Учебное пособие Астрономия. Космическая техника и технологии Алматы, 2012 удк 802. 0 52 629. 7 (0758) ббк 81. Англ. 923
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Hubble 1) A 2) C 3) E 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) C Quiz: The Hubble Space Telescope 1 It is not affected by earth's atmosphere or weather The Hubble Space Telescope does require a focusing system and a power supply, and it is expensive to build and maintain. Its biggest advantage over land-based telescopes is that it can operate around the clock, unimpaired by poor visibility on earth. In addition, the Hubble can receive infrared and ultraviolet radiation from outer space, unhindered by earth's atmosphere. 2 the speed that a galaxy moves away from us (on earth) is proportional to its distance from us Named after astronomer Edwin P. Hubble, the Hubble's Law is the value of the velocity of a galaxy receding from earth, compared to its distance away from earth. This is related to the concept of an expanding universe. The Hubble Space Telescope allowed scientists to find an accurate value for Hubble's Law, which in turn allowed scientists to make more accurate estimates of distances in outer space. 3 an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, helium gas and other ionized gases The Hubble Space Telescope can actually measure the distance across the nebula, the shape of the nebula, and its distance from earth. For example, Hubble found that the Ring Nebula has the shape of a cylinder which is approximately one light- year in diameter (source: NASA publication). 4 the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph can analyze the wavelengths of light coming from various stars, which can give information on the chemical composition of the stars themselves. This instrument is used to study stars, quasars, black holes and other bodies in outer space, according to NASA publications. 5 all of these Like other instruments on the Hubble, the Wide Field Camera 3 is designed to be as versatile as possible by using a wide range of the light spectrum. Infrared light, for example, is used to take images of very faint objects, which are thought to be some of the oldest objects in the universe. Some images may be taken in several different spectra to gather more information about the object. 6 To protect the instruments from lint and other contaminants The instruments aboard the Hubble Space Telescope are very sensitive and can be damaged by lint, dust and other contaminants. Just like we try to keep a clean lens on our personal cameras, NASA needs to keep clean parts on its very sophisticated instruments like the Wide Field Camera or the Cosmic Origins Spectrometer (COS). Instead of keeping a neutral charge, the "bunny suits" are actually slightly conductive, in order to move electrostatic charge off the technicians and onto a ground collector. This is because electrostatic charge can damage the sensitive electronics on the Hubble's instruments. 7 Astronauts perform the repairs or upgrades Repairs or upgrades to the complicated Hubble instruments are made by astronauts flying to the Hubble aboard NASA's space shuttles. The astronauts train for a long time on the ground with mock-up repairs so they can successfully complete the repairs in outer space. The fifth servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope is scheduled for the fall of 2008, led by mission commander Scott Altman. 8 false The Wide Field Camera has real optical lenses made of ground glass. These lenses have special corrections that together with internal mirrors compensate for imperfections in the primary mirror of the Hubble Space Telescope. It turned out that correcting the instrument's lenses was easier than replacing the main mirror, which was ground incorrectly. 9 All of these This mirror is truly an engineering marvel! To save weight, engineers reduced the amount of glass in the mirror by 75% using an open, honeycomb design. Also, given the temperature changes in outer space, the mirror was designed to reduce both contraction and expansion with temperature. Finally, the magnesium fluoride overcoat allows the Hubble Space Telescope to reflect ultraviolet light as well as visible light. This is important because astronomers are interested in both ends of the light spectrum for Hubble images. 10 Goddard Space Flight Center Although all of these centers have contributed to the Hubble mission, the primary facility involved in the Hubble Space Telescope is Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, which is NASA's primary satellite facility. Goddard Space Flight Center has the world's largest clean room (for assembling sensitive equipment), communications centers for receiving satellite transmissions, and a visitors' center. Greenbelt, Maryland is also the home town of Funtrivia members Janetgool, milogrobani, and severnriver. Listening 1 Edwin Hubble 1 nineteen twenties 2 1889 3 law 4 astronomy 5 nebulae 6 galaxy 7 outside 8 shape 9 blue 10 Hubble’s Law 11 500 2 Kepler Telescope 1 rocket 2 galaxy 3 water 4 ocean 5 Earth 6 Are we along? Unit 9 Rockets Answers: 1) A 2) A 3) B 4) E Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle Flight Sequence
Space Shuttle Quiz 1 A typical shuttle mission lasts seven to eight days from launch to landing, though they've been known to last up to two weeks, depending on the mission's objectives. 2 The solid rocket boosters (SRBs) provide about 71 percent of the main force necessary to lift a shuttle into space. The remaining 29 percent of the thrust is supplied by the orbiter's three main engines. 3 The external fuel tank of the shuttle's main engines is mostly filled with liquid hydrogen. While the engines burn both liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, these substances are stored in a 6:1 ratio in favor of liquid hydrogen. The engines draw enough liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to empty a family swimming pool every 10 seconds. 4 The polyisocyanurate foam insulation that covers the external fuel tank is crucial to the shuttle's liftoff. However, it doesn't play a role in stabilizing the tank after ignition. Its three primary purposes are to keep the fuel cold, protect the fuel from heat that builds up on the exterior of the fuel tank in flight, and minimize ice formation. 5 If all goes well, the shuttle's main engines will shut down at T plus 8.5 minutes of the launch. About 30 seconds later, the fuel tank will separate from the orbiter, burning when it re-enters the atmosphere. The shuttle engines are at maximum throttle several minutes earlier in the course of a launch, usually at about T plus 60 seconds. 6 The main engines are housed in the orbiter's aft fuselage. The forward fuselage contains support equipment for the crew, while the RCS module stores forward rocket jets for steering the orbiter. 7 Communication between Mission Control in Houston and the shuttle orbiter is a three-step process. Basically, Mission Control will send signals to a 60-foot radio antenna at a test facility in New Mexico. This antenna will relay the signals to a pair of Tracking and Data Relay satellites in orbit 22,300 miles above the Earth. The satellites will relay the signals to the space shuttle. The system also works in reverse; when the orbiter contacts Mission Control, the signal goes from the satellites to the test facility to Houston. 8 NASA uses 107 infrared, high speed digital video, HDTV, 35-mm and 16-mm cameras around the launch pad to detect possible damage to the shuttle that occurs after liftoff. Ten sites within 40 miles of liftoff are also equipped with cameras to detect possible damage, and there are also cameras on the external fuel tank, on the solid rockets boosters, and in the orbiter itself. 9 It was President Richard M. Nixon who announced that NASA would develop a reusable space shuttle or space transportation system (STS) in 1972. The shuttle would consist of an orbiter attached to solid rocket boosters and an external fuel tank, and the prime contract was awarded to Rockwell International. 10 After testing the shuttle's components for nearly a decade, four shuttles -- Columbia, Discovery, Atlantis and Challenger -- were built. The Columbia was the first into orbit in 1981. It was a successful mission and paved the way for several more successful missions before the Challenger disaster in the 1986. Unit 10 NASA Listening “America's Space Agency Turns 50” 1) O 2) S 3) L 4) T 5) A 6) R 7) B 8) Q 9) N 10) P 11) C 12) M 13) G 14) K 15) J 16) E 17) I 18) D 19) F 20) H Quiz: NASA Turns Fifty 1) Pioneer The Pioneer rocket attempted three failed lunar missions before being diverted for use in other missions, including mapping the interplanetary magnetic field, monitoring solar flares, flying by Jupiter and Saturn and returning information that would be crucial in the later design of the Voyager probe. 2) U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency Explorer 1 became the first U.S. satellite when it was successfully launched on January 31, 1958. It operated until May of that year, and orbited Earth until 1970. The U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency oversaw the project, utilizing a rocket designed by Dr. Wernher von Braun and a data device designed by The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Cal Tech. The result of Explorer I was that Dr. James Van Allen of the University of Iowa initiated the discovery of what would later become known as the Van Allen Radiation Belts. 3) ten to eleven months Viking 1 was launched on August 20, 1975 and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. Viking 2 was launched September 9, 1975 and entered Mars orbit on August 7, 1976. The Viking mission resulted in many images of Mars' surface, analyses of surface samples, and atmospheric, meteorological and seismologic data. Viking I communicated to Earth for 7 years, Viking II for five. 4) twenty four weeks Launched in 1973, the purpose of Skylab was to explore working conditions for humans in prolonged weightlessness. Three separate crews manned Skylab for 28, 59 and 84 days in succession during its brief utility. Skylab was only manned for a span of eight months. One of the greatest contributions of Skylab was as a solar observatory. 5) Jupiter The Galileo spacecraft traveled through the solar system for fourteen years, sending back new, fascinating information about asteroids (Gaspra and Ida and its moon Dactyl); comets (Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashing into Jupiter); and Jupiter (rings, moons and atmosphere). 6) 6 Apollo missions 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 made safe lunar landings to make observations of soil, seismic activity, topography and solar wind. Apollo 13 held the world spellbound as desperate engineers scrambled to bring the crew safely home after the explosion of an oxygen canister. 7) Young While John Young was an astronaut for NASA from 1962, he was not selected for the Mercury program along with Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton. Young would go on to be the first Space Shuttle Commander for STS-1 aboard the SS Columbia. Young was an Apollo astronaut, flying in Apollo 10 around the moon, and walking on the moon from Apollo 16. 8) Gemini After U.S. President Kennedy announced his intention to put a man on the moon "before the end of the decade", it was no longer enough to have put a man in orbit around the earth. NASA needed to hastily find answers to problems of prolonged space travel such as increased flight duration, vehicle maneuvering, reentry methods, the effect of prolonged weightlessness and psychological data. Gemini, the twin was a reference to having two astronauts in a very close space aboard the launch vehicle. 9) all are correct Due to cold weather, failure in the O-ring of the right SRB (slid rocket booster) caused an explosion seventy three seconds into the flight that cost the lives of all seven astronauts aboard, including Christa McAulliffe, the first teacher in space. The Spartan satellite was a free flying satellite that carried out remote astronomical experiments before retrieval, and had been deployed on previous flights. The flight payload also included the CHAMP (Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program). 10) Lake Baikal When Commander Hoot Gibson docked Atlantis with MIR for re-supply and personnel transfer, the two vehicles, together with the Soyuz capsule already attached had the distinction of being the largest ever spacecraft ever in orbit. The delicate approach brought the massive vehicles together at a rate of one inch per minute! When the connection was made, they were 216 nautical miles above 53.5° N 108.2° E (Russia's Lake Baikal), and off by less than 1" and half a degree! |