Английский. Учебное пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов III курсов ммф йошкарОла пгту 2013 удк 811. 111 (07)
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2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
3. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите.
4. Заполните пропуски предложенными словами: Quenching, orifice, shearing, immersion, drawing, sheet
Задание IV 1. Найдите в тексте сказуемые в пассивном залоге. 2. Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в пассивном залоге. 3. Найдите в последнем абзаце предложение с инфинитивом в функции цели. Задание V
1. When worked, metals are subjected to deformation.
2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
Задание VI 1. Выполните письменный перевод текста. 2. Выполните устный пересказ текста, используя необходимые фразы. Unit 10 Задание I
Pneumatic, injection, initiate, locomotive, submarine, adapt, direction, differential
ENGINES AND TRANSMISSIONS Engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which then creates motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others—such as clockwork motors in wind-up toys—use elastic energy. A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber. This is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which uses a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. The engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1893. The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. As of 2007, about 50% of all new car sales in Europe are diesel. A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels. It was invented in 1876 in Europe. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and therefore heated), and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites. Petrol engines run at higher speeds than diesels, partially due to their lighter pistons, connecting rods and crankshaft (a design efficiency made possible by lower compression ratios) and due to petrol burning faster than diesel. However the lower compression ratios of a petrol engine give a lower efficiency than a diesel engine. To give an example, a petrol engine is like operating a bicycle in its lowest gear where each push from your feet adds little energy to the system, but you still expend energy to move your legs back to the TDC position. Transmission A machine consists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Merriam-Webster defines transmission as an assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a live axle. Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device. In British English, the term transmission refers to the whole drive train, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differential, and final drive shafts. In American English, however, the distinction is made that a gearbox is any device which converts speed and torque, whereas a transmission is a type of gearbox that can be “shifted” to dynamically change the speed-torque ratio such as in a vehicle. The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and anywhere else where rotational speed and torque needs to be adapted. Often, a transmission will have multiple gear ratios (or simply “gears”), with the ability to switch between them as speed varies. This switching may be done manually (by the operator), or automatically. Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output. In motor vehicles, the transmission will generally be connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The output of the transmission is transmitted via driveshaft to one or more differentials, which in turn, drive the wheels. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation. 3. Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:
Задание II 1. Определите по формальным признакам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их: Initiate, gaseous, mixture, formerly, complication, efficiency, rotational, slippage 2. Определите значения префиксов и суффиксов в следующих словах и переведите их: Overall, submarine, pre-mixed, propeller, manually, operator, output Задание III 1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:
2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:
Transmission, steam, switching, plug, off-road, machine 1. Gas engine uses a spark … to ignite an air-fuel mixture. 2. Diesel engines were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary … engines. 3. Since 1970s, diesel engines are widely used in large on-road and … vehicles. 4. A … consists of a power source and a power … system. 5. … between gear ratios can be done manually or automatically. Задание IV 1. Найдите в тексте сказуемые в пассивном залоге. 2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени. 3. Найдите в тексте предложения с модальными глаголами. Задание V
1. Heat engines burn a fuel to create heat which then creates motion.
2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту: 1. What is an engine? 2. What is the difference between diesel and petrol engines? 3. How is the word ‘transmission’ used in British and American English? 4. Where are transmissions commonly applied? 5. How is the transmission output transmitted? Задание VI 1. Выполните письменный перевод текста. 2. Выполните устный пересказ текста, используя необходимые фразы. Supplementary texts Работа с дополнительными текстами:
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