английский для гуманитариев. Учебное пособие
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6. Match words 1-8 with words a-h to form collocations, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
7. Correct the sentences: 1. Literature may be classified according to a letter of the alphabet. 2. According to Walter Pater Literature is a “writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest.” 3. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary considers literature to be a “transcript, not of mere fact, but of fact in its infinitely varied forms.” 4. The art of literature can be defined as the words written on the page. 5. Literature functions as a means of criticizing. 8. Translate into English: 1. Термин «Литература» традиционно применяется для обозначения поэтических произведений или прозы, написанных автором с эстетическим совершенством. 2. С точки зрения истории, можно найти Африканскую литературу, Западную литературу, литературу Центральной и Южной Азии и др. 3. Литературу можно рассматривать и с точки зрения языка, национальности или тематики. 4. Так как слово «Литература» происходит от Латинского слова «Литера», т.е. «буква алфавита», Литература – это в первую очередь и в основном все то, что было написано человечеством. 5. Функция литературы в более широком социальном смысле – критический взгляд и провозглашение культурных ценностей. 9. Answer the questions: 1. Can you apply the name “Literature” to any works of poetry or prose? 2. What system may Literature be classified? 3. Can you show the examples of Literature treated by language? Treated by nation? Treated by specific subject? 4. What is Literature according to the 19th- century critic Walter Pater? 5. What is the function of Literature? READING I Literature as a collection of genres Complete the Text with the suitable words and phrases from the box.
____ have invented a variety of systems for ______ as a collection of genres. Often these _____ are artificial, invented after the fact with the aim of making literature less sprawling, more tidy. Theories of literature must be based upon direct experience of the living texts and so be flexible enough to contain their individuality and variety. Perhaps the best approach is historical, or genetic. What actually happened, and in what way did literature evolve up to the present day? There is a surprising ____of _______among surviving preliterate peoples, and, as the written word emerges in history, the indications are that the important literary genres all existed at the beginning of ________: heroic epic; songs in praise of priests and kings; stories of mystery and _______; love lyrics; personal songs (the result of intense meditation); love stories; tales of adventure and heroism (of common peoples, as distinct from the heroic _____of the upper classes); satire (which was dreaded by barbaric chieftains); ________ (in which two poets or two personifications abused one another and praised themselves); ballads and folktales of _____ and murder; _______, such as the tale of the clever boy who performs impossible tasks, outwits all his adversaries, and usually wins the hand of the king’s daughter; animal ____ like those attributed to Aesop (the special delight of Black Africa and Indian America); riddles, proverbs, and philosophical observations; hymns, incantations, and mysterious songs of priests; and finally actual _____ —stories of the origin of the world and the human race, of the great dead, and of the gods and demigods. Active Vocabulary 1. satire 2. preliterate peoples 3. folktale, folk story 4. evolve up 5. fable 6. literary genre 7. heroic epics 8. critic 9. emerge 10. adventure II Read the following text and give your own answer to the question: Why Is Literature Important? Works of literature, at their best, provide a kind of blueprint of human society. From the writings of ancient civilizations such as Egypt and China to Greek philosophy and poetry, from the epics of Homer to the plays of William Shakespeare, from Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte to Maya Angelou, works of literature give insight and context to all the world's societies. In this way, literature is more than just a historical or cultural artifact; it can serve as an introduction to a new world of experience. But what we consider to be literature can vary from one generation to the next. For instance, Herman Melville's 1851 novel "Moby Dick"was considered a failure by contemporary reviewers. However, it has since been recognized as a masterpiece and is frequently cited as one of the best works of Western literature for its thematic complexity and use of symbolism. By reading "Moby Dick" in the present day, we can gain a fuller understanding of literary traditions in Melville's time. III Choose the right word from the tale: “Looking for Alaska” by John Green. “Looking for Alaska”, written by John Green, is a story that will leave the reader moved by the characters. The readers will 1________ things about themselves they may have never known. The author graduated from Kenyon College and worked for the “Booklist” journal. He reviewed hundreds of books, particularly literary fiction. In 2_______, he critiqued novels for “The New York Times” Book Review. His first novel “Looking for Alaska” was mostly 3________ by his experience at a boarding school. This book made the “Top 10 Best Book for Young Adults” and undoubtedly 4________ it. The novel is flawlessly written, moving and stimulating. All the characters are real and can create connections with their audience. They no longer seem to behave like fictional characters, but rather real people that have similar problems and ideas as young adults nowadays. 5________ of this, readers are able to recognize their own search for self-identity or labyrinths they must escape through the main characters. Overall, I would recommend this novel to kids in high school. The characters in this story showed me the good and bad parts of life and still 6________ me want to live through them. This novel generated a spectrum of emotions with each page and I could 7________ put it down. 1. a find b invent c open d discover 2. a contrast b addition c general d comparison 3. a impressed b involved c inspired d included 4. a deserved b earned c defended d confirmed 5. a Besides b Because c Instead d Despite 6. a turned b kept c held d made 7. a hardly b merely c really d nearly IV Read the biography. A. Complete with prepositions from the list. A biography of Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde was born ____ Dublin ____ 16th October 1854. He went to school in Enniskillen, and ____ he was 17 he went to Trinity College Dublin. Three years ____ he went to Oxford University. He wrote his poem ____ he was travelling in Italy during the summer vacation. Immediately ____ leaving Oxford he moved to London, where he lived ____ the next 18 years. He married Constance Lloyd in 1884 and they had two sons. Wilde’s first big success came in 1892 with his play Lady Windermere’s Fan, and he soon became famous for plays like An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, and his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. However ____ 1895 he was arrested for immoral behavior, because of his intimate friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas, and was sentenced to two years in prison ____ his imprisonment he wrote one of his most beautiful works, De Profundis. ____ he was released from prison he went to live in France, where he died ____ 30th November 1900, a broken man. B. Try write a biography of your favorite writer using the following tips: * Write at least three paragraphs, one for the birth and early years, one (or two) for the middle years, and one for the last years. * Link events with the expressions (immediately after; soon; while; during..) * Use narrative tenses. If the person you’re writing about is still alive, you may want to use Since + present perfect in the last paragraph (Since he retired he’s spent a lot of time….) * Be careful with prepositions of time. V Read and translate the text. Number the paragraphs in the right order. I. The term novel refers back to the production of short stories that remained part of a European oral culture of storytelling into the late 19th century. Fairy tales, jokes, little funny stories designed to make a point in a conversation, the exemplum a priest would insert in a sermon belong into this tradition. II. Novel in modern literary usage is a sustained work of prose fiction, a volume or more in length. It is distinguished from the short story (a brief prose fiction). The term covers a wide variety of narratives – from stories in which the main focus is on the course of events to studies of character, from the “short story to extended and complex narratives and the fictional sketch. III. The novel became the dominant form of Western literature in the 19th cent., which produced many works that are considered milestones in the development of the form. IV. Indeed, the conflict between romantic dreams and harsh reality has been the theme of many great novels and the historical development of the novel continually reflects this dual tradition. Among the genre's precursors Petronius's Satyricon (1st cent. A.D.) presents a vivid portrait of life in Nero's Rome while satirizing the corruption there, Daphnis and Chloë (3d cent. A.D.), attributed to Longus, is a love story about a goatherd and a shepherdess, while the Thousand and One Nights (10th–11th cent.) is a collection of stories that often tell of magic or supernatural happenings; whereas Amadis of Gaul (13th or 14th cent.) recounts the fabulous exploits of a knight who is a model of chivalry. V. The term novel is derived from novella, Italian for a compact, realistic, often ribald prose tale popular in the Renaissance. The novel can, therefore, be considered a work of imagination that is grounded in reality. On the other hand, during the Middle Ages a popular literary form was the romance, a type of tale that describes the adventures, both natural and supernatural, of such figures of legend as the Trojan heroes, Alexander the Great, and King Arthur and his knights. Thus, the modern novel is rooted in two traditions, the mimetic and the fantastic, or the realistic and the romantic. VI Translate the text with the help of a dictionary. Science fiction is a literary genre in which a background of science or pseudoscience is an integral part of the story. Although science fiction is a form of fantastic literature, many of the events recounted are within the realm of future possibility, e.g., robots, space travel, interplanetary war, invasions from outer space. Science fiction is generally considered to have had its beginnings in the late 19th cent. with the romances of Verne Jules, 1828–1905, French novelist, originator of modern science fiction. A biography is a description or account of someone's life and times, which is usually published in the form of a book or essay, or in some other form, such as a film. An autobiography (auto meaning "self," giving "self-biography") is a biography of a person's life written or told by that same person. A biography is more than a list of impersonal facts (education, work, relationships, and death), it also portrays the subject's experience of those events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents the subject's story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experiences, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality. A work is biographical if it covers all of a person's life. As such, biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Together, all biographical works form the genre known as biography, in literature, film, and other forms of media. Satire. The forms of satire are as manifold as those of literature itself—from those of the mock epic to the biting epigram. A great many social and political novels of today would have been regarded as satire by the ancients. Many of the great works of all time are satires, but in each case they have risen far above their immediate satirical objectives. The 16th-century medieval satire on civilization, the Gargantua and Pantagruel of François Rabelais, grew under the hand of its author into a great archetypal myth of the lust for life. Cervantes’ Don Quixote, often called the greatest work of prose fiction in the West, is superficially a satire of the sentimental romance of knightly adventure. But, again, it is an archetypal myth, telling the adventures of the soul of man—of the individual—in the long struggle with what is called the human condition. The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu has sometimes been considered by obtuse critics as no more than a satire on the sexual promiscuity of the Heian court. In fact, it is a profoundly philosophical, religious, and mystical novel. Источники: 1. https://www.britannica.com/art/literature 2. https://alphahistory.com/what-is-history/ 3. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 5.https://unicheck.com/blog/amazing-facts-education 6. Professional development/Oxford University press 2009 7. ЕГЭ. Английский язык: типовые экзаменационные варианты / под ред. Ь.В. Вербицкой. – М.: Издательство «Национальное образование», 2021. – 384с., ил. – (ЕГЭ. ФИПИ – школе). 8. Профессия учителя. учеб. - метод. материалы по англ. языку (для студ. I-II курсов неязыковых специальностей всех форм обучения)/сост. В.В. Бутранова, В.Г. Грачева, А.Н. Долгова [и др.]. – Волгоград: Изд-во ВГПУ «Перемена», 2008. – 44 с. |