Владимира Дмитриевича Аракина одного из замечательных лингвистов России предисловие настоящая книга
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lecturer: a person lower in rank than a reader who gives lectures, especially at a college or university. 48 By School-based experience teaching practice is meant (both "observation period" for junior students and block-teaching practice for senior students). By Subject studies a broad range of subjects is meant of which a student is to choose two cores (the main subjects). Education studies means essential knowledge of children, the curriculum, the organization of schools and classes. 49 ball of residence: a more modern term than hostel, used only of student hostels (the abbreviated form hall, with no article, is widely used by students in everyday situations). Hostel is a more general word (a nurses' hostel, a factory hostel, ayouth hostel, etc.). 50 P. E = Physical Education. 51 Ph.. D.: Doctor of Philosophy (title given to completion of any research, no matter which subject you study) 52 mortar board: a flat-topped student's cap 53 Don: a college tutor who directs the studies of undergraduates 54 I.Q. Intelligence Quotient — a number indicating the level of a person's mental development obtained by multiplying his mental age by 100, and dividing the result by his chronological age, the latter generally cot exceeding 16. 55 to swim for one's university: to take part in swimming races held between one's university team and some other teams. Practically every school, college and university in Great Britain has its own sports clubs, and there are various outdoor sports competitions held annually within each school, as well as between different schools, colleges, and universities. These are, as a rule, attended by spectators drawn from all sections of the public, and the Oxford and Cambridge boat races, in which crews from these two universities compete every spring on the Thames, arouse national interest. 56 net-ball: an English game, basically the same as basket-ball (played by women) 57 94,250 square miles: this is about the same size as New Zealand or half the size of France. 58 the Fens: low marshy land with lots of waterways (Фенленд) 59 moors (pl),moor: an area of open waste land; moors in England and Scotland are often used for preserving game. 60 The Channel Tunnel, which links England and France, is a little over 50 km (31 miles) long, of which nearly 38 km (24 miles) are actually under the English Channel. 61 "the Scott country": a hilly country in the south-east of Scotland where Sir Walter Scott (1777-1832), the famous British poet and novelist, lived. 62 the Cheviots (the Cheviot Hills): a wool-producing country in Britain. The Cheviot breed of sheep has given its name to a woollen cloth of high quality. 63 the Lake District: a beautiful place that has become famous thanks to a distinguished trio of poets — William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Samuel Coleridge (1772-1834) and Robert Southey (1774-1843) - who made their homes therе. ("Lake poets" is the name that was given to them.) 64 There are several rivers in Britain that bear the name of Avon. The longest is the Bristol Avon flowing into the Bristol Channel, but best known throughout the world is the one flowing into the Severn. On its banks, in Stradford-on-Avon, the greatest English poet William Shakespeare (1564 -1616) was born and spent his youth. 65 Nowadays there is little industry in London as heavy engineering plants have been moved to the nearest manufacturing towns. 66 hedge: a row of bushes or low trees which are forming a kind of barrier. 67 Trinidad; an island in the Atlantic, to the north-east of South America 68 Tahiti: an island in the Pacific 69 Max Beerbohm (1872-1956): an English essayist, critic and caricaturist 70 Euston: a railway-station in London 71 boat-train: the train that takes passengers to a ship 72 coach: a long-distance bus 73 music-hall: a hall or theatre used for variety entertainment: songs, dancing, acrobatic performances, juggling. (Note: "music-hall" must not be confused with "concert-hall".) 74 the doors for the second house were just opening: the second performance was about to begin. In music-halls and in circuses two or more performances with the same programme are given every day. The same term is used with reference to cinemas: the first (second, third) house первый (второй, третий) сеанс. 75 picture theatre (colloq.): a cinema 76 turns: (here) actors taking part in the programme. Turn — a short performance on the stage of a music-hall or a variety theatre (номер программы). The programme of a variety perfomance usually consists of various turns. 77 little people: (here) fairies, elves, and gnomes of folklore 78 i. e. buildings meant for the performance of plays by professional companies. 79 In England (including London) only a few theatres have their own permanent company (they are called repertory theatres). Theatrical companies are usually formed for a season, sometimes staging only one play for either a long or a short run, their managements having previously rented a theatre for them to perform in (the so-called non-repertory theatres). 80 The part of the theatre which has a stage and seats for the audience is called auditorium or house (also: theatre-house). The long rows of chairs situated on the ground floor of the auditorium in. front of the stage are called the stalls (front rows) and the pit (back rows). The stalls and the pit are surrounded by boxes. There are also some balconies encircling the auditorium on three sides. The lowest of them (coming immediately above the boxes) is called the dress-circle and the highest (somewhere near the ceiling of the house) is known as the gallery. In most theatres the seats for the audience are separated from the stage by the orchestra-pit. In some theatres, however, there is no orchestra-pit, and the musicians are placed behind the scenes (back-stage). The sides of the stage and the scenery placed there are called wings. 81 It takes quite a number of people to put on a play. The treatment of a play, the style of the production, the training of the performers depend on the director (also called by some people producer in Great Britain). The stage-manager is the person in charge of the technical part of the production of a play. There are also make-up artists, people who make the costumes, those who design the props and scenery, and finally, stage hands. The actors taking part in the play are called the cast (cf. the Russian «состав исполнителей»). 82 The tests of the stories and dialogues recorded on the tape see on p. 426. 83 The High Rise and the High Head + the High Rise belong to the same pattern since they have no difference in attitudes. 84 Before studying modal verbs the students must learn all the forms of the infinitive. 85 Subordinate clauses with that .„ should can be used as an alternative to the more usual infinitive constructions: They decided that the strike should continue, instead of They decided to continue the strike. See: "A Practical English Grammar for Foreign Students" by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet, Lnd., 1964, p. 174-175. |