Блох. артикль. Учебное пособие научный редактор М. Я. Блох Москва стелла 1993 удк 820815. 6 Предисловие рецензенты
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III. I'm sorry to have dragged you out of bed, Mrs. Chapman, but I haven't any time to waste. I landed at Heathrow hour ago, and I have to fly out day after tomorrow. As you'll be at work most of tomorrow, it seemed good idea to come here at once rather than waiting until morning. Although in last week of term before school broke up for the Christmas holidays, weather was chilly, his ungloved brown hand was not cold. (Weale) Exercise 109. Use the proper article. I. It was warm night, even with breeze that came in through open windows from across desert. I tossed restlessly on bed and pushed sheets down from me. It had been long day. I was tired but I couldn't sleep. Too many thoughts were raising through my mind. I wondered if that was reason I used to hear my father pacing up and down in his room long after rest of house had gone to bed. There was sound at door. I sat up in bed. My voice jarred the stillness. "Who is it?" (Robbins)
I shook my head. Doctor wrote again. Moment later he had fin ished and he pushed certificate over to me. "Check it over and see if I got everything right." (Robbins) Exercise 110. Use the proper article. The Magic Herbs I. Once upon time there was young hunter who went into wood in search of game. He was of bright and cheerful disposition and as he walked along he whistled on leaf. Ugly old hag appeared and said to him, "Good day, dear hunter, you seem merry and content, but I am hungry and thirsty, so give me trifle." Good-natured fellow's pity was excited, and he put his hand in his pocket and gave her bit of his fortune. Then he wished to walk on, but old hag held him back and said, "Listen, dear hunter. As you have such kind heart I will give you present. Go on your way. After while you will come to tree on which nine birds sit with cloak in their claws. Take aim with your gun and shoot into middle of 68 them; they will let cloak fall but one of birds will be hit too, and fall dead on ground. Take cloak with you, for it is wishing cloak, you have only to throw it over your shoulders and you will find yourself at once in any place you may wish to go. Take heart out of dead bird's breast and swallow it whole, and you will find every morning, when you get up, gold coin under your pillow." II. Hunter thanked wise woman and thought, "She promises me pleasant things, I wonder if they'll come to pass." But he had not gone hundred steps when he heard great twittering and calling among branches, and on looking up, saw a number of birds tearing with their claws and beaks on cloth which they dragged about. "Really, this is wonderful!" exclaimed man. "Everything is hap pening as old crone said it would," and he took aim and fired so (hat leathers of birds thickened air. The covey took flight, but one bird fell wounded to earth, and cloak, too, dropped at his feet. Then hunter obeyed old woman's instructions, ripped up bird, took out its heart, swallowed it whole, and carried cloak home. Next morning, when he woke, he remembered old woman's pre diction, lifted his pillow and saw flash of gold coin. Next morning he found another, and so it went on till he had great pile of gold. Then at last he asked himself, "What is good of all this wealth if I stay at home? I will use it and see world." III. So he bade farewell to his parents, hung up his hunter's wallet and gun, and set off. It happened one day that he came through dense forest, at other end of which, lying in valley, was very grand castle. In one of its windows old woman and beautiful girl stood looking out. Old woman was witch, and said to girl, "There comes man who has wonderful treasure in his insides; we must relieve him of it, daughter dear. It will agree with us better than with him. It's bird's heart, and every morning he finds gold coin under his pillow." She then told girl her design of robbing him, and the part she was to play in plot, and with flashing eyes threatened her that if she did not do as she was told, she would be punished. When hunter drew near he caught sight of girl at window and said to himself, "I have walked long way, and will ask to be put in this nice castle. I have money enough to pay for luxurious quarters." But it was pretty girl in window, that attracted him. He entered house and was warmly welcomed and entertained. (Grimm's Fairy Tales) Exercise 111. Use the proper article. I. It was fine clear morning. Мог closed door of Sixth Form room and escaped down corridor with long strides. He had just been giving lesson. Мог taught history, and occasionally Latin. He enjoyed teaching and knew that he did it well. His authority and prestige in school stood high; higher than that of any other master. Мог was well aware of this too. 60 II. Now, as he emerged through glass doors into warm sunshine sense of satisfaction filled him. Мог walked across asphalt playground in direction of bicycle-sheds, averting his eyes automatically from windows of classrooms where lessons were still in progress.
Exercise 112. Use the proper article. I. Room in which boys were fed, was large stone hall, with cop per pot at one end out of which master, dressed in apron for pur pose, ladled the gruel at meal-times. Boys have generally excellent appetites. II. Oliver Twist and his companions suffered tortures of slow starvation for three months: at last they got so wild with hunger, that one boy, who was tall for his age, and hadn't been used to that sort of thing (for his father had kept small cook's shop), hinted darkly to his companions, that unless he had another basin of gruel, he was afraid he might some night happen to eat boy who slept next to him, who happened to be weakly youth of tender age.
V. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on small rebel for some seconds and then clung for support to copper. Assistants were paral ysed with wonder; boys with fear. "What!" said master at length, in faint voice. "Please, sir," replied Oliver, "I want some more." Mas ter aimed blow at Oliver's head with ladle; and shrieked aloud for the beadle. Exercise 113. Use the proper article. I. Number to which I had been directed turned out to be house standing little by itself, with its back to river and its front on quiet street. I looked at house with suspicious curiosity, and it seemed to be looking back at me. It was self-absorbed sort of house, fronted by small garden. House was square, with rows of tall windows, and had preserved remnant of elegance. I approached iron gate in wall. I pushed open gate and walked up to house. Windows gleamed blackly, like eyes behind dark glasses. II. Door was newly painted. I did not look for bell, but tried handle at once. Door opened quietly and I stepped on tiptoe into hall. Oppressive silence surged out of place like cloud. I walked slowly down hall, planting my feet with care on long black sound- absorbing rug. When I came to stairs I glided up them.
Exercise 114. Use the proper article.
Ш. Clyde was so astonished that he could scarcely believe his ears, for only few weeks before mere mention of any sum above four or five dollars in connection with him would have been pre posterous. Yet here she was asking him and apparently assuming that he might be able to assist her in this way. And rightly, for both his clothes and his general air had indicated period of better days for him. IV. Clyde, not being sure of her real attitude, merely looked at her and exclaimed: "Why, where would 1 get hundred dollars, Ma?" He had visions of his new-found source of wealth being dissipated by such unheard of and inexplicable demands as this, and distress and distrust at once showed on his countenance. Exercise 115. Use the proper article. I. James was sitting before fire, in big arm-chair, with camel-hair shawl over his shoulders. His white hair, still fairly thick, glistened in lamplight. His long legs, thin as crow's, in plaid trousers, were bent. Beside him, on low stool, stood half-finished glass of negus, bedewed with beads of heat There he had been sitting, with inter vals for meals, all day. II. At eighty-eight he was still organically sound, but suffering terribly from thought that no one ever told him anything. It is, in deed, doubtful how he had become aware that Roger was being buried that day, for Emily had kept it from him. Where was Soames? He had gone to funeral, of course, which they had tried to keep from him. Roger! Roger in his coffin! Funny fel low-Roger-original! Younger than himself, and in his coffin! HI. Family was breaking up. There was Val going to university. He would cost pretty penny up there. It was extravagant age. No body thought of anything but spending money in these days, and having what they called "good time." IV. James had eaten poor lunch. But it was after lunch that the real disaster to his nerves occurred. He had been dozing when he became aware of voices, low voices. "Monty!" That fellow Dar-tie-always that fellow Dartie! Voices had receded; and James had been left alone, with his ears standing up like hare's and fear creeping about his inwards. Exercise 116. Use the proper article. I. I had come to Stratford on poetical pilgrimage. My first visit was to house where Shakespeare was born. It is small mean-looking house of wood. Walls of its rooms are covered with names and in scriptions in every language, by pilgrims of all nations, ranks and conditions, from prince to peasant, and present simple but striking instance of spontaneous and universal homage of mankind to great poet. II. House is shown by talkative old lady, with frosty red face, decorated with artificial locks of golden hair, curling from under ex ceedingly dirty cap. She was peculiarly persistent in exhibiting relics, of which there are great number in house. There was broken gun with which Shakespeare shot deer. There too, was his tobacco box, and identical lantern with which Friar Laurence discovered Romeo and Juliet at tomb! Most favourite object of curiosity, however, is Shakespeare's chair. It stands in chimney corner of small gloomy room. III. Here he may many time have sat when boy, watching meat roasting over fire, or listening to old men and women of Stratford, telling tales and legendary anecdotes of troublesome times of Eng land. In this chair it is custom of everyone that visits house to sit. Whether this be done with hope of absorbing any of inspiration of poet I am at loss to say, I merely mention tact; and my guide pri vately assured me that, though built of solid oak, chair had to be new bottomed at least once in three years. Exercise 117. Use the proper article. H I. One evening in April Soames dropped into Malta Street to look at house of his father's which had been turned into restaurant He stared for little at outside painted good cream colour, and at words "Restaurant Bretagne" in gold letters. Entering, he noticed that several people were already seated at little round green tables with little pots of fresh flowers on them, and asked of trim waitress to see proprietor. II. She showed him into back room, where girl was sitting at simple bureau covered with papers, and small round table was laid for two. Impression of cleanliness, order, and good taste was con firmed when girl got up, saying, "You wish to see Maman, Mon sieur?" in broken accent. "Yes," Soames answered, "I represent your landlord; in fact, I'm his son." "Won't you sit down, sir, please?" III. He was pleased that girl seemed impressed, and suddenly he noticed that she was remarkably pretty - so remarkably pretty that his eyes found difficulty in leaving her face. When she moved to put chair for him, she swayed in curious, subtle way, and her face and neck, which was little bared, looked as fresh as if they had been sprayed with dew. Exercise 118. Use the proper article. I. I often went to look at collection of curiosities in Heidelberg Castle, and one day I surprised keeper of it with my German. 1 spoke entirely in that language. He was greatly interested; and after I had talked while he said my German was very rare, possibly "unique", and wanted to add it to his museum. 72 II. If he had known what it had cost me to acquire my art, he would also have known that it would break any collector to buy it. Harris and I had been hard at work on our German during several weeks at that time, and although we had made good progress, it had been accomplished under great difficulty and annoyance, for three of our teachers had died in meantime. III. Person who has not studied German can form no idea of what perplexing language it is. One is thrown about it in most helpless way and when at last he thinks he has captured rule which offers firm ground to take rest on amid general rage and turmoil of ten parts of speech, he turns over page and reads: "Let pupil make careful note of following exceptions." He runs his eyes down and finds that there are more exceptions to rule than instances of it. Exercise 119. Use the proper article. I. If you are interested in old things, in beautiful things, and in history of England, there is one city which will exceed your expecta tion - York. It is peaceful, astonishingly beautiful medieval town in North of country.
V. I lost him and Americans when I saw "Five Sisters" window. This window is queen among windows, tall, slender, mellow poem in glass for which I have no words. No words can describe it: it must Be seen. Exercise 120. Usethe proper article.
74 ten on it in tall green letters, so that every one who passes points suddenly and says: "Ooh! Look - just fancy-Pickwick!" III. "Does family named Pickwick live here?" I asked native. "No," he said. "Does place take its name from family that used to live here?" "I don't know." "Did Charles Dickens take name of Mr. Pickwick from this vil lage or from man called Pickwick?" "I don't know," replied my negative friend... IV. So I set my shoulders to investigate origin of name, and I discovered at length how Pickwick entered English literature. When Dickens visited Bath White Hart Hotel was owned by man called Moses Pickwick. (What name!) That was beginning of immortalization of Pickwick! V. But who was Moses Pickwick, and how did name originate? There is curious story about him. He was, it is said, great-grand son of foundling. Woman driving through village of Wick, near Bath, saw bundle lying on side of road which on investigation proved to contain first Pickwick. She took him home, cared for him, and christened him Eleazer Pickwick, otherwise Eleazer picked up at Wick! VI. In course of time foundling founded family in Bath, which grew rapidly prosperous. When Dickens arrived on scene great-grand son of Eleazer was man of wealth and position. Dickens provided fame. From this it was step to the Bath Directory. Here I found that there are five Pickwicks living in Bath today. Exercise 121. Use the proper article. I. After time book fell from his hand. He grew nervous, and horrible fit of terror came over him. What if Alan Campbell should be out of England? Days would elapse before he could come back. Perhaps he might refuse to come. What could he do then? Every moment was of vital importance. II. They had been great friends once, five years before - almost inseparable, indeed. Then intimacy had come suddenly to end. When they met in society now, it was only Dorian Grey who smiled; Alan Campbell never did.
75 person who made up prescriptions. He was excellent musician, how ever as well, and played both violin and piano better than most amateurs. In fact, it was music that had first brought him and Do rian Grey together - music and that indefinable attraction that Dorian seemed to be able to exercise whenever he wished. V. This was man Dorian Grey was waiting for. Every second he kept glancing at clock. As minutes went by he became horribly agi tated. At last he got up, and began to pace up and down room, looking like beautiful caged thing. He took long stealthy strides. His hands were curiously cola. Suspense became unbearable. VI. At last door opened, and his servant entered. He turned glazed eyes upon him. "Mr. Campbell, sir," said man. Sigh of relief broke from his parched lips, and colour came back to his cheeks. "Ask him to come, in at once, Francis." He felt that he was himself again. His mood of cowardice had passed away. Exercise 122. Use the proper article.
III. Soames leaned back, image of pale patience, as, if resolved on betrayal of no emotion. "Listen!" he said. "You're putting feeling of two months - two months - against feelings of thirty-five years? What chance do you think you have? Two months - your very first love affair, matter of half dozen meetings, few talks and walks, few kisses - against what you can't imagine, what no one could who hasn't been through it. Come, be reasonable, Fleur! It's midsummer madness!" IV. Fleur tore honeysuckle into little, slow bits. "Madness is in letting past spoil it all. What do we care about past? It's our lives, not yours." Soames raised his hand to his forehead, where suddenly she saw moisture shining. 76 "Whose child are you?" he said. "Whose child is he? Present is linked with past, future with both. There's no getting away from that." V. She had never heard philosophy pass those lips before. Im pressed even in her agitation, she leaned her elbows on table, her chin on her hands. "But, Father, consider it practically. We want each other. There's nothing whatever in way but sentiment. Let's bury past, Father." His answer was sigh. Exercise 123. Comment on the use of articles. Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) Gainsborough was born in Suffolk. He was the youngest of the nine children in the family. He went to school in his native town. When a boy he was very good at drawing, and according to a story about him, he made such a good portrait from memory of a thief whom he had seen robbing a garden that the thief was caught. Gainsborough painted portraits and landscapes and is often com pared with Reynolds; his style is also influenced by the Dutch mas ters and Van Dyck. Despite these influences he worked out his per sonal style. He succeeded as a portrait-painter. Among his most famous por traits are the portrait of Mrs. Siddons, a famous actress in a blue dress, and the picture known as "Blue Boy" - a boy in a blue cos tume. In his portrait of Mrs. Sheridan we see a woman in a light blue. A definite artificiality in Gainsborough's painting constitutes his own style. Gainsborough was fond of painting landscapes. Even in the por trait painting he is an out-of-door painter. If you think of his finest portraits you will immediately remember that the backgrounds are well-observed country scenes. The famous "Blue Boy" is placed against an open sky and a background of brown and green land scape. In Mrs. Sheridan's portrait the background is the wide sky and broad view into the valley. He loved the country-side of his childhood and often said that the Suffolk country-side had made him a painter. He lived in that period when landscape painting was not in fashion. Rich people did not spend money on landscapes. So, it's re ally remarkable that there were more than 40 unsold landscapes in his studio at the time of his death. The portraits are painted in clear tones. His colour is always tender and soft. Light tone scheme and use of light blues and yel lows belongs essentially to his earlier period. Later, when he came into contact with the Van Dyck pictures he enriched his palette but he always tended to cool scheme and blues predominated in his paintings. 77 Exercise 124. Comment on the use of articles. Щ I. Here, beside the sea I suffered a "horrible experience" which I could not bring myself to describe. Let me now describe what happened. I sat looking at the sea when I saw a monster rising from the waves. Out of a perfectly calm empty sea, at a distance of perhaps a quarter of a mile, I saw an immense creature break the surface and arch itself upward. At first it looked like a black snake, then a long thickening body with a ridgy spiny back followed the elongated neck! I could not see the whole of the creature, but the remainder of its body, or perhaps a long tail, disturbed the water round the base of what had now risen from the sea to a height of twenty or thirty feet. The creature then coiled itself so that the long neck circled twice. I could see the sky through the coils. I could also see the head with remarkable clarity, a kind of crested snake's head, green-eyed, the mouth opening to show teeth and a pink inte rior. Then in a moment the whole thing collapsed, the coils fell, and then there was nothing but a great foaming swirling pool where the creature had vanished. П. There was no fog now. Twilight had just been overtaken by darkness, and a bright fierce little moon was shining, dimming the stars and pouring metallic brilliance onto the sea and animating the land with the ghostly intent presences of quiet rocks and trees. The sky was a clear blackish-blue, entertaining the abundant light of the moon but unillumined by it. The earth and its objects were a thick fuzzy brown. The shadows were strong, the silence was vast, differ ent in quality from the foggy silence of the morning, punctured now and then by an owl's cry or the barking of a distant dog. Ш. A bright satellite, a man-made star, very slowly and some how carefully crossed the sky in a great arc, from one side to the other, a close arc, one knew it was not far away, a friendly satellite slowly going about its business round and round the globe. Later I opened my eyes with wonder and the sky had utterly changed again and was no longer dark but bright, golden... and now I was looking into the vast interior of the universe, as if the universe were quietly turning itself inside out The moon was gone, the sea had fallen dark, in submission to the stars. Exercise 125. H Use the proper article. Clanging chatter of wheels as train started woke Bart out of un easy doze. He got up and leaned on lowered window. Air pressed down upon him with soft, dusty weight. Little siding, faintly fit with glow of kerosene lamps, was oasis in night Faces of night officer and guard gleamed fitfully. Woman and two children got off train. He could sec smaller child staggering with weariness, rubbing his sleepy eyes, then man came up to them, emerging abruptly from darkness. There was burst of welcoming voices, woman's laugh, and sound of it mingled with hanging of doors and shuddering of engine gath ering speed. Woman's laugh stayed in his mind. He wondered what Jan would think of this country. As far as he knew she's never^ been away from coast. He wondered how she would fit into tile at Nelungaloo. Frowning, he lit cigarette and leaned against door, watching lights of train stencilling pattern of light and shadow on countryside. ... \- ";«_- He had never thought of Jan meeting his people before, and even now he knew that he only played with thought. Mum and Dad were so old-fashioned, that if he took girl home, they would con sider her visit as good as shouting engagement from house-tops. He grinned at thought. It would be just sort of thing to send Dad off handle. He thought of all times his father had lectured him on proper attitude to women. 78 INDEX (Numbers refer to exercises) Apposition; article with the noun in apposition; 31-34 Conceit: article with nouns denoting things or persons identified by the context: If. 16 Equivalent: article replaced by its equivalent; I Day and seasons article with nouns denoting parts of day and seasons; 27-29, 63- 64 Generic use: article used in a generic sense; 49-50 Individual nouns: article with the nouns "school", "bed", "hospital", "town", etc.; 40-41, 61 Intensifiers: articles modified by the intensifying words "such", "rather", "what", "quite": 12-13 Limiting attribute: article with nouns having a limiting attribute: 7, 14 Manner: article with nouns in adverbial phrases of manner 38-39; 68 Meals: article with the names of meals: 24-26, 62 Mentioned objects; article with nouns denoting things or persons already mentioned: 6 Nationalities: article with nouns denoting nationalities and nations: 91 Numerals: article with numerals: 90 Object: article with the noun object: 5 Omission: omission of the article in coordinative word groups: 83, omission of the article in enumeration: 84 Predicative: article with the noun predicative: 4 Prepositional phrases: article in "in-phrases": 67, article in "like-phrases"; 66, article in "of-phrases": 44-45, 69-73, article in "with-phrases": 65 Proper nouns: article with proper nouns; 21-23, 52 Revision; revision exercises: 53-60, 92-125 Season: see: day and season Set phrases: article in set phrases: 37, 85, 86 Subject: article with the noun subject: 2; 3 Substantives words: article with substantives parts of speech: 87-89 Summary: summary exercises: 19-20, 30, 35-36, 42-43, 46, 48, 51, 74, 80-82 Uncountable nouns: article with uncountable nouns; 8-9, 11, 47, 75, 77-79 Unique objects: article with nouns denoting unique or generally known objects: 17- 18 Weather: article with nouns denoting states of weather 10 CONTENTS Предисловие. 3 Part I. Elementary Knowledge of Articles 8 Revision Exercises 36 Pa r t II. Articles in Regular Use.... 41 Revision Exercises — 59 General revision..............................................................................63 Index................................................................................................80 f УЧЕБНАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА «СТЕЛЛЫ» М.Я. БЛОХ, В.С. ДЕНИСОВА, Е.А. ИСТОМИНА, А.С СААКЯН АНГЛИЙСКИЙ АРТИКЛЬ (ПРАКТИКУМ) *'* УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ Научный редактор М.Я. Блох Москва «СТЕЛЛА» 1993 УДК 820-815.6 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Рецензенты: кандидат филологических наук, доцент А.В. Куценко (Московский педагогический государственный университет) кандидат филологических наук, доиент ИИ. Шустилова (Московский педагогический университет) Пособие представляет собой сборник упражнений для студен тов отделений английского языка университетов и педагогических вузов. Пособием может пользоваться также широкий круг лиц, изучающих английский язык самостоятельно. Целью пособия является привитие учащимся навыков правильного употребления артиклей в устном и письменном общении на английском языке. ISBN 5 — 86881 — 006 — 6 Лицензия на издательскую деятельность ЛР № 062275 от 18.02.93. АО «СТЕЛЛА» © Марк Яковлевич Блох, Валентина Серафимовна Денисова, Елена Анатольевна Истомина, Аида Суреновна Саакян, 1993 ФКМП ГИВЦ Госкомстата РФ Зак. 5742 Тир. 5000 Настоящий практикум по английскому артиклю представляет собой сборник упражнений, предназначенных для студентов университетов и педагогических ву зов, изучающих английский язык в качестве основной специальности. Конечной целью практикума является привитие студентам прочных навыков правильного употребления артикля в общении на английском языке. Сборник построен на оригинальных текстах, взятых по преимуществу из современных художественных произведений на английском языке. В книге широко использованы материалы пособия "Exercises in English Articles" 3.K. Долгополовой, МЛ. Блоха, АЛ. Лебедевой, B.C. Денисовой (Мос ква, издательство «Международные отношения», 1969). Сборник рассчитай на две ступени проработки, отраженные, соответственно, в первой (упражнения 1 - 60) и второй (упражнения 61 -125) частях книги. На первой ступени проработки усваиваются элементарные закономерности употреб ления артиклей. На второй ступени усваивается общая система английского ар тикля и проводится закрепление совокупных навыков употребления артиклей в речи различного прагматико-коммуникативного назначения. При существующей программной сетке часов для отделений английского языка университетов и педагогических вузов первая часть книги прорабатывается на первом курсе, вторая часть - на втором. В целях последовательной выработки навыков речевого использования артик лей в текстах упражнений первой части позиции возможной вставки артиклей (соответственно требованиям правил) обозначены пропусками с многоточием (первые 47 упражнений); в последующих упражнениях дается сплошной текст с выпушенными артиклями, без обозначения позиций их возможной вставки. Как известно, артикль представляет собой одну из главных трудностей при практическом изучении английского языка. Предлагаемая в книге учебная работа с артиклями направлена на оптимальное преодоление этой трудности на основе функционально-парадигматического принципа. Данный принцип ставит во главу угла учет собственной семантики артиклей в системном соотнесении друг с другом в рамках их категориально-контекстных сочетаний с с>тцествительными разных подклассов. Соответственно этому принципу отрабатывается употребле ние артиклей в двух языковых планах: во-первых, в плане реализации синтакси ческих функций существительных, детерминированных артиклями (предложение словосочетание); во-вторых, в плане типической контекстной репрезентации раз ных семантико-грам магических групп существительных, детерминированных ар тиклями. Первый план представлен употреблением артикля в разных членных позициях предложения, в позициях контекстуального отождествления, в позициях родового статуса имени, в позициях с ограничительным и описательным опреде лениями, в позициях перечисления и соединения, в адвербиальных позициях раз личного статуса. Второй план представлен употреблением артикля с именами счисляемыми и несчисляемыми. с именами уникальных предметов, с именами собственными, с субстантивированными именами, с обозначениями времени су ток, погоды, принятий пищи, места деятельности и жизнедеятельное тм, нацио нальностей и др. (см. указатель). Ъ В существующих практических описаниях английского артикля подробно разрабатываются многочисленные частные случаи его употребления, однако за этими частностями подчас затемняется общий семантико-синтаксический, т. с функционально-парадигматический. статус артикля, являющийся кардинальным фактором употребления артиклей в различных реальных контекстах языкового общения Имея это в виду, мы хотим обратить особое внимание пользующихся книгой на собственную функциональную семантику артикля, чтобы обеспечить его осмысленное я уверенное использование как результат учебной подготовки. Артикль есть служебно-вспомогательное слово, употребляемое при сущест вительном и уточняющее его контекстно-ситуативную характеристику, а именно, степень его контекстно-семантической обобщенности. Артикль произошел от оп ределительных местоимений - указательного thai (определенный артикль the) и неопределенного one (я свою очередь, восходящего я числительному one - неоп ределенный артикль a/an). Значения артиклей сохранили связь с этими место имениями, так что артикли представляют собой, по существу, грамматизированные | морфологизированные) местоимения. Артикль регулярно употребляется как продуктивное, активное средство вы ражения с существительными нарицательными. Существительные собственные в обычном прямом значении либо артикля не принимают (имена собственные лич ные), либо содержат в своем составе фиксированный определенный артикль (не которые географические названия, социо-кулътурные реалии). Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные употребляются с артиклем по-разному. Значение артикля в наиболее полном и развернутом виде выступает в употреблении со счисляемыми сушествительными. Определенный артикль употребляется для выделения и отождествления предмета в контексте. Иначе говоря, он осуществляет указание на предмет, но, в отличие от указательных местоимений (this, that), это указание не содержит обозначения относительной удаленности предмета от говорящего. Такое значение можно определить как нейтрально-указательное. Значит, определенный артикль the - это указательный артикль. Неопределенный артикль употребляется для введения названия (обозначе ния) предмета в высказывании При этом данное введение, в отличие от указа тельного смысла определенного артикля, представляет предмет как один из ему подобных, т.е. относит предмет к некоторому предметному классу. Значит, не определенный артикль а/аn - это вводящий артикль. Например: I want the pen, please. (That pen, this pen; the pen lying over there) I want a pen, please. (Some pen, any pen; an object which is called "pen") Указательные, неопределенные и некоторые другие уточнительные место имения (this, that, some, any, no; each, every; either, neitherи некоторые дру гие) тоже употребляются для уточнения контекстно-ситуативной характеристики предмета, обозначенного существительным. Такие служебные слова относятся к классу «определителей» или «детерминативов». Значение детерминативов более конкретно, более определенно, чем значение артикля. Ср: that - тот; this - этот; the - и тот и этот, безразлично. Some - какой-то. некий; any - любой, какой угод но; а/ат - некоторый в общем смысле Будучи более конкретными словами чем артикль, определительные место-имения как бы включают в себя и значение артикля, они заведомо предполагают его. Поэтому при одном и том же существительном в высказывании артикль со- 4 вместно с местоимением-детерминативом не употребляется; при сушествитель-ном в высказывании может быть употреблен лишь один служебный определи тель. Притяжательные местоимения, подобно указательным и неопределенным ме стоимениям, также являются служебными определителямя существительного. Функцию уточнительного определителя выполняет и существительное собственное или нарицательное в притяжательном падеже. Артикль при определяемом (детерминируемом) существительном совместно с этими определителями не употребляется (нарицательное существительное в притяжательном падеже, есте ственно, имеет свой собственный артикль или определитель). Данная закономер ность соответствует общему правилу использования определителей. Например: Sophie is reading a letter, Sophie is reading the letter. Sophie is reading his letter. Sophie is reading Bob's letter. Sophie is reading her brother's letter. Определенный артикль theупотребляется как с существительными в един ственном числе, так н с существительными во множественном числе. Например: The French window was open. The French windows were open. Неопределенный артикль a/anупотребляется лишь с существительными в единственном числе Существительные во множественном числе при их контек стном введении артикля не принимают. Например: There is a yew-tree in front of the house. There are yew-trees in front of the house. Употребление неопределенного артикля лишь с существительными в единст венном числе связано с происхождением этого артикля от числительного one - «один». Значение «один» неопределенным артиклем не утеряно полностью: в этом значении он употребляется и в современном языке Например: I want a day or two more to make a final decision. Поскольку отсутствие артикля при контекстном введении существительного во множественном числе является значимым, соответствуя вводящему (неопреде ленному) артиклю при существительном в единственном числе, постольку такое отсутствие артикля можно условно назвать «вводящим нулевым артиклем». Названия предметов, которые являются уникальными либо для человечества в целом, либо для данного общества или же отдельной группы людей, употреб ляются, как правило, с определенным артиклем. Это соответствует его собст венному указатетьно-отождествительному значению. К типичным уникальным именам наиболее общего (универсального) характе ра относятся, thesun, themoon, thesky, thehorizon, theworld, theuniverse, theground, theatmosphere, thecosmosи др. К типичным именам, уникальным в ограниченном смысле (уникальным в пределах некоторого общества) относятся thePresident, theVice-President, thePrimeMinister, theSecretaryofState, theKing, theQueen, mecountry(страна проживания), thenation(данный народ), thelanguage(язык данного народа) ■ др. 5 По своему значению и контекстным функциям уникальные имена близки к именам собственным. Такую близость, между прочим, подчеркивает и то обстоя тельство, что целый ряд уникальных имен пишутся с заглавной буквы (см. вы шеприведенный выборочный список). Универсально-уникальные и ограниченно-уникальные имена могут принимать и неопределенный артикль. Они употребляются с неопределенным артиклем тог да, .когда используются в качестве обычных нарицательных имен, Т.е. обычных названий окружающих предметов (переводятся в план нарицательного использо вания). Например: A huge moon was rising over the horizon. Mr. Stone received us like a king. С другой стороны, имена нарицательные становятся индивидуально-уникаль ными при обозначении лица или предмета, выделенного в качестве единственно го в своем роде для данной группы людей. Например: themanager, theboss, theteacher, thedriver, thewatchman, thehost, thevillage, theriver, theforestи т.д. Ср.: The manager (i.e. the manager of our office) will be coming presently. I can't leave the village (i.e. the village where we live) until Sunday. Существительные несчисляемые (названия материалов, названия абстрактных понятий) при их «классифицирующем» введении в речь неопределенного артикля не принимают. Как и в случае отсутствия артикля при множественном числе существительных, это обусловлено вышеуказанной местоименно-нумеральной ос новой семантики артикля. Следовательно, отсутствие артикля в данном употреб лении существительного является значимым. Такое отсутствие артикля подходит под определение нулевого артикля; это - нулевой вводящий артикль, по своей контекстной функции соответствующий нулевому вводящему артиклю при мно жественном числе счисляемых существительных. Например: You should take this medicine with water. Can we really dispense with sugar and salt as the essential ingredients of our food? I don't like metal combined with plastic in one and the same object of everyday use. Ср. абстрактные несчисляемые существительные в аналогичном употребле нии: Mrs. Carruthers always preferred poetry to prose. Hard work will certainly provide for progress in your studies. Наряду с данными употреблениями, отсутствие артикля может характеризо вать употребление любого существительного, как несчисляемого, так и счисляе мого, в значении абстрактного понятия, т.е. понятия, отчлененного, изолирован ного от конкретного, единичного выявления обозначаемого предмета. Ср.: Civilization does not mean just culture irrespective of the historical development of society. Civilization presupposes culture based on great social progress. The invention of rocket has revolutionized modern technical thought. Такое отсутствие артикля, следовательно, может быть выделено в качестве третьей разновидности нулевого артикля - его «изолирующей» разновидности. Итак, нулевой артикль существует в трех функционально-семантических 6 разновидностях: во-первых, в виде вводящего нулевого артикля множественного числа существительных ("Introductory plural zero"); во-вторых, в виде вводящего нулевого артикля несчисляемых существительных ("introductory uncountable zero"); в-третьих, в виде изолирующего нулевого артикля существительных а аб страктном употреблении ("isolation zero"). Все три варианта нулевого артикля следует отличать от стилистического опущения неопределенного или определенного артикля, в частности, от опуще ния артикля в заголовках, в текстах рекламы, в телеграфном стиле, в разговор но-фамильярном стиле. Ср.: Cottage on sea-shore for sale. Lowest price imaginable. Arrive same day Smith. Hope project finished waiting for details. Отмеченные варианты нулевого артикля следует отличать и от отсутствия артикля в некоторых устойчивых словосочетаниях и конструкциях, задаваемых отдельными списками. Ср.: in point of fact, on purpose, from morning till night, man and wife и т.д. Как видим, в английском языке выделяются три типа собственно артиклево-го употребления существительных: определенный (указательный артикль), неоп ределенный (вводящий артикль) и нулевой («вводяще-множественный», «вводя-ще-несчисляемый» и «изолирующий» варианты нулевого артикля). Эти типы со ставляют парадигму, выражающую грамматическую категорию артиклевой детер минации существительного. Существительное, соединяясь с тем или иным ар тиклем, принимает «артиклевую форму», выражал именно то грамматическое значение, которое нужно говорящему для* передачи своих мыслей в конкретном коммуникативном контексте речи. Итак, артикль - это не пассивный, контекстно-обусловленный спутник суще ствительного, а активное средство выражения категориальной семантики особого рода. Данную семантико-категориальную природу артикля и следует учитывать в первую очередь для правильного речевого использования артикля, представляю щего собой одну из важнейших строевых принадлежностей современного анг лийского языка. Авторы • См.: М.Я, Блох. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. М., 1983. - С 74 и след. 7 |