Сборник. Сборник-текстов-и-упражнений-по-специальности (копия 1)-1. Учебное пособие английский язык сборник текстов и упражнения по дисциплине Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции для студентов юридического факультета
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АНО ВО «МОСКОВСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» Кафедра иностранных языков УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Сборник текстов и упражнения по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» для студентов юридического факультетаУровни: Elementary, Pre-Intermediate Москва 2015 Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов всех форм обучения, изучающих дисциплину «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» и предполагает уровни владения языком Elementary и Pre-Intermediate. Пособие основано на материалах таких учебных пособий как «Just English» (автор: Ю. Л. Гуманова и др.) и «English for Students of Law» (авторы: С. Е. Зайцева, Л. А. Тинигина» Пособие представляет собой сборник текстов, каждый из которых сопровождается заданиями на лексику, на проверку понимания прочитанного, а также переводом с русского на английский язык. Цель данного пособия – выработать у студентов навыки просмотрового, поискового и аналитического чтения, расширить словарный запас, а также закрепить разнообразные грамматические конструкции, необходимые для адекватного понимания англоязычного текста. Автор-составитель:
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Text 1: What is law? 4 Text 2: The System of Government of the UK 6 Text 3: The Law-making Process in the UK 8 Text 4: The Sovereign 9 Text 5: The Court System of England and Wales 10 Text 6: The Political Set-up of the USA 12 Text 7: The Congress 13 Text 8: The President and Federal Departments. 14 Text 9: The Federal Judiciary 16 Text 1: What is law? Law is the whole set of rules that are supported by the power of government and that control the behaviour of members of society. There are two main kinds of law – public and private (or civil). Private law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and Public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another. The system of law consists of different categories of law. Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law that regulates in general terms all legal relationships concerned with the state and law (separation of powers, essential features of the state, legislation). International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another. Civil law deals with citizens’ rights, duties and obligations towards one another. Criminal law deals with wrongful acts harmful to the community and punishable by the state. As well as defining the powers of government of a country, most constitutions describe the fundamental rights of citizens. The European Convention of Human Rights is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights. Any person can take a case to the Court if he feels that his rights are violated by the state. Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations: Состоять из Заниматься чем-либо, решать вопросы, касаться чего-либо Учреждать, создавать Споры между кем-либо Свод норм Законодательные акты Иметь отношение к, касаться Поддерживаться государственной властью Правовые отношения, касающиеся… Нарушать (права человека) Exercise 2: Match these English words and word-combinations with their Russian equivalents:
Exercise 3: Answer the questions: What is law? What categories of law can you name? What is the difference between Public and Private Law? What does Criminal law deal with? What does International law regulate? What does Constitutional Law deal with? What is the European Convention of Human Rights? Text 2: The System of Government of the UK Some countries have a “written constitution”. It means that their constitution is codified, that is, it is written in a single official handbook. For example, Russia and the USA have “written constitution”. On the other hand, such countries as the UK have an “unwritten”, or not codified constitution. Some of the rules made by Parliament are written down in statutes, but more depend on customs. Britain is a constitutional monarchy, that is to say, the Monarch reigns but is limited by the rules of the state. At present His Majesty King Charles III is the head of the state. But his role is symbolic: he reigns but does not rule. The Parliament represents the legislative branch of power and consists of two Houses: the upper House - the House of Lords and the lower House - the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers, who have inherited their titles and life peers who are appointed by the Queen for various services to the nation. The Chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor. The House of Commons is made up of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected by the British people. The General Elections takes place every 5 years. The leader of the majority party becomes the Prime Minister. The next branch of power – the executive – is represented by the Privy Council, the Ministry and the Government departments. The Privy Council is a formal body of royal advisors and its main role today is to advise the Monarch on a range of matters. It is headed by the Privy Councillor. The Ministry is the Government of the moment. The head of the Ministry is the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms his Cabinet that is the centre of the Government and consists of about 20 most important ministers. There are also other ministers who are heads of the Government Departments. Government Departments are responsible for implementing Government policy. Each department is headed by two people: a political head who is usually a minister and an administrative head from the Civil Service, called a permanent secretary. There are many such departments, for example the Home Office, the Department of Education, the Ministry of Defence, etc. The Judiciary is the third branch of power in the UK. It was established in 2005 as the result of the law reform. It consists of the system of courts headed by the Supreme Court that started working in 2009. It is the ultimate court of appeal in the UK. Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations:
Exercise 2: Draw the scheme depicting the system of government of the UK. Exercise 3: Write down the questions to the text and then ask your partner. Exercise 4: Answer the questions using information in the text and the scheme you have made: What is the difference between written and unwritten constitution? Can you explain the following: “Britain is a constitutional monarchy”? Who is the head of the country? Name the branches of power in the UK. Which body represents the legislative branch of power? What does the Parliament consist of? What is the difference between Lords Temporal and Lords Spiritual? Which House of the Parliament is an elected body? How many MPs does the House of Commons consist of? Speak about the executive branch of power in detail. Who can become a Prime Minister? What do you know about the judicial branch of power? Text 3: The Law-making Process in the UK The functions of Parliament are: making new laws; providing money for the Government through taxation; examining government policy, administration and spending; debating political questions. Every year Parliament passes about one hundred laws directly, by making Acts of Parliament. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There are two main types of Bills – Public Bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private Bills – which deal with local matters and individuals. When a Bill is introduced in the House of Commons, it receives the formal first reading. It is then printed and read the second time, when it is debated. After the second reading the Bill is referred to the committee. Here it is discussed in detail and amended if necessary. The Bill is then presented for the third reading and is debated. If the Bill is passed by the Commons it goes to the Lords where it goes through the same procedure. The House of Lords may only delay the passage of a Public Bill but cannot reject it. After receiving the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament. Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following expressions: Налогообложение Законопроект Доходы и расходы Принимать закон Выдвинуть законопроект Затрагивать, касаться Пройти несколько стадий Выдвинуть законопроект Обсуждать законопроект Вносить поправки Получить Королевскую Санкцию Отклонить законопроект Exercise 2: Answer the questions: What is the difference between a Bill and an Act of Parliament? What are two types of Bills? Discuss the difference between them. How many readings should a Bill receive to become an Act? What is the role of the House of Lords in a law-making process? Which of the two Houses has more power in a law-making process? 6. How does a Bill go through Parliament? How efficient and democratic is this process in your opinion? Text 4: The Sovereign The monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state. The Queen Elizabeth II was the official head of state and for many people the symbol of the unity of the nation for 70 years. The current monarch is her eldest son King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother. By the hereditary principle, the Crown is passed on to the sovereign’s eldest son or daughter. The monarch has the central role in state affairs, not only through his ceremonial functions, such as opening Parliamentary sessions, but also because he meets the Prime Minister every week and receives copies of all Cabinet papers. Functions of the Sovereign: Opening and closing Parliamentary sessions Giving his Royal Assent to bills Approving all major appointments in the state Giving honors such as peerages, knighthoods and medals Head of the Commonwealth Head of the Church of England Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces King Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) was the longest serving heir apparent in British history and, at the age of 73, is the oldest person to ascend the British throne. Exercise 1: Give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations: Одобрять Государственные дела Символ единства нации Получать документы Кабинета министров Церемониальные функции Главнокомандующий Даровать почетные титулы Главные назначения Вооруженные силы Рыцарство Exercise 2: Answer the questions: Who is the head of the UK? The monarch’s role is mainly symbolic. Can you explain? Name the King’s functions. What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of having a monarchy are? Text 5: The Court System of England and Wales The distinction between civil and criminal law is reflected in the structure of courts in England and Wales. The court system in Northern Ireland is similar but the system in Scotland is different and separate. There are courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction. The civil courts are: the Court of Appeal (Civil Division), High Court of Justice, County Courts and Magistrates’ Courts. The criminal courts are: the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), the Crown Court and Magistrates’ Courts. Before 2009 the House of Lords was the highest appeal court, but as a result of the law reform the Supreme Court was established and started working on October 1, 2009, and now it is the ultimate court of appeal in the country. The Supreme Court hears appeals from inferior courts of both civil and criminal jurisdiction. The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates’ court. It hears minor criminal and some civil and family cases. More serious criminal cases are dealt with in the Crown Court. Civil cases are heard in County Courts. Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from Magistrates’ Courts are heard in the Crown Court (criminal jurisdiction) or in the County Court (civil jurisdiction). Appeals from the Crown Court go to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) and then to the Supreme Court. Appeals from the County Court go to the High Court of Justice, then to the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) and then to the Supreme Court. The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under 17) and coroners’ courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation). Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations: Схожий, подобный Мировой суд Верховный Суд Суд гражданской юрисдикции Суд Короны Суд по делам несовершеннолетних Дела рассматриваются (в суде) Споры между индивидуумами Уголовное дело Высокий Суд Правосудия Дело заслушивается (в суде) Мелкие дела Нижестоящие суды Высший апелляционный суд Суд Графства Налогообложение Правовая реформа Расследовать Насильственная, внезапная или неестественная смерть Правонарушитель Exercise 2: Answer the questions: What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales? Name the courts of civil jurisdiction. Name the courts of criminal jurisdiction. What is the highest court of appeal in England and Wales? When was it established? How are appeals heard in the English legal system? What do juvenile courts, coroners’ courts and administrative tribunals deal with? Exercise 3: Draw the scheme of the court system of England and Wales. Exercise 4: Speak on the topic using the words and word-combinations in the previous exercises and the scheme of the court system you have made. Text 6: The Political Set-up of the USA The United States of America is a federal, presidential, constitutional republic composed of 50 states. The capital is Washington D.C., and the largest city is New York City. European colonization of America began in the 16-th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years’ War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775. On July 4, 1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence. The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the US by Great Britain. The current constitution was adopted in 1778. The first ten amendments, named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties and rights. The federal government of the country is composed of three branches: legislative (the Congress), executive (the President) and judicial (the Supreme Court). Legislative: The Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal laws, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove the sitting members of the government. Executive: The President is the commander-in-chief of the US army, can veto legislative bills before they become law and appoints the members of the Cabinet and other offices, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies. Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws. The Senate has 100 members (two senators from each state), elected to 6-year terms. One third of Senate is elected every two years. The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The President is not elected by direct vote, but by indirect electoral college system. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life. The government of the country is regulated by the system of checks and balances. According to this system each branch of government serves as a check on the others. The powers given to each branch are carefully balanced by the powers of the other two. This is to keep any branch from gaining too much power or from misusing its powers. Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents for the expressions below: Состоять из Признание независимости Возникать, появляться Поправки к конституции Декларация Независимости Гарантировать основные гражданские права и свободы Приводить к чему-то Принимать (документ) Три ветви власти Многочисленные споры Быть ратифицированным Законодательная ветвь власти Исполнительная ветвь власти Судебная ветвь власти Быть принятым Exercise 2: Answer the questions: What is the difference between the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights? How does the Constitution separate the powers of the government? Which fundamental civil liberties and rights do you know? What is the difference between the constitutions of the UK and the US? Exercise 3: Draw the scheme of the political set-up of the USA. Exercise 4: Speak on the topic using the words and word-combinations from the previous exercises and the scheme you have made. Text 7: The Congress The Congress, the legislative branch of power, is made up of the Senate (the upper House) and the House of Representatives (the lower House). There are 100 senators, two from each state, in the Senate. One third of the senators is elected every two years for six-year terms of office. A senator must be older than 30 years old and be an American citizen for at least 9 years. The House of Representatives has 435 members. Each state is divided into congressional districts of roughly equal population, and the voters of each district elect one representative to the House. A member must be older than 25 years old and be an American citizen for at least 7 years. There is no limit to the number of terms a Senator or a Representative may serve. The functions of the Congress are: to make new laws, and each house of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation. It regulates commerce among states and with foreign countries. It can declare war, approves treaties and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove the members of the government. Exercise 1: Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations: Нижняя палата Верхняя палата Избираться Срок службы Американский гражданин По меньшей мере Делиться на Избирательный округ Примерно равное количество населения Избиратели Выступать с законодательной инициативой Регулировать торговлю между штатами Объявлять войну Одобрять договоры Иметь право объявлять импичмент Снимать с должности членов правительства Exercise 2: Draw the scheme, representing the structure of the American Parliament. Exercise 3: Answer the questions: What is the name of the American Parliament? Which two Houses does it consist of? How long is the senator’s term of office? What are the requirements for senators? How can a person become a Representative? List the functions of the Congress. Text 8: The President and Federal Departments. The President of the USA, the head of the executive branch of power, is elected every four years for a four-year term of office, with no more than two terms allowed. The President is not elected by the voters directly but by indirect electoral college system. He must be a native-born citizen at least 35 years old. The President is the commander-in-chief of the US army, can veto legislative bills before they become law and appoints the members of the Cabinet and other offices. As the head of the executive branch the President must carry on the government programs accepted by Congress. The President appoints federal judges, ambassadors and government officials and assigns duties to the elected Vice President. If a President dies, resigns or becomes permanently disabled, the Vice President becomes responsible for his duties until the next election. Under the US Constitution a sitting President may be removed from his office only by an impeachment process that begins in the House of Representatives. Within the executive branch there are a number of executive departments. These are the departments of State, Treasury, Defence, Justice, Interior, Health and Human Resources, Education and others. Each department is established by law, and is responsible for a specific area. The head of each department is called the Secretary and is appointed by the President, but must be approved by the Senate. The Secretaries of the most important departments form the President’s Cabinet. Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations: Избираться Четырехлетний срок службы Правительственные программы, принятые Конгрессом Не более, чем на два срока Госдепартамент Должен быть одобрен Сенатом Департамент финансов Принимает на себя его обязанности Коллегия выборщиков Назначать федеральных судей Послы Правительственные чиновники Предписывать обязанности Уходить в отставку Стать недееспособным Действующий президент Смещать с поста Избиратели Быть ответственным за что-либо Exercise 2: Answer the questions: Who is the head of the executive branch of power? How can a person become a President of the USA? Name the US President’s duties. When does the Vice President accept the duties of the President? What is “the process of impeachment”? What can you say about the government departments? What is “the Cabinet”? Exercise 3: Draw the scheme of the executive branch of power. Exercise 4: Using the information from the previous exercises, speak on the executive branch of power. Text 9: The federal Judiciary The third branch of government is the federal judiciary. Its main instrument is the Supreme Court, which watches over the two other branches. It determines whether their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associated Justices. They are appointed by the President but must be approved by the Senate. They hold office as Supreme Court Justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court can not be appealed to any other court. Neither the President nor the Congress can change their decisions. The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kind of cases: those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All other cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts. In addition to the Supreme Court, there are 11 federal courts of appeal and, below them, 91 federal district courts. Federal courts coexist with state courts. The structure of state courts varies from state to state. Individuals can sue or be sued in either court system – federal courts or state courts, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in state courts. Exercise 1: Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations: Суды штатов Федеральные суды Главный судья Судьи-помощники Надзирать за кем-то Подавать иск Отвечать в суде в качестве ответчика Соответствовать Конституции Назначать Одобрять Занимать пост пожизненно Иметь прямую юрисдикцию Судебное дело Сторона (судебного разбирательства) Федеральные окружные суды Сосуществовать Большинство (дел) Верховный Суд Решать дело в суде Иностранные дипломаты Exercise 2: Answer the questions: Who does the Supreme Court consist of? How long do the Supreme Court Justices serve? Are the Supreme Court Justices elected? What are the functions of the Supreme Court of the USA? Who can change the decisions of the Supreme Court? What lower courts, besides the Supreme Court, are there in the USA? In what kind of cases does the Supreme Court have direct jurisdiction? Exercise 3: Speak on the court system of the USA. Compare this with the court system in Russia. |