Учебное пособие Астрономия. Космическая техника и технологии Алматы, 2012 удк 802. 0 52 629. 7 (0758) ббк 81. Англ. 923
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Choose the correct answer: 1) Apollo 11 carried ___ astronauts. a) one b) two c) three d) four 2) The module that landed on the Moon was called ___. a) The Eagle b) Apollo 11 c) Saturn V d) Tranquility 3) The rocket that boosted them into space was called ___. a) Saturn V b) Apollo 11 c) Tranquility d) The Eagle Answer the questions 1) When was Neil Armstrong planning a trip? 2)Why would Armstrong and the other scientists at NASA take a lot of very precise math to figure out how to get there and back? 3) What place did Armstrong and the other scientists choose to land on the Moon? 4) What equipment did they pack? 5) When did a huge Saturn V rocket blast Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin into orbit in their spacecraft, Apollo 11? 6) How many days did they race though space? 7) What area did they choose to land? 8) What did they do on the moon? 9) When did they land? 10) Where did they land? Text 12 C John Glenn By Sharon Fabian When John Glenn was a young man, he didn't plan on a career in space flight. Glenn was interested in a career in the military, and in aviation in particular. When he entered the Naval Aviation Cadet Program in 1942, he had no way of knowing that this would be the first step on his path to outer space. Glenn's training in the cadet program prepared him to be a fighter pilot in World War II. Altogether he flew 59 combat missions in that war. After the war, Glenn became a flight training instructor, teaching young men who wanted to become pilots how to fly for the military. Then, in the Korean War, Glenn again flew combat missions as part of a marine fighter squadron. This time he flew a total of 63 missions. Next, Glenn entered Test Pilot School. He was interested in the field of aircraft design. He also continued to fly. In fact, in 1957 John Glenn set a new speed record as he flew across the continent from Los Angeles to New York. Glenn's career had been changing all along. As soon as he finished one job, he always looked for a new area to move into. But, in 1959 his career suddenly took off in an exciting new direction. NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, chose Glenn to be part of a group of men who would train to be astronauts for the Mercury missions. NASA had a space mission scheduled for 1962, and it chose John Glenn to be the astronaut. This mission, Mercury 6, would be a history-making mission, because the Mercury 6 astronaut would be the first American to orbit the earth in space. This Mercury mission had simple but important objectives: to put a man in orbit, to observe his reactions to being in space, and to return him safely to earth. The Mercury 6 spacecraft, named Friendship 7, was carefully designed to help Glenn, and the astronauts on the ground at Kennedy Space Centre, meet these objectives. The spacecraft had to protect Glenn from the tremendous heat and the acceleration forces that would occur as the spacecraft was launched and also as it re-entered the earth's atmosphere. It was designed to allow the astronaut inside to take over some of the controls. The body of the capsule would hold the astronaut himself, the life support system, and the spaceship's electrical system. The blunt end of the capsule was where the very important heat shield was located. At the opposite end were the parachutes that would be used on re-entry. A modified Atlas rocket would boost Mercury 6 into space. The spacecraft was ready. So was Glenn. The countdown began at T - 390 minutes. At 6:06 in the morning, on February 20, Glenn boarded the spacecraft. There were a few minor delays to make last minute adjustments, but then the countdown continued. Finally they were down to the last few seconds before lift-off. Five, four, three, two, one -- Glenn was blasted into orbit. His successful flight orbited the earth three times. It reached a maximum altitude of 162 miles, and a maximum speed of 17,500 miles per hour. When it was time to re-enter the earth's atmosphere, the astronauts had a scare. They thought that the heat shield was coming loose. Glenn saw chunks of material that might be part of the heat shield flying by the window of the capsule. In the final minutes of the flight, everyone was nervously waiting to see if he would be able to return home safely. They were all relieved to see the Mercury 6 capsule splash down in the Atlantic Ocean. After four hours and 55 minutes in space, John Glenn was home. Seventeen minutes after splashdown, the capsule was picked up by a US destroyer. After it was brought aboard ship, Glenn stepped out. He had returned safely! John Glenn was a hero. His career had taken him into earth orbit and back. However, Glenn didn't stop there. His popularity as a space hero helped him get elected to the US Senate. There the story of John Glenn began a new chapter. Choose the correct answer: 1) John Glenn was ___. a) an astronauts b) a senator c) a fighter pilot d) all of the above 2) John Glenn was ___. a) the first man to walk in space b) the first American in space c) the first American to orbit the Earth d) the first man to orbit the Earth 3) In the second paragraph, the world “mission” means: a) a space flight b) a secret assignment c) a homework assignment d) a combat plane flight 4) In the fifth paragraph the word “mission” means: a) a space flight b) a secret assignment c) a homework assignment d) a combat plane flight 5) This article is mainly about ___. a) John Glenn’s work as a senator b) John Glenn’s life c) John Glenn’s career d) the Mercury space capsule 6) John Glenn’s career could be described as a) successful b) ambitious c) distinguished d) all of the above 7) Which happened first? a) Glenn orbited the Earth in Mercury 6 b) Glenn became senator c) Glenn flew in Korean war d) Glenn flew in WWII 8) From this article you can infer that ___. a) Glenn didn’t really want to fly planes b) Glenn worked and studied hard c) Glenn was elected senator by only a few votes d) Glenn was born in 1950 Answer the questions: 1) When did John Glenn make his first step on his path to outer space? 2) What program prepared him to be a fighter pilot in World War II? 3) What field was Glenn interested in when he entered Test Pilot School? 4)What record did Glenn set as he flew across the continent from Los Angeles to New York? 5) What did NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, choose Glenn for in 1959? 6) Why would the mission, Mercury 6, be a history-making mission? 7) What objectives did Mercury mission have? 8) What was the Mercury 6 spacecraft, named Friendship 7, designed to? 9) What rocket would boost Mercury 6 into space? 10) Why were a few minor delays when the countdown began? 11) How many times did John Glenn’s successful flight orbit the earth? At what speed? 12) Why did astronauts have a scare when it was time to re-enter the earth's atmosphere? Did astronauts return safely? 13) Did John Glenn stop his career after returning from space? Text 12 D Space Walkers By Sharon Fabian Many people can name the first American in space (Alan Shepard) or the first man to walk on the moon (Neil Armstrong). Not as many people can name the astronauts who set records for space walking. So many astronauts have completed a spacewalk now that the records go to those with the largest number of space walks, or the most total space walk hours. All together, there have been over 100 space walks, or EVA's as NASA calls them. EVA stands for extra-vehicular activity, and that is exactly what a space walk is. An astronaut goes outside of his spaceship. Nothing but a special rope, called a tether, keeps him from floating away in space. The tether, about 55 feet long, is attached at one end to the astronaut and at the other end to a slide wire on the outside of the spaceship. This allows the astronaut as much freedom of movement as possible. Space walking may seem like a really exciting job, but one astronaut called space walkers the construction workers of outer space. When an astronaut goes outside of his spacecraft, it is usually to repair or to build something on the outside of the spaceship. Sometimes it is a new piece of scientific equipment; sometimes it is just routine maintenance. When going for a space walk, astronauts wear a stiff, pressurized suit that weighs about 250 pounds. Just moving around in this suit is hard, tiring work. The astronaut must stay focused on his job every minute, because he has to keep track of his tether, and the tethers holding each and every tool and piece of equipment, at all times. After all, he is about 150 miles above the earth, and moving at a speed that is measured in miles per second! Despite the fact that he is zooming around in space, attached only by a tether, the astronaut does not feel the speed the same way that you do on a bike or riding in a convertible with the top down. That is because there is no air, and therefore no wind, in space. One interesting fact about space walking is that it is not actually walking at all. Astronauts move by pulling themselves around hand over hand, not by moving their feet. The first space walker was Alexei Leonov, a cosmonaut from the former Soviet Union. His space walk lasted for 20 minutes. The first American astronauts to walk in space were Donald Pettit and Kenneth Bowersox, who were assigned an EVA to release some locks on a radiator that was part of the air conditioning system for the International Space Station. When they were ready to begin their space walk, Donald Pettit had trouble opening the hatch to get out of their spaceship. Bowersox helped him out; he knew just what to do, because he had had the same trouble with the door on his pickup truck. Today, there are astronauts who have had the opportunity to take several space walks. Some are getting to be old pros at the job. Anatoly Solovyov holds the record at the moment, with 16 EVA's totaling 77 hours outside of his spaceship. Jerry Ross is in second place with nine EVA's totaling 58 hours, and Steven Smith is in third place with seven EVA's totaling 49 hours. Chris Hadfield was the first Canadian astronaut to perform a space walk in 2001. He was involved in the installation of the Canadarm2. One interesting job that the space walkers worked on was installing a cargo railway on the outside of the International Space Station. Space walkers also performed maintenance on the Hubble Space Telescope, replacing equipment that had been worn down by its time in space, and making improvements to the giant telescope. Space walkers may think of their job as being something like a handyman's, and not all space walkers become famous now, but they have about the most amazing working conditions of any worker anywhere. After all, what other workers have new challenges every day, and all of outer space for their work place? Choose the correct answer: 1) Another world for EVA is ___. a) tether b) space station c) space walk d) astronauts 2) Americans who fly in space are called astronauts. In the former Soviet Union, they called ___. a)cosmonauts b) astronauts c) aviators d) space walkers 3) This article is mainly about ___. a)construction workers b) astronauts who go to outer space c) Soviet cosmonauts d) astronauts who repaired the space telescope 4) The most space walk by one astronaut, so far, is ___. a) nine b) 16 c) over 100 d) one 5) Which happened last? a)Anatoly Solovyov set the record for the most EVA’s. b) Donald Pettit and Kenneth Bowersox walked in space. c) Alexei Leonov walked in space. d) Alan Shepard flew into space. 6) Space walkers were called construction workers of outer space because ___. a) they work only in a good weather b) most of them are former construction workers c) they do building and maintenance work on the outside of space d) they are not really scientists 7) A tether is ___. a) a pressurized space suit b) a line that attached an astronaut to the outside of his spaceship c) a pair of special boots for walking in space d) an electric cord that provides the power for a spacecraft 8) Walking in space is ___. a) Challenging b) tiring c) an adventure d) all of the above Listening “Alan Shepard, 1923-1998: The First American to Travel into Space” We are going to listen to the text about astronaut Alan Shepard, who was the first American to fly in space. Listen and complete the gaps: 1) Alan Shepard became the first American to travel into space. He was in a small spacecraft called ___. 2) In nineteen fifty-seven, the Soviet Union launched the first electronic satellite, ___. 3) On April twelfth, nineteen sixty-one, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin flew in space for ___ minutes. 4) In nineteen forty-seven, Alan Shepard became a ___ in the Navy. 5) Congress passed a bill creating ___-- the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 6) On April seventh, nineteen fifty-nine, the space agency announced the seven ___ astronauts. 7)Nine months after the project started, NASA made its first test flight of the Mercury spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, ___. 8) The choice of Alan Shepard to be the first American to fly in space was announced just a few days before the ___. 9) Three weeks later, President John F. Kennedy declared a new goal for the United States. He called for "landing a man on the ___ and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the nineteen sixties. 10) ___ American astronauts walked on the moon between nineteen sixty-nine and nineteen seventy-two. Quiz: Astronaut Astronauts have a reputation for being the brave and skilled few willing to risk their lives by strapping themselves aboard a rocket and blasting into outer space. But before they can don the orange jumpsuits and go into orbit, they must endure an intense selection and training process. How did guys like Neil Armstrong and John Glenn make it into space? And how have NASA requirements for astronauts changed in the last 50 years? 1) Which of the following terms did NASA originally want to use in reference to astronauts? a) Mercury b) Venus c) Aeronaut 2) Soviet astronauts were called: a) taikonauts b) aeronauts c) cosmonauts 3) On NASA's first list of qualifications for astronaut candidates for the Mercury program, each man had to be under: a) 6 feet, 3 inches tall b) 5 feet, 11 inches tall c) 5 feet, 7 inches tall 4) Which of the following "Original Seven" astronauts was the only one from the U.S. Marines? a) Alan Shepard b) Gus Grissom c) John Glenn 5) The two types of astronauts in NASA today are: a) engineering astronauts and biology astronauts b) pilot astronauts and mission specialist astronauts c) human astronauts and animal astronauts 6) Which of the following agencies does not have an agreement with NASA to provide international astronauts? a) European Space Agency b) Brazilian Space Agency c) Chinese Space Agency 7) What former U.S. president is NASA's Houston space center named for? a) Lyndon B. Johnson b) John F. Kennedy c) Dwight D. Eisenhower 8) How long are astronaut candidates required to tread water continuously while wearing a flight suit? a) 5 minutes b) 10 minutes c) 20 minutes 9) Who was the first woman in space? a) Sally Ride b) Valentina Tereshkova c) Jerrie Cobb 10) An official countdown for a shuttle launch begins at: a) T minus 43 hours b) T minus 24 hours c) T minus 8 hours |