) несмотря на большие достижения, известные наблюдения, различные установки, на самом деле, по крайней мере, вообще говоря, более или менее, вышеупомянутые явления, в действительности, обходиться без чего-либо, заниматься чем-либо. Assignment 5. Read and translate the text: TEXT 7. EARLY HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY Let us now turn our attention to the early facts, that is to say, let us see how it all started. History shows us that at least 2,500 years ago, or so, the Greeks were already familiar with the strange force (as it seemed to them) which is known today as electricity. Generally speaking, three phenomena made up all of man’s knowledge of electrical effects. The first phenomenon under consideration was the familiar lightning flash – a dangerous power, as it seemed to him, which could both kill people and burn or destroy their houses. The second manifestation of electricity he was more or less familiar with was the following: he sometimes found in the earth a strange yellow stone which looked like glass. On being rubbed, that strange yellow stone, that is to say, amber, obtained the ability of attracting light objects of a small size. The third phenomenon was connected with the so-called electric fish which possessed the property of giving more or less strong electric shocks. It was known that in some parts of the world such shocks could be obtained by a person coming into contact with the electric fish. These three effects could be observed by the man of 25 centuries ago and the same three effects, and no more, made up all the knowledge of electrical phenomena for the man living about four centuries ago. Nobody knew, of course, that the facts observed were due to electricity. People could neither understand their observations nor find any practical applications for them. As a matter of fact, all of man's knowledge in the field of electricity has been obtained during the last 370 years, or so. Needless to say, it took a long time before scientists learned how to make use of electricity. In effect, most of the electrically operated devices, such as the electric lamp, the refrigerator, the tram, the lift, the radio, and so on, are less than one hundred years old. In spite of their having been employed for such a short period of time, they play a most important part in man's everyday life all over the world. In fact, we cannot do without them at present. So far, we have not named the scientists who contributed to the scientific research on electricity as centuries passed. However, famous names are connected with its history and among them we find that of Phales, the Greek philosopher. As early as about 600 b.c. (that is, before our era) he discovered that when amber was rubbed it attracted and held minute light objects. However, he could not know that amber was charged with electricity owing to the process of rubbing. For more than 20 centuries people were familiar with the above-mentioned phenomenon before anything was done to find out more about it. Then Gilbert, the English physicist, began the first systematic scientific research on electrical phenomena. He discovered that various other substances possessed the property similar to that of amber or, in other words, they generated electricity when they were rubbed. He gave the name “electricity” to the phenomenon he was studying. He got this word from the Greek “electrum” meaning amber, “electrum,” in its turn, meaning “sun.” The name was certainly given amber because of its yellow colour. Many learned men of Europe began to use the new word “electricity” in their conversation and were soon engaged in research of their own. Scientists of Russia, France and Italy made their contributions as well as the Englishmen and the Germans. Notes to the text: 1) to turn one’s attention to – обращать внимание 2) that is to say – то есть, иными словами 3) at least – по крайней мере 4) or so – приблизительно, около этого 5) to be familiar with – знать что-либо, быть в курсе чего-либо 6) generally speaking – вообще говоря 7) under consideration – рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый 8) more or less – более или менее 9) to attract light objects – притягивать легкие предметы 10) so-called – так называемый 11) to come into contact – соприкасаться 12) due to – благодаря, вследствие, из-за 13) neither ... nor – ни ... ни 14) as a matter of fact – действительно, на самом деле 15) needless to say – нечего и говорить 16) to make use of – пользоваться 17) in effect – в действительности, в сущности 18) electrically operated devices – устройства, работающие на электричестве 19) to play an important part – играть важную роль 20) in fact – фактически 21) to do without – обходиться без 22) so far – до сих пор, пока 23) owing to – благодаря 24) the above-mentioned – вышеупомянутый 25) to be engaged in smth. – заниматься чем-либо 26) to make a contribution – внести, сделать вклад 27) as well as – так же как, а также Assignment 6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs. 1) The students went on studying properties of that new substance. 2) There are different ways of producing the electric current. 3) We heard of that experiment having been made last week. 4) We know of his starting some laboratory experiment. 5) Working at his new device, the inventor carried out an important research work. 6) An iron bar placed in the field of a magnet becomes magnetized. 7) A long time ago people noticed the attracting ability of the magnet. 8) The pole of the magnet pointing to the North is called the north pole of the magnet, the south pole pointing to the South. 9) The magnet having the north pole and the south pole, we can use it in the compass. Assignment 7. Translate the following sentences using either the Gerund or the Participle. 1) Расщепляя атомы, человек может получить большое количество энергии. 2) Существуют различные виды электростанций, причем паровые находят широкое применение в нашей стране. 3) Помещая металлический предмет в поле магнита, мы намагничиваем его. 4) Работая в области электричества, ученые внесли большой вклад в науку. 5) Мы знаем о том, Галилей создал первый телескоп в мире. 6) Когда вода падает, энергия превращается из потенциальной в кинетическую. 7) Я слышал о том, что в вашем городе строится атомная станция. Assignment 8. Fill in the blanks with the following words and expressions: in the form of, because, because of, to be interested in, to put into operation, as for, to be named after, in question, to turn one’s attention to 1) The discovery ... was made by a well-known Soviet scientist. 2) Moscow University ... Lomonosov. 3) Franklin ... making experiments with atmospheric electricity. 4) ... the electric current, it is used both in industry and in; our homes. 5) The first atomic power plant in the world ... in the USSR in June 1954. 6) Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning ... he did not think of possible danger. 7) Atom finds a wide application ... its ability of producing heat arid energy. 8) The scientists of the Soviet Union ... the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes. Assignment 9. Define the meaning of the following terms: lightning, lightning conductor, magnetism, refrigerator, generator, motor, turbine. Assignment 10. a) For the names of the countries given in Column I find the names of the nations given in Column II
b) What do you call the people, who live in: Russia? England? Germany? France? America? Italy? Greece? Assignment 11. Answer the following questions: 1) Who was familiar with the strange force which is known today as electricity? 2) What three electrical phenomena in the early history of electricity are mentioned in the text? 3) How long did it take before scientists learned how to make use of electricity? 4) What electrically operated devices do we use every day? 5) Who contributed to the scientific research on electricity? 6) What property did amber possess when it was rubbed? 7) What can you say about the origin of the name “electricity”? 8) What countries made their contributions to studying electricity? 9) What Russian scientists do you know working in the field of electricity? Assignment 12. Speak on: 1) Three electrical phenomena in the early history of electricity. 2) I use electricity every day. Assignment 13. Make an outline of the text. Assignment 14. Retell the text. UNIT EIGHT Assignment 1. Remember the following words and word-combinations:
Assignment 2. Practice the pronunciation of the following words: poet, enlightener, to satisfy, knowledge, science, age, academy, a peasant, to experience, Germany, to complete, scholarship, nevertheless, academician, natural, language, foreign, international, theory, dissatisfied, useless, unreliable, therefore, to possess, unusual, capacity, extraordinary, useful, educational, various, cultural, numerous, result. achievement, to lecture, to educate, purpose, literature, physics, laboratory, chemistry, to organize, chemical, question, materialist, basis, molecular, law, conservation, invaluable, enlightenment. Assignment 3. Translate the words, their derivatives into Russian and learn them. academy – academician – academic – academical; to add – addition – additional; atom – atomic; chemistry – chemist – chemical; to complete – complete – completion – completive; to connect – connection – connective; to conserve – conservation – conservable; distance – distant; to educate – education – educated – educational; to enlighten – enlightenment – enlightener; to experience – experience – experienced; to long – long – longing; nature – natural – naturally; to rely – reliable – reliability; to use – use – useful – user – useless. Assignment 4. Read and translate the text: TEXT 8. LOMONOSOV The great Russian scientist, outstanding poet and enlightener, Lomonosov, was born in the village of Denisovka (now Lomonosovo), far off in the North, on November 19 1711. The boy was very young when he easily mastered reading and writing. He spent all his free time in reading books and studying but that did not satisfy him. The young boy longed for knowledge, he longed to master science. That longing was so great that at the age of 19, or so, he left his father’s home and started on foot for Moscow in spite of the long distance and the cold winter. However, entering the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow was not an easy thing to do, because his father was a peasant and a fisherman. Strange as it may seem at present, the Academy was closed to peasants at that time. He experienced great want and countless hardships during his student years both in Moscow and later on in Germany where he had been sent to complete his education. Studying at the Academy, he got only 3 copecks a day, that scholarship being his only means of living. Nevertheless, the simple peasant boy from the far North soon became famous as a scientist and a poet. At the age of 35 he was already an experienced professor and an academician. Lomonosov was a complete master of natural sciences as well as of history, philosophy and engineering. In addition to the Russian language, he had a good knowledge of foreign languages, namely German, French, Greek and, last but not least, Latin which was the international language of science at that time. It is quite impossible to name a scientific problem he did not turn his attention to. However, theory alone left him dissatisfied. He knew by experience that it was useless and unreliable if it did not find practical application and could not, therefore, serve the good of his people and his country. He always tried to find a practical application for the phenomena studied. Lomonosov possessed an unusual capacity for work. His scientific activity lasted for 25 years but in these 25 years he carried out an extraordinary amount of useful, educational work in various fields of scientific and cultural life. He carried on scientific research in natural sciences and made numerous reports on the results of his achievements. He lectured to students and translated the works of various foreign scientists into Russian for he wanted to educate “our own Newtons.” For this very purpose he founded Moscow University and wrote his odes as well as numerous books on the Russian language and literature, on physics and so on. For many years the great scientist carried on systematic laboratory-experimental work both in physics and chemistry, for, according to him, without observation and experiment there could be no progress in science. In this connection, one might ask: “Do you know that Lomonosov organized the first chemical laboratory in our country?” One more question: “Who built the first glass-making factory in Russia?” It was Lomonosov, of course! As a materialist, Lomonosov studied physical properties of bodies on the basis of the molecular and atomic theory. He developed the kinetic theory of gases, the molecular kinetic theory of heat and first discovered the law of the conservation of matter and motion. He also found that light, heat and electricity are different forms of motion. As a result, many of his discoveries became invaluable contributions to world science. From the very first and to the last days of his life he struggled alone for Russian science and the enlightenment of the Russian people. Notes to the text: 1) or so – приблизительно, около этого 2) on foot – пешком 3) at present – в данное время 4) both … and – и … и; как …, так и … 5) a complete master of natural sciences – полный (совершенный) магистр естественных наук 6) as well as – а также, так же как 7) in addition to – кроме того, к тому же 8) last but not least – не менее важный 9) to turn attention to – обратить внимание на 10) theory alone – одна теория 11) to know by experience – знать по опыту 12) to serve the good of his people – служить на пользу его народа 13) to make a report – сделать доклад, отчет 14) and so on – и так далее 15) in this connection – в этой связи 16) on the basis of – на основе Assignment 5. Answer the following questions: 1) Where and when was Lomonosov born? 2) How old was he when he left his father’s home? 3) How did he start for Moscow? 4) How did he enter the Academy? 5) How did he live in Moscow and later on in Germany during his student years? 6) What languages did he know? 7) Dis theory alone satisfy him? 8) What can you say about Lomonosov’s capacity for work? 9) What did Lomonosov organize and build in Russia? 10) What did he study as a materialist? 11) What did he develop? Assignment 6. Translate into Russian: last but not least; least of all; not in the least; he has not the least idea about it; this is the least he can do; read one page at least. Assignment 7. Form nouns from the following verbs: to enlighten, to know, to educate, to transform, to apply, to achieve, to observe, to generate, to protect, to develop. to experience, to complete, to add, to connect, to use. Assignment 8. Form as many words as possible with the suffixes given below: -or, -er, -ist, -ship, -tion, -ment. Assignment 9. Form ten sentences using the following words: last – to last; very – the very; heat – to heat; only – the only; want – to want. Assignment 10. Form new words from the words given below using the prefixes re-, in-, im-, un-, dis-, extra-, super-: natural, usual, possible, to satisfy, ordinary, valuable, to discover, to charge. Assignment 11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words: 1) I like to read but I have very little time for reading. 2) My friend speaks of nothing else but his examinations. 3) We know by experience that a thermometer is used for measuring temperature differences. 4) I was sent for the doctor. 5) Our professor left for Germany for he is going to work there for 3 years. 6) Russian scientists and inventors work for this country. 7) The scientist was observing a new phenomenon for a long time. 8) We need much electricity for it is used both in our homes and in industry. 9) These students learned English for 2 years. Assignment 12. Speak on: 1) Lomonosov is the great Russian scientist. 2) Lomonosov is the great enlightener of the Russian people. Assignment 13. a) Fill in the blanks with prepositions, if necessary; b) Retell the text: Jack London The great American writer Jack London was born ... the town of San Francisco in 1876. The young boy longed ... knowledge, but Jack's father could not send him ... school, as the family was very poor London began working when he was quite young. He sold different newspapers ... the streets. ... the age ... fourteen he began to work ... a factory. Then he worked as a fisherman. He had to work many hours a day. Nevertheless he experienced a great want and countless hardships ... that time. In spite of his hard work he was very fond ... reading and read very much. He studied ... school and later on ... the university. He took great interest both ... history and ... philosophy. ... 1896 London started … Alaska for the yellow metal. He did not live ... the North a long time. Soon he came back ... San Francisco, and became famous as a writer. He greatly contributed ... the development ... progressive American literature. ... present his name is known all over the world. UNIT NINE Grammar: The Infinitive Assignment 1. Remember the following words and word-combinations:
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