Владимира Дмитриевича Аракина одного из замечательных лингвистов России предисловие настоящая книга

Название	Владимира Дмитриевича Аракина одного из замечательных лингвистов России предисловие настоящая книга
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MODAL VERBS^⁸⁴

(To Units Four—Six)

can, may

32. Say whether could is the form of the Indicative or of the Subjunctive. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. He took up a position from which he could see what was going around. 2. Oh! If I only could go back to my flower basket! 3. If I thought like you I couldn't stay another day in India. 4. I don't believe I could utter one of the old sounds if I tried. 5. Oh, Gustave, we're so thirsty. Could you bring us some ginger-ale? 6.1 can't tell stories, never could. 7. Shelton could not help a smile; Lady Bonington in the place of the poor! 8. But he could not, did not know how to turn and go away. 9. How could you be so silly, Henry? 10. Do you think you could complete it by the evening? 11. If she had said "He's gone to Mars" she could not have dealt James a more stunning blow. 12. What could he do to help her? If only his father were alive! He could have done so much! 13. He could neither move nor speak. 14. What could you know of such things? 15. Could you believe that? 16. Could it be that he is lying? 17. I wonder what that could have meant? 18. He couldn't be so sure if he didn't know it for certain. 19, Do you think you could command an army? 20. The mountains were a long way away and you could see snow on their tops.

33. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb can. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I can't exactly express my meaning. 2. He could not take his eyes off her. 3. She can play the piano quite beautifully. 4. We'll go away today, if you like. We can easily catch the 3.40. 5. It is quite fine, Clara, the rain has stopped. We can walk to a motor bus. 6. You can't take the knowledge you gave me. 7.1 will let you know, so you can be there. 8. He was so weak that he could not lift his head. 9. He is much better and can walk without my help now. 10. Oh! It can't be true! 11. Oh? Freddy, there must be one (a cab). You can't have tried. 12. He can't have taken it (the box) upstairs this morning. 13. Anne can't mean that, it's not like her. 14. He couldn't have done it all by himself. Somebody helped him, I'm sure. 15. Can you believe the girl? Can it be true? 16. "Can he be my son?" she thought. 17. Could she have done it without consulting me? 18. Can it really be as bad as that? 19. There's such a smell of burning. Daddy. Can I go down and see? 20. James, you can take Agatha down. 21. You can wait in the kitchen. 22. You can keep the change. 23. You can take my other umbrella. 24. What is done cannot be undone. 25. Nothing can be done, it's too late. 26.1 don't believe a single word of his; he can't have failed to leam the news before us.

34. Use the verb can in the correct form followed by the appropriate infinitive:

1. Have you a friend whom you ... (to trust)? 2. What ... Freddy (to do) all this time? He has been gone for twenty minutes. 3. He ... not (to see) me. I came when he had gone. 4. I am not a person who ... (to tell) a lie. 5. How ... you (to make) such a mistake as to suppose that I was younger than you? 6, Surely you ... (to do) it before. What have you been doing all the morning? 7. Say what you like, but the work ... not (to do) in two days. 8. Mr. Fenwill's house was built on the top of the hill and ... (to see) from afar. 9.1... not (to sleep) two hours, I still feel tired. 10. He ... not (to be) her father: he is too young. 11. They .„not (to hear) us. Knock again. 12. If you had asked me for money I... (to lend) you some. 13. He ... (to tell) me the answer but he refused to. 14. ... he still (to sleep)? It seems to me they simply don't want us to see him. 15.1... not (to swim) — I wish I... . 16. She has a university education and ... (to make) a career for herself if she hadn't married. 17. You ... not (to forget). I don't believe you.

35. Translate Into English, using; the verb can;

1. He может быть, чтобы он солгал. Это на него не похоже. 2. Неужели это правде, что он стал известным актером? 3. Не может быть, чтобы они были брат и сестра. Они совсем не похожи друг на друга. 4. Вряд ли это так. Во всяком случае мы не можем это доказать. 5. Интересно, что вы могли бы предложить при подобных обстоятельствах? 6. Вряд ли он мог допустить такую ошибку. Он опытный инженер. 7. Неужели все это лишь его фантазия? 8. Если бы не он, мы могли бы заблудиться. Уже темнело. 9. На вашем месте я бы ему не доверял, он может обмануть вас. 10. Вряд ли он так молод. Я заметил у него седые волосы на висках. 11. Вы его легко можете узнать по благородному орлиному профилю. 12. Не может быть, чтобы они нас заметили. Мы были довольно далеко от них. 13. Не может быть, чтобы они нас не заметили. Мы были совсем близко. 14. Нельзя судить о человеке по внешности. Наружность обманчива. 15. Неужели это маленькая Лиззи? Как она выросла! 16. Могу я видеть управляющего? — К сожалению, нет. Он будет сегодня в 12. 17. Не мог бы ты дать мне конспекты при условии, что я верну их послезавтра? 18. Она надеется, что можно избежать операции. 19. Можно было видеть, что он был взволнован, хотя и старался выглядеть беззаботным. 20. Можно тебя на несколько слов? — Ну, в чем дело? 21. Это нельзя сделать так быстро. Вам придется подождать. 22. Он не умел читать по-латыни и не мог понять, что ему прописал врач. 23. Неужели ты не можешь объяснить родителям, что ты не в состоянии поехать туда? 24. Поначалу он не мог нащупать пульса и решил, что его сердце перестало биться. 25. Не мог он этого сказать. Он не так глуп, как ты думаешь. 26. Я бы давно мог это сделать, если бы знал, что это так срочно. 27. Я не верю, что есть болезни, которые нельзя излечить. Мы просто не знаем, как их лечить. 28. Не может быть, чтобы это была правда.

36. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb may. Translate the sentences into Russsian:

1. It may be so or it may be not... I don't know, and what's more, I don't care. 2. "The old actor was drunk," thought he. "Still there may be truth in what he said." 3. This may be the reason of their refusal to join us. 4. You may want a friend some day. 5. I think we might be great friends. 6. She might be a sistei of Mercy, I should think, sir. 7. Jane may have met him at her uncle's. 8. They may not have come back yet. Let's ring them up and find out. 9. I suppose she might be glad to see him, though I am not sure. 10. Still there is the risk that he might come. 11. If he had brought a weapon Soames might have used it at that moment. 12. If he weren't ill he might be in much greater danger. 13. He had known before he looked, but a vague hope that he might have been mistaken had encouraged him. 14. May I come, Mr. Doolittle? I should be very sorry to miss your wedding. 15. May I ask whether you complain of your treatment here? 16. Mr. Higgins told me I might come. 17. I think you might work harder! 18. Surely Holly might have told him all this before. 19. Really, mamma, you might have spared Freddy that! 20. He might be seen in the club any night of the year. 21. I suffered most from the thought that people might guess my state. 22. Let's go a little farther, I'm afraid they may hear us from the house. 23. It is possible that he may leave it as it is. 24. I hope your dream may come true. 25. However hard he may work he won't catch up with the group after being so seriously ill for a long time. 26. May I talk to you sometimes? I know I'm not a bit clever but I'll try not to be a bore.

37. Translate these sentences into English, using the verb may.

1. Давайте подождем немного. Он, возможно, еще придет. 2. Она, может быть, ничего об этом не знает. 3. Многое может показаться нам необычным в чужой стране. 4. Мой вопрос, возможно, озадачит вас, но все же я хочу задать его. Можно? 5. «Тетушка, можно мне взять еще кусок сахару?» — спросил Том. 6. Может, это всех вас удивит, но я получил приглашение к ним на вечер. 7. Можно остаться дома, а можно и сходить в кино, 8. Позвони Нику, он, возможно, уже видел новый фильм. Спроси, стоит ли его смотреть. 9. В самом деле, Джон, ты мог бы объяснить мне с самого начала, насколько это было важно. t0. Если вы бывали в Лондоне, вы, возможно, заметили, что это город контрастов. 11. Я не знаю, где она, может быть, в саду, а, может быть, ушла в библиотеку. 12. Никто не отвечает. Может быть, он еще не вернулся с работы. 13, Я думаю, он, возможно, не знает всех деталей, но основная идея ему ясна. 14. Может быть, это невежливо, но я скажу ему, чтобы он больше не приходил. 15. Если бы он не столкнулся с нами случайно в метро, мы бы, возможно, никогда его больше не встретили. 16. Мне тоже можно прийти, не правда ли? 17. Вполне возможно, что они ждут нас внизу. 18. Боюсь, мы можем опоздать. 19. Надеюсь, мы встретим там вашу сестру. 20. Оки боялись, что их, возможно, спросят, почему Том не пришел с ними. 21. Как бы поздно вы ни вернулись, я буду ждать вас. 22. Я принес вам большой ящик, чтобы вы могли упаковать ваши книги.

38. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can or may in the correct form:

1. When you get there tell them to wait. I... be a little late. 2.1 ... come at six. I'll be free by that time. 3. ... this old man be Tom Brown? He ... not have changed so much! 4. None of us know what... happen before it is finished. 5. This ... be a great idea. It ... also be a trap in which England will perish. 6. I'm not sure, but she ... have gone to the village shop. 7. I told them he ... be in the garden. 8. Sh! She ... hear you. 9. How strange!... you believe that? 10.1 haven't seen her for ages. She ... be quite middle-aged by now. 11. Don't send him away. We ... need his advice. 12. I fear they ... miss the train. They left rather late. 13. It ... be seen that he was puzzled. 14. Why do what... never be needed? 15. People ... chatter about her, but they don't know anything definite against her. 16. He ... not have thought of this himself. Who suggested it to him? 17. He... be a medical student though I'm not sure. 18. But what more he ... have said I don't know for I left. 19". You ... tell me what he said! I have a right to know. 20. Miss Carter ... have gone to the school to call on Mr. Ever-ard. 21. Then he found that he ... not stay in bed. 22.1... not swim. I expect you .... Everyone ... except me. 23. You ... have warned me beforehand! 24. He ... not have said that. I don't believe you. 25. It was a year or two ago, or it... be three years ago. 26. She came to ask her mother if she ... stay and dance a little longer.

39. Point out the oblique moods and modal phrases with can and may. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. — Will you be coming again this year, Mr. Welch?

— I might manage it, I suppose.

2. It might never have happened if you'd sent him to a real doctor when he first got sick.

3. "That wouldn't surprise me in the least," Bertrand said, standing aside so that Margaret could pass him.

4. She glanced up quickly as if she had been expecting to be asked this, but he couldn't tell whether she was glad or sorry when it came.

5. — Can you stop talking about it?

— I wish I hadn't said what I did say. I was a fool. I acted like a perfect fool.

6. I think they got back before us. They might have got a taxi.

7. — Why didn't you tell me?

— I couldn't. It wouldn't have done me any good.

8. But for your kindness and understanding I couldn't have done it all in so short a time.

9. I wish I had my car here so that I might drive you home.

10. Had she been a man she might have been described as a bright young man of business.

40. Translate these sentences into English, using can or may.

1. Неужели это Джим Стирфорс? Он совсем старик, седой и сутулый! 2. Я думаю, она»не захотела со мной разговаривать. — Я бы так не думала. Может быть, она вас не заметила 3. Не может быть, чтобы он обманул их, он честный человек. 4. И ты не мог догадаться, куда я положила деньги? 5. Может, он и знает об этом, а не хочет сказать нам. 6. Не может быть, чтобы она не нашла вашего дома. Я сама дала ей ваш адрес. 7. Неужели ребенок все еще спит? Вам давно пора его разбудить, 8. Вы могли бы сказать мне об этом вчера! 9. Я бы с удовольствием пришел, но, возможно, я буду занят. 10. Может быть, это правда, а может, нет. П. Не могли бы вы одолжить мне 3 рубля до завтра? 12. Я позвоню ему, возможно, он не знает, что случилось. 13. Вам придется поторопиться, или вы можете опоздать. 14. Я сделаю все, что могу, чтобы помочь вам. 15. Куда бы это он мог уйти? 16. Вы могли бы сделать это сами, вы просто не попытались. 17, Подойди поближе, чтобы я мог лучше тебя рассмотреть. 18, Вы можете его узнать по фотографии? 19. Не моху себе представить, что из этого может получиться. 20. Возможно, новость уже всем известна. 21. Не может быть, чтобы он знал об этом. Он вел бы себя иначе. 22. Кто бы это мог сказать такую вещь? 23. Он, возможно, им все уже рассказал. 24. Подожди, пока он придет. Может быть, он разъяснит нам, в чем дело.
must

41. Comment on the meaning of the verb must. Translate the sentences into Russian;

1. Old age must lean on something, 2. A man must stand up for his rights. 3. You mustn't think it's so very easy. 4. Must it be done before tomorrow? 5. She must work from morning till night to earn her living, 6. One must have a rest after a day of hard work. 7. The only thing he knew for certain was that he must not meet Antonia. 8. You are right, I mustn't stay here. 9. You must be reasonable, Mr. Higgins; really you must. 10. Give him something to eat. He must be hungry. 11. That fellow must be made of steel. He's never tired. 12. It's quite a charming letter. Must have taken the poor young man an hour to write it. 13. He must be quite old by now. 14. You must have frightened her. 15. That fellow has seen and felt ten times as much as I, although he must be ten years younger. 16.1 felt that before long my secret must be known. 17.1 hear somebody's steps on the stairs. She must be coming! 18. Judging from the books and papers on his writing-table he must have been working for several hours.

42. Translate the following sentences Into English:

Note: Remember that must in the meaning of supposition is not used in the negative.

1. Там, должно быть, никого нет. 2. Он, должно быть, ничего не понял и обиделся. 3. Она, наверное, не помнит, что обещала принести нам карту Москвы, 4. Вы, по всей вероятности, не знали, что они переехали в один из пригородов Лондона. 5. Она, наверное, оставила дверь незапертой. 6. Вы, наверное, не встречали такого забавного мальчишки, как наш Тим. 7. Вам, должно быть, нелегко этому поверить. 8. Дети, должно быть, не заметили, что уже стемнело. 9. Он, наверняка, ничего об этом не знает. 10. Она, наверное, совсем неопытна в переводе медицинских статей с английского на русский. 11. Это, должно быть, кажется вам невероятным, но это факт. 12. Он, должно быть, не узнал вас в толпе.

43. Change the following sentences from Active into Passive:

1. You must take this medicine regularly. 2. Students must do homework in time. 3. We can win peace. War is not inevitable. 4. You may put the book on the upper shelf. 5. You may allow the children to go for a walk. 6. We must discuss the matter not later than tomorrow. 7. Nobody can do it without your help. 8. We must look into the matter. 9. You mustn't take the magazine away. 10. You must post the letter as soon as you have written it. 11. May I take the books and papers away? 12. I must pay for the dinner. 13. You must work for success, 14. You can't describe it. One must just see it.

44. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can, may or must:

1. I have forgotten my own language and ... speak nothing but yours. 2, We ... go somewhere. We ... not wander about for ever. 3. But I think you ... have told us this half an hour ago! 4. You ... see much of interest there. 5. I did not hear him return to the room. I... have been asleep. 6. You ... have mistaken him, my dear. He ... not have intended to say that. 7. It seemed possible they ... return. 8. It.. not have happened at Ainswick. 9. No good looking back; things happen as they .... 10. To be ashamed of his own father is perhaps the bitterest experience a young man ... go through. 11. How ... you let things slide like that, Dick? 12.1 think you ... be glad of some coffee before you start back to your hotel. It's such a cold night. 13. It was known — whispered among the old, discussed among the young — that the family pride ... soon receive a blow. 14. And though he undressed and got into bed he ... not sleep. 15. You ... not go out so late at night. 16.1 think it... happen sooner or later. 17.1... come tonight, ... I not? 18. Somebody is knocking at the door. It... be John. — It ... not be John. It's too early for him to be back. 19.1 don't know for certain, but he ... have been a sailor in his youth. 20. They... ask me about him. What should I say?

45, Translate these sentences into English, using the verbs can, may, mash

1. Если вы так думаете, то вы не правы. Вы не должны так думать. 2. Возможно, что население вашего города больше, но что это доказывает? 3. Теперь ты свободна и можешь делать, что тебе нравится. 4. Е этом, должно быть, что-то есть. 5, Он, может быть, ничего не знает о том, что мы собираемся осмотреть достопримечательности города сразу посла завтрака, 6. Вред ли они вернулись из зоопарка. Они там впервые и могут долго пробыть. 7, Если ты будешь проводить так много времени перед телевизором, у тебя может разболеться голова. 8. Мальчик, возможно, вырвал картинку из книги, которую вы оставили на столе. 9. Если это так, то его нужно наказать. 10 Вы можете найти его в саду, я полагаю. Он, должно быть, играет а теннис с Джимом. II. Она, может быть, ничего не знает об этом. Вы тоже не должны ей ничего говорить пока. 12. Она говорит, что поездка в Лондон произвела на нее незабываемое впечатление. Она никогда не думала, что это может быть так интересно: узнавать места, о которых она знала из книг. 13. Мы могли бы найти дорогу обратно в отель сами, если бы Бо-, рис не потерял карту Лондона. 14. Переверни еще одну или две страницы, и ты увидишь фотографию. Скажи мне, если можешь, кто это. 15. Интересно, что он может делать здесь так поздно? — Возможно, он ждет Мэри. 16. Что это за шум? — Это, должно быть, в ванной течет вода. Кто-то моется. 17. Если бы на этот вопрос можно было дать ответ, он был бы дан давным-давно. 18. Кто бы это мог забыть ключ у меня на письменном столе? Неужели Джим? 19. Не может быть, чтобы Джим забыл ключ. Я видел, как он клал его в карман. 20. Не могли бы вы прийти немного раньше? Это было бы удобнее для меня. 21. Он постоял, раздумывая, можно ли ему незаметно уйти, рассердится ли Минин, когда узнает. 22. Я не умею говорить по-французски, никогда не умел. 23. Должно быть, трудно овладеть иностранным языком, не правда ли?

46. Comment on the meaning of have to. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I'm afraid, I shall have to send him away. 2. Was the fire already laid or did you have to lay it? 3. The rope was so strong that he had to take a knife to cut it. 4. But was it worth while going to bed when he had to be up again at five? 5. I suppose I shall have to go back to London, shan't I? 6. Do you have to get up early every morning? 7. He will have to pay me back before Sunday. 8. How long did you have to stay there? 9. "We shall have to wait a long time for our holidays," she said with a sigh. 10. And you have to go there twice a week, don't you?

47. Fill in the blanks with must or have to:

1. Don't worry about that. You ... do as you think best. 2. My mother was unwell, and I... go to the chemist's. 3.1... go and look at the dinner. 4. Yesterday's rain spoilt my hat completely; I ... buy a new one. 5. There was no one to help him so he ... move the furniture himself. 6. "Oh, hallo," she said; "I thought you ... have gone home." 7. They didn't answer my first knock so I ... knock twice. 8. You ... always come to me if anything goes wrong. 9. He was very sorry to think that he would ... part with it. 10. I had a sleepless night. I ... go and see the doc and get him to give me something, I can't go on like that.

48. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

1. He will have to come again. 2. My sister has to go to work. 3. They had to go back alone. 4. You have to answer all these questions. 5. I shall have to go out after all. 6. He will have to come on foot. 7. The students had to read the whole book. 8. She has to come every week. 9. He has to stay the night. 10. They had to begin very early.

49. Change the following statements into disjunctive questions:

1. I gather you have to read a lot in English. 2. He had to wait at the station till it stopped raining. 3. The work will have to be done before nightfall. 4. They usually have dinner at home. 5. She often has to go to the dentist's. 6. You have to go to school on Saturday. 7. They will have to do what they are told. 8. We have to begin before five o'clock. 9. As far as I understand you had to stay there a fortnight. 10. You look a bit tired, you've had a long walk. 11. She has to clean the house herself. 12. They had to finish that last night

50. Group the examples according to the meaning of the "be + infinitive" construction: (i) expressing a previously arranged plan (2) expressing instructions or commands:

1. I am to see him tomorrow. 2. What am I to do now? 3. You are not to communicate with anybody. 4. She said that I was not to leave the house. 5. She is to return tomorrow. 6. He said that Tom was to apologize. 7. He inquired when the secretary was to come. 8. She says I am not to lay the table before twelve o'clock. 9. At what time am I to come? 10. Something must have happened. He was to have come at eight. 11. Jim reminded me that we were to be at the station not later than seven. 12. W^hich of you is to bring the magazines and newspapers?

51. Comment on the use of must, have to, be to and translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I want you to obey her. You must do exactly as she says and make no noise. 2. "Well, what am I to do about dinner?" said Miss Handforth. "Spoil it by over-cooking or let it get cold?" 3. Randall was excited. He thought he must telephone her at once, he must see her, somehow, that very day. 4. Emma must have been very beautiful when she was young. She has a fine face. 5. "We are not to be trifled with," returned the policeman in a threatening voice. 6. You must come and have dinner with me some time. 7. He lost all his money at the races and I had to lend him five pounds. 8.1 hope I won't upset or annoy you by speaking frankly. I must have your advice. 9. Wake up, do you hear! You are to wake up at once. 10. So Frank has come? — Oh, yes; quite unexpectedly. He was to have stayed a week longer. 11. You are not to stay so late. You may leave after dinner. 12. The story was still clear in his mind. He knew what had to be done. He took his pen and wrote in his neat, steady hand the title of his new novel.
need

52. Comment on the meaning of the verb need:

1. He needs sea air. 2. We don't need anything else. 3.1 need not finish my sentence, for you already know what I was going to say. 4. Need it be finished by Saturday? 5. What more do you need? 6. He need say no more to her this evening, and risk giving himself away. 7. You needn't have carried all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered them if you had asked them. 8. You needn't take any more pills after next Monday. 9.1 must go at once, but you needn't. 10. You needn't have waited for me, I could have found the way. all right. 11. Looking back I can see exactly how it happened. It need never have happened. 12. And he was always careful to have money in his pocket, and to be modish in his dress, so that his son need not blush for him.

53. Fill in the blanks with didn't have to or needn't have:

1. You ... (to bring) your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You ... (to water) the flowers, as it is going to rain. 3. I ... (to translate) it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4. I... (to answer) the questions, which saved me a lot of trouble. 5. I knew I ... (to lock) the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 6.1... (to ring) the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I... (to help) them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I ... (to write) him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You ... (to listen) to him. His information was misleading. 10. You ... (to buy) such a lot of flowers. We've already got more than necessary. 11. He... (to get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You ... (to say) if you didn't want to. We could have done without you just as well.

54. Fill in the blanks with mast, have to, be to or need:

1. You ... not (to bring) your books to class tomorrow, we are going to listen to a wireless programme. 2. I'm glad the lessons will begin later now. The children won't... (to get up) so early. 3. You ... not (to learn) the poem. You ... only (to read) it. 4. Children ... not (to play) with matches. 5. It was late, and they ...(to light) a fire to cook their supper. 6. You ... (to give) it back to me before you go. 7. You ... not (to be) late for the concert. 8.1 made a few mistakes, so I... (to do) the whole exercise again. 9.1... hardly (to say) how important it is. 10. She ... (to be married) next month. 11. You... not (to miss) that film, it is extraordinary good. 12. You ... not (to strike) a match; I can see well enough. 13. Jim ... (to make) a speech at the meeting, but he had fallen ill, so Tom ... (to speak) instead, 14. You ... not (to bring) any food with you tomorrow. I'll have enough for both of us. 15. We ... (to be) there at 12 sharp. 16, We ... not (to wait) long. A bus came almost at once. 17. You ... (to learn) the whole poem.

55. Translate the sentences into English, using must, ham to, be to or need:

1. Зря мы вышли из дому так рано, поезда не будет в течение часа. 2. Мы можем не спешить. Нам не нужно быть там раньше 8.30. 3. Вы не должны следовать их примеру. Это было бы глупо с вашей стороны. 4. Интересно, надо ли приносить с собой учебники? 5. Мне не пришлось запирать дверь, кто-то уже запер ее. 6. «Если завтра будет сильный мороз, — сказала мать, — тебе можно будет не ходить в школу». 7. Вам незачем беспокоиться, они скоро вернутся. Наверное, задержались на набережной Темзы у здания Парламента: их всё здесь интересует. 8. Не нужно забывать, что в Ист-Энде живут те, кто своим трудом обеспечивают жизнь этого огромного города. 9. Вам не обязательно продолжать, я знаю, вы скажете, что среди архитектурных памятников Лондона особое внимание привлекает Вестминстерское аббатство, построенное в XIII веке. 10. Они должны были встретиться на мосту Ватерлоо в 6 пополудни. 11. Что мне рассказать нашим гостям о поездке в Лондон? — Опиши им церемонию караула у ворот лондонского Тауэра. 12. Она сказала, в какое время мы должны были прийти, и попросила не опаздывать. 13. Мы решили, что дети не должны идти туда одни. 14. Нет нужды упоминать, что Кремль — выдающийся музей и памятник старины. Это всем известно. 15. Мне пришлось принять это приглашение, хотя я очень неважно себя чувствовал. Я не хотел обидеть своих новых друзей. 16. Он знал, что ему, возможно, придется прожить там больше месяца. 17. Спроси старосту, кто сегодня должен принести наушники на урок фонетики. 18. Вчера мы должны были навестить Аню в больнице и поэтому не могли зайти к тебе.

ought

56. Comment on the meaning of the verb ought. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I think for your wife and children's sake you ought to have a try. 2. There are people who think they ought to be reformed. 3. We all know that things are not always what they ought to be. 4. You ought to do something, you know; it'll be fatal for you to have nothing to do. 5. Have I said anything I oughtn't? 6. "I ought to have told Soames," he thought, "that I think him comic." 7. I suppose she is right. I oughtn't to have tried to speak to her! 8. By the end of the evening I almost felt that I ought to call him "Uncle Jack." 9. It'll be lovely round there today. — Yes, it ought to be quite nice. 10. It is the last of the Madeira I had from Mr. Jolyon when we came in here; it ought to be in prime condition still.

57. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use ought (oughtn't) followed by a correct form of the infinitive:

E x a m p l e: I felt it would be only proper to follow his advice.

I felt I ought to follow his advice.

1. I knew it would be improper if I opened the letter. 2. I recommended you to finish your work before going out. 3. I advise you not to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. I disapprove of your smoking so much; you are wasting your money and doing harm to your health. 5. It's a pity I didn't take those books back to the library last week. 6. It was wrong of you not to tell our guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You didn't wait till the lights were green before crossing the road, and it was wrong, you know. 8. It was unreasonable of you to have crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. I wish you had been there. The performance was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight he will probably be there by one o'clock.

58. Fill in the blanks with ought, have to, be to or need followed by the appropriate infinitive:

1. Mother always tells me that I ... (to be) more careful. 2. You ... not (to tell) him my telephone number, he knows it. 3. You ... not (to say) that! See how distressed she is. 4.1 don't want to do it, but I.... 5. All the same, I think you ... (to see) a doctor. There must be something the matter with you. 6. Don't forget that you ... (to get up) at seven! 7. But there was no other way out. 1... (to communicate) with him. No one else knew her address. 8. Such things ... not (to be allowed). 9, You ... not (to write) such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400. 10. "Perhaps I... not (to trouble) you." He closed his lips tight. He was offended.
should

59. Comment on the meaning of the verb should. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Can you show me any English woman who speaks English as it should be spoken? 2. A wife should obey her husband. 3. Besides you shouldn't cut your old friends now that you have risen in the world. 4. They should be taught a lesson. 5. I confess I did not foresee this turn of events. But I should have foreseen it. 6. You have discovered what I intended you should never have known. 7. He should not have said it. The moment the words crossed his lips he knew it was not the right thing to say. 8. Considerable debate took place between the two sisters whether Timothy should or shouldn't be summoned to see Annette. 9. "You should come here often," he said to Shelton... "You ought to come here often," he repeated to Shelton. 10. You ought to finish your work before going out. — I know I should.

60. State whether should is auxiliary or modal:

1. "So you think I should go, then?" said Randall behind him. 2. At breakfast I told Mary that I should be absent at least four days. 3. I shouldn't have believed it if I hadn't seen it with my own eyes. 4. You really shouldn't have said that, Felix. I'll talk to him myself. 5. How about Pinfold? Shouldn't he be here? 6. Thank God for our Gilbert. What should we do without him? 7. No one knew when I was to be back or if I should be back at all. 8. Felix said hastily, "Forgive me. I shouldn't have troubled you". 9. Nell has just told me you wanted to see me or I shouldn't have troubled you. 10. They had not seen — no one should see her distress, not even her grandfather.

61. Translate the sentences into English, using must, ought, should, need, have to or be to:

1. Извините, что задержал вас, но мне надо было позвонить домой и предупредить, чтобы меня не ждали к обеду. 2. В конце концов мы решили, что нам не следует там дольше оставаться и что нужно отправляться в горы. 3. Ты должна одеться в самое лучшее, я хочу, чтобы ты произвела на всех наилучшее впечатление. 4. Вы должны были приготовить домашнее задание как следует. Тогда бы вам не пришлось задавать подобных вопросов. 5. Напрасно ты ждала столько времени. Тебе бы лучше было оставить мне записку. Я бы сделала все, что ты хотела, 6. Они, должно быть, работают в лаборатории. Не следует им мешать. 7. Почему ты не пришла вчера? — Я должна была встречать двоюродную сестру на вокзале. — Тогда ты должна была бы позвонить, мы бы тебя не ждали. 8. Поступай, как знаешь, я не собираюсь мешать тебе, кроме того, мне предстоит вскоре уехать. 9. Вечер, вероятно, будет интересным. Студенты так долго готовили его. 10. Нет ничего смешного в том, что он сказал. Нужно быть серьезнее. И. Ему придется работать здесь, пока лаборатория ремонтируется. 12. Ты сказал, это шутки ради, а она обиделась. Нужно быть более внимательным к людям. 13. Подготовка к их приезду заняла у нас целый день. Каждому пришлось что-то сделать, 14. Такие люди достойны восхищения. 15. Мне не пришло в голову поговорить с ним, а следовало бы. 16. Не разрешай детям играть в моей комнате. Они перевернут там все вверх дном, а тебе потом придется приводить все в порядок. 17. Вам не нужно было беспокоить профессора. Я мог бы дать вам всю необходимую информацию. 18. Им следовало бы удержать его от такого неразумного шага. Они еще пожалеют об этом. 19. Я точно следую указаниям, которые получила. Я хорошо знаю, с чегомне надо начинать.

62. Comment on the use of should for the sake of emotional colouring. Pay attention to the structure of the sentences and the word combination it is found in:

1. Why should you be different from other men? 2. But why should he take the scanda! on himself? It was not fair! 3. They only want their independence, and why shouldn't they have it? 4. "Do you see much of Randall?" "He practically lives here. But you knew?," "No," said Hugh, He was surprised and annoyed. " Why ever snouid I know?" 5. What do you think ought to be done? — Done? How should I know? 6, "Fresh air!" exclaimed James, "What should I do with fresh air?" 7. M r s. H i g g i n s: But where does the girl live? H i g g i n s: With us, of course. Where should she live? 8. Strange that the dog should die just now! 9. Ironical that Soames should come down here — to this house, built for himself! 10. He heard the nurse crying over there by the fire; curious that she, a stranger, should be the only one of them who cried! 11. It's very interesting that you should say that, Edward — very interesting. 12. It struck her bitterly that she, who had been his first adored, should have to scheme to see him. 13. ... it annoyed him very much that his companion, who was also tired, should grow more cheerful. 14. It's very strange that he should have told you the truth! 15. ... suddenly he heard his name called from behind, and who should ride up to him on either side but Bill Den-nant and Antonia herself!

63. Pay attention to the use of should in subordinate clauses after some verbs and expressions.^⁸⁵ Translate the sentences into Russian:

A. I. It is necessary that I should see her before you do. 2. It is normal that there should be a period of rebuilding after war. 3. "She has six children," said Aunt July, "ifs very proper that she should be careful." 4. It is essential that you should find out to whom those orders are going. 5. I mean if we are to develop Diesel planes ifs vital that we should have our own magnesium supplies.

B. 6. He demanded that work should start at once. 7. We recommend that he should be chosen our delegate. 8. He ordered that they should all leave the house. 9. He suggested that the working hours should be reduced. 10. The doctor insists that the children should be sent to the country.

C. 11. If she should phone I will tell her where you are. 12. Should you require anything more, please ring the bell for the attendant.

64. Fill in the blanks with mast, should or need:

1. I'm suggesting that, you ... marry гаг, Midge. 2. She ... be picking cherries in the orchard, tell her to come into the house. 3. "Well." said Emily with calm, "you ... not get into such fusses when we tell you things." 4. Is it necessary, do you think, that the police ... know about it? 5. You ... not be afraid of him. He's a kind old man. 6. It is essential that he ... be prepared for it. 7. Soft music filled the room. "That ... be a gramophone record," thought he. 8. I propose that the prize ... be divided. 9. Oh, I don't know. It's really rather odd that he ... ever have been taking her to the Ball. 10. You ... have seen that film when it was here last week. 11. It is strange that you ... remember the place. 12. Why ... not I talk to Catherine? Do you think I'm not worthy to, or something? 13. Poor boy! He ... have suffered so. 14. You ... not answer-all my questions if you don't want to. 15. Why ... you say such disagreeable things? 16. Go upstairs at once. You ... change your wet clothes. 17. It was only proper that Dora, who was young and healthy, ... give her seat to that old lady. 18. I think I'll come on time, but if I ... be late, please keep a seat for me. 19. He ordered that the gate ... be locked. 20. She confiscated the morning papers so that the children ... not see them. 21. You ... not wake up before seven o'clock. We'll start at half past eight. 22. I was just wondering if my wife was here.' — No, she isn't here. Why ... she be? 23. You ... not work so hard after your illness. 24. Henrietta suggested to Gerda that they ... go and look at the kitchen garden.
shall, will

65. Comment on the modal colouring of the following sentences with shall:

1. You shall not search my rooms. You have no right to do it. I forbid you! 2. He hasn't seen you and he shan't. 3. The police shall take you up. 4. All right; if she wants to be opened up, she shall be. 5. You shall go up and down and round the town in a taxi every day. 6. You shall have all the news I can send you. 7. "Shall I order a taxi?" he asked. 8. That shall be put an end to now and for ever!

66. Comment on the meaning of will and would. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I will let you know, so you can be there. 2.1 will tell you what it is. 3. I will make your excuses to Margaret. 4. If it had been a girl I would have called her after my mother. 5. Will you go out on the terrace and look at the sunset? 6. I am afraid — if you will excuse me — I must join my wife. 7. Arthur, would you mind seeing if Mrs. Erlynne has come back? 8. I want a photograph of you, — would you give me one? 9. Will you ask them to call my carriage, please? 10. Will you go and look over the photograph album that I see there? 11. I will never speak to you again. 12. No, no! I will go back, let Arthur do with me what he pleases. 13. But I told him I wouldn't give him an answer till tomorrow. 14. You did want to come, although you wouldn't say so. 15. She'd like you to ring her up this afternoon, before five-thirty, if you would. 16. I should be so glad if you would tell him to come up, Jane. 17. I knocked more than once but she wouldn't let me in. 18. "I wish' you would leave me alone sometimes," said Dora. 19.1 suppose this will be the last ball of the season? 20. He would sit on the bed beside him and watch him for hours. 21. I smoke like a chimney! And my lighter won't work.

67. Comment on the meaning of shall and will. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Where shall we put this vase? 2. I want to be helpful to you both; if you -will let me. 3. Don't you worry about anything. I will be all right. 4. "You must always come to me if anything goes wrong." "Of course, I will," she said as if she were soothing him. 5. Will there be time to buy the tickets? 6. I'll begin again and you shan't stop me this time! 7, "Do give my love to Christine," said Dora. "Surely I will," said Michael. 8. Children, have you been playing with my umbrella? It won't open! 9. They shall not pass! 10. Will you have something to drink? 11. How long will your friends be here? 12. You shall have it back tomorrow. 13. As he can't create anything himself, he is determined you won't, 14. Will you come to tea tomorrow? 15. He shall never come here again! I'll take care of it. 16. If you will wait here a moment, I'll fetch you a chair.

68. Replace shall and will with the suggested alternative verb, making any necessary changes:

1. It will soon rain. Look at the clouds, (to be going) 2. You shall stay here till I come back, (to be to) 3. I won't do what you tell me. (to refuse) 4. You shall have an apple after dinner, (to promise) 5. What will you do now? (to be going) 6. We shall visit all the sights of London, (to hope) 7. When will you learn English properly? (to intend) 8. This time next week I shall be in St. Petersburg, (to hope) 9. Will he listen to my singing, do you think? (to like) 10. Do you think they'll follow us all the way home? (to mean)

69. Fill in the blanks with should or would:

1. "If I see him," I said, "I'll let you know." "I ... be very much obliged if you ... ," said Brown. 2. But I ...n't lie about a thing like that,... I? 3. ... you drive us back to Campden Hill? 4. She ...n't go in to supper with anyone but Winton. 5. If I were you I... buy that hat, I like the colour very much. 6, It's ridiculous that you ... conceal it from your mother. 7. If only Henrietta ... make up her mind to marry him. 8. Why ... I suffer more than I've suffered already? Why ... I? 9. ... you care to come to tea with us? 10. He ...n't look at her. He shook her off gently and gently said, "We'll see about that." 11. He pressed something into her palm. "Here's a shilling in case you ... need it." 12. I wonder if you ... mind me laying down my umbrella. 13. Why, oh! Why ... I have to expose my misfortune to the public like this? 14. He ... rather listen to the others than talk himself. 15. He ordered that the horses ... be saddled. 16. She ... sit for hours watching the ships. 17. I wish you ...n't quarrel with Jessie. 18. He fully believed, had it been necessary, she... have been a genius at anything. 19. In order to make these demands effective we suggested that there ... be no return to work today. 20. Why don't you want to stay another week in the country? It... do you only good.

70. Translate the sentences into English, using should or would:

1. Он предложил, чтобы собрание было назначено на пятницу. 2. Мы спросили маму, не возражает ли она против поездки за город на машине. 3. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы ты с отцом не спорила. 4. С какой стати я стану помогать ему? Он просто ленится и все может сделать сам. 5. Удивительно, как некоторые дети невнимательны к своим родителям! 6. Вполне естественно, что студенты хотят знать как можно больше о народе, язык которого они изучают. 7. Не будете ли вы любезны немного подождать? Ваши документы еще не готовы. 8. Нам хотелось узнать некоторые детали, но он не стал ничего обсуждать с нами. Мы были разочарованы. 9. Доктор настаивает на том, чтобы она строго соблюдала диету. 10. Принести вам стакан воды? — Да, если вы будете так любезны. И. Необходимо, чтобы каждый член клуба принимал участие в работе его секций. 12. Если она вдруг спросит вас об этом, скажите, что я ей обо всем напишу сам. 13. Не хочешь ли немного супа? Он очень вкусный. 14. За чаем, который они пили с лимоном, Соме сказал, что скоро будет война. 15. Зачем мне делать то, что мне не нравится? — Неважно, нравится тебе это или не нравится. Это следует сделать, и ты это знаешь. 16. Я, пожалуй, почитаю с полчасика перед сном. У меня интересная книга. 17. Я был бы вам премного обязан, если бы вы пришли в шесть часов. 18. Почем мне знать, что они собираются делать? Они никогда ничего мне не говорят. 19. Как я ни старался, ящик не выдвигался. 20. Детям следовало бы остаться дома в такую скверную погоду.