Владимира Дмитриевича Аракина одного из замечательных лингвистов России предисловие настоящая книга
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142. State whether the -ing- form is a participle, a gerund or a verbal noun:1. To my mind the setting of the scene was beautiful. 2. As to his stooping, it was natural when dancing with a small person like myself, so much shorter than he. 3. I found him in exactly the position I had left him, staring still at the foot of the bed. 4. If possible, give up smoking, at least for a time. 5. There you can see the Fire of London with the flames coming out of the windows of the houses. 6. Having finished the work, he seemed more pleased with himself than usual. 7. Pausing in his story, Burton turned to me. 8. I admired the grounds and trees surrounding the house. 9: Father said that we were not to let the fact of his not having had a real holiday for three years stand in our way. 10. I saw there wooden cabins with beds, electric light, running water. 11. Most Englishmen are not overfond of soup, remarking that it fills them without leaving sufficient room for the more important meat course. 12. The evening meal goes under various names: tea, "high tea," dinner or supper depending upon its size and also social standing of those eating it. 13. Colleges give a specialized training. 14.1 want you to give my hair a good brushing. 15. The boys could not go without asking permission. 16.1 am much pleased with my surroundings. 143. Point out the verbals and comment on them:1. She often took care of my little sister Polly giving me a possibility to play with other boys in the neighbourhood. 2. Having bathed her face in cold water, she came up to the window and burst it open. 3. Renton Heath is a charming village, situated in the loveliest part of the West of England? 4. "I'm leaving for South America and have come to say good-bye," Jim said staring into her eyes. 5. She seemed to be asking not him but herself. 6.1 seated myself at the table and was on the point of filling my cup from the teapot when the sound of the door opening made me look up. 7. After spending the night in the farm, the weather remaining fine, they set out again on their journey in the same way. 8. He had to stand aside for the maid to carry in the luncheon. 9. I'm afraid I never seem to get any time for reading. 10. He began moving away down the drive, keeping his eyes on Dixon. 11. It's no use trying to argue with me. 12. Looking in Ferrand's face he saw to his dismay tears rolling down his cheeks. 13. He said it bending forward to be out of hearing of the girl. 14. Douglas sat down again, having evidently changed his mind about going. 15. When we had lain on the bank for some time without speaking I saw a man approaching from the far end of the field. 16. I know why I make you laugh. It's because you're so far above me in every way that I am somehow ridiculous. 17. It was past two o'clock when she heard the car return. There were steps on the gravel, the opening and shutting of the door, a brief murmur of voices — then silence. 18. From room to room he went and, though each gave signs of having recently been occupied, it was clear that its inhabitants had departed. 19. Were it not for his having asked me to spend a week with him in the country, I should certainly be very glad to go with you to Madrid. 20. Get a blanket spread and make them hold it tight. 21. The darkness found him occupied with these thoughts. 22. "Three years ago it was," she broke off and stood still, her mouth set in a rigid grimace of pain. 23. He felt anger against the gipsy for having given them such a fright. CONTENTS ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 1 ESSENTIAL COURSE 3 UNIT ONE 3 TEXT. ANNE MEETS HER GLASS 4 TOPIC: CHOOSING А CAREES 11 UNIT TWO 18 TEXT. A DAY'S WAIT by Ernest Hemingway 19 TOPIC: ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT 27 UNIT THREE 34 TEXT. INTRODUCING LONDON 35 TOPIC: CITY 42 UNIT FOUR 48 TEXT. HOW WE KEPT MOTHER'S DAY by Stephen Leacock 49 TOPIC: MEALS 55 UNIT FIVE 63 TEXT. A FRESHMAN'S EXPERIENCE From "Daddy Long-Legs" by Jean Webster 65 TOPIC: EDUCATION 70 UNIT SIX 77 TEXT. A FRIEND IN NEED by William Somerset Maugham (abridged) 78 TOPIC: SPORTS AND GAMES 86 UNIT SEVEN 94 TEXT. THE BRITISH ISLES 94 TOPIC: GEOGRAPHY 102 UNIT EIGHT 108 TEXT. SEEING PEOPLE OFF By Max Beerbohm 110 TOPIC: TRAVELLING 117 UNIT NINE 125 TEXT. ROSE AT THE MUSIC-HALL From "They Walk in the City" by J. B. Priestley 127 TOPIC: THEATRE 133 SUPPLEMENT 140 A. CLASSROOM ENGLISH 140 B. CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES 143 EXERCISES IN INTONATION 144 SECTION ONE. Review of Fundamental Intonation Patterns and Their Use 144 SECTION TWO. Intonation Pattern IX. High fall 147 SECTION THREE. Intonation Pattern X (LOW PRE-HEAD+) RISING HEAD + HIGH FALL (+ TAIL) 150 SECTION FOUR. Intonation Pattern XI (LOW PRE-HEAD + ) FALLING HEAD+ HIGH FALL (+ TAIL) 154 SECTION FIVE Compound Tunes FALL + RISE 159 SECTION SIX Compound Tunes TWO OR MORE FALLS WITHIN ONE SENSE-GROUP 163 SECTION SEVEN Intonation pattern XII I. (LOW PRE-HEAD + ) HIGH RISE (+TAIL) II. (LOW PRE-HEAD + ) (HIGH HEAD+) HIGH RISE ( + TAIL) 168 SECTION EIGHT. HIGH PRE-HEAD 172 SUPPLEMENT 176 GRAMMAR EXERCISES 179 REVISION EXERCISES ON TENSE AND VOICE 179 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD AND THE CONDITIONAL MOOD 184 MODAL VERBS 187 REVISION EXERCISES ON MOOD AND MODAL VERBS 195 NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB 198 The Infinitive 198 The Gerund 203 The Participles 206 REVISION EXERCISES ON THE VERBAIS 209 Учебное издание Аракин Владимир Дмитриевич, Селянина Лидия Ивановна, Куценко Алла Владимировна ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА 2курс Учебник для студентов высших учебных заведений 7-е издание, дополненное и исправленное Сдано в набор 15.01.05. Подписано в начать 20.05.05. 2 на листе 5000 сум 216,1,214,3,212,5,210,7,208,9,206,11,204,13,202,15,200,17,198,19,196,21,194,23,192,25,190,27,188,29,186,31,184,33,182,35,180,37,178,39,176,41,174,43,172,45,170,47,168,49,166,51,164,53,162,55,160,57,158,59,156,61,154,63 152,65,150,67,148,69,146,71,144,73,142,75,140,77,138,79,136,81,134,83,132,85,130,87,128,89,126,91,124,93,122,95,120,97,118,99,116,101,114,103,112,105,110,107 обратка 108,109,106,111,104,113,102,115,100,117,98,119,96,121,94,123,92,125,90,127,88,129,86,131,84,133,82,135,80,137,78,139,76,141,74,143,72,145,70,147,68,149,66,151,64,153,62,155,60,157,58,159,56,161,54,163,52,165,50,167,48,169 46,171,44,173,42,175,40,177,38,179,36,181,34,183,32,185,30,187,28,189,26,191,24,193,22,195,20,197,18,199,16,201,14,203,12,205,10,207,8,209,6,211,4,213,2,215 для транскрипционных знаков использован шрифт PhoneticTM. Но в принципе транскрипции в этом томе мало. 1 Так, первые три урока рассчитаны главным образом на закрепление наиболее употребительных речевых образцов с сослагательным наклонением; в уроках 4—6 даны речевые образцы, выражающие модальность; в уроках 7—9 — речевые образцы с некоторыми видами неличных форм глаголов. 2 Схема заданий дана в конце каждого урока. Предполагается, что упражнения разрабатываются преподавателем в зависимости от подготовленности студентов. 3 Упражнения данного типа даются в книге Селяниной N.И., Куценко А.В., Поповой В.В. и др. «Пособие к практическому курсу английского языка» под ред. В.Д. Аракина (находится в печати). 4 Бархударов N. С, ДйпелцнгД А. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1965; НА. Кобрина, ЕЛ. Корнеева. An English Gramma. М., Просвещение, 1985; ВЗ. Гуревич. Practical English Gramma. М., «Наука», 2003. Kaushanskiya Υ. L and others. A Grammar of the English Language. Leningrad, 1959. 5 term n School terms in Great Britain are arranged in the following way: Usually called Approximate dates the first term the antumn term Sept 5 — Dec. 20 the second term the winter term or spring term Jan. 5 — Mar. 25 (or later, depending on the date of Easter) the third term the summerterm Apr. 15 (or later) — Jul. 20 6 to can the register is used only if the names are called out and the pupils answer. To mark smb. present/absent is often used in connection with registration. The expression to take the register is also used in the sense of "mark". In schools the form teacher marks the register every morning before lessons, and often before afternoon lessons too. The register is a book with a list of the pupils' full names, addresses and dates of birth. When marked, the register is usually kept in the school office, and not taken to lessons. In universities and colleges there is generally no formal marking of a register by the teaching staff. 7 cupboard n: a cabinet or closet fitted with shelves. 8 Borstal: an institution (like a prison) for young criminals. 9 break n: This is widely used in schools to denote a 10- or 20-minute interval in the middle of the morning (11—11.30). Morning break and afternoon break are used in schools which also have a break between afternoon lessons. Lunch break can be used as a translation of «большая перемена». Break may also be used of the shorter time allowed for changing lessons. Break is not generally used in universities and colleges, except in the sense of the 5- to 10-minute break between one class and the next, because there are usually no other breaks besides the lunch hour. 10 «М-р Браун в отпуске». Авторы сценария: Е. Сергиевская, А. Морозова, А. Штаден. Научные консультанты: Е. Кириллова, Н. Федотова Режиссер А. Штаден. «Леннаучфильм», 1977. 11 Кириллова Е.П., Сергиевская Е.Г. Методические рекомендации к учебному фильму на английском языке «М-р Браун в отпуске" 1978. 12 Schatz (Germ.): darling 13 102 °F (Fahrenheit) correspond to 38.9 °C (Centigrade), The Fahrenheit thermometer is used throughout the British Commonwealth and in the United States. The boiling point of the Fahrenheit thermometer is 212°, the freezing point — 32°, the normal temperature of a human bodyis about 99°. The Centigrade thermometer, used in Russia, France and other countries, has 0° (zero) for its freezing point and 100° for the boiling point 14 Pyle, Howard (1853-1911): an American illustrator, painter and author. 15 to summarize (or to give a summary): to give a short version (usu. in reported speech) of a passage, story, novel, etc. containing its main points only. 16 lb. (pound): a measure of weight = 453.6 g 17 pt. (pint) [paint]: a measure for liquids = 0.57 1 18 See Notes on Synonyms and Antonyms on p. 18. 19 The noun mime has two meanings: 1. a performance without words (пантомима); 2. an actor in such a performance (мим). 20 The first picture should be discussed with the whole group under the teacher's guidance; the other pictures may be discussed m pans. 21 A. D. = Anno Domini (Lat.): in the year of the Lord, new era ['isre]. 22 Greater London includes the suburbs of the city all of which are connected with the centre of London and with each other by underground railway lines. 23 mile: a measure of length, 1609 metres. English measures of length (yard — 91 cm, foot — 30 cm, inch — 2.5 cm), weight (stone — 6 kg, pound — 454 g, ounce — 31 g), liquids (gallon — 3.79 lit, pint — 0.57 lit) are not based on the decimal system. 24 pound: a monetary unit circulating in Great Britain. Up to 1971 English money with its pennies, shillings and pounds was not based on the decimal system either: 12 pence for a shilling, 20 shillings for a pound, 21 shillings for a guinea, the latter got its name from the first coin struck from gold on the coast of Guinea. In 1971 Britain changed over to, decimal currency system — 100 new pence to the pound (£). New coins (or pieces) were introduced: the 1/2 p., 2 p., 5 p., 10 p., 20 p. and 50 p. coins. 25 The Daily Express: a "popular" paper for those who prefer entertainment to information. It is largely filled with sporting news, accounts of crime, advertisements (ads.), gossip of little worth (about private life of society people, film stars, etc.) and strip cartoons. Other popular papers are The Sun, The Daily Mirror, The Daily Mail. This kind of newspapers is called the tabloids. The Daily Telegraph: a daily London newspaper of conservative orientation. It is a "quality" paper for educated readers who are interested in important domestic and foreign news. Other quality papers are The Observer, The Guardian, The Times and The Independent. 26 Constable, John (1776-1837): a famous English painter. 27 a "fringe" theatre stages experimental theatrical plays performed by amateurs. 28 Barrie, James M. (1860-1937): a Scottish novelist. Peter Pan — a fairy-tale boy who refused to grow up preferring to lead children into his magic "Never-Never Land" where they fought pirates. 29 The Duke of Wellington (1769-1852): a famous British general whose army defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 30 Nelson, Horatio (1758-1805): an English admiral who won the battle of Trafalgar (the Atlantic coast of Spain) 31 In 1973 the library of the British Museum and four other biggest libraries were joined into one — the British Library, which is the biggest national library in the United Kingdom and one of the biggest and best present-day libraries in the world. 32 Xmas [krIsmqs]: an abbreviated form of Christmas. In England Christmas day (the 25th of December) is one of the biggest holidays, devoted especially to family reunion and merry-making with its traditional Christmas tree and Christmas pudding. 33 mantelpiece: a structure of brick, wood or marble above and around a fire-place —an open grate where a coal fire burns. Most old English houses have no central heating. Up to now a great number of flats are warmed by coal fires. Sometimes instead of a coal fire a gas fire or an electric fire may be used, which is more convenient, as it can be lit in a second and turned off as soon as it is not needed. 34 sandwich: two slices of buttered bread with meat, egg, cheese or tomato, etc. between them (cf. the Russian бутерброд). The word has one more meaning: a sandwich (or a sandwich-man, a sandwich-boy) is a man walking along the street with two advertisement-boards hung one in front of him and one behind. 35 the Continent (remember the capital letter and the article): the mainland of Europe, as distinct from the British Isles (the name is used by the British) 36 Compare Essential Vocabulary given in this lesson with the first-year vocabulary on the same topic. 37 One of the students may ask questions, another correct the mistakes after each question and answer 38 college: a place of higher education both in the USA and in Great Britain. The oldest universities in Great Britain are Oxford and Cambridge dating from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, respectively; the largest is the University of London. Admission to the universities is by examination and selection. Women are admitted on equal terms with men, but the general proportion of men to women students is three to one, at Oxford it is nearly five to one, and at Cambridge eight to one. A college is sometimes a part of a university. For instance the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London are composed of groups of largely autonomous colleges. On the other hand a college may be quite independent. There is a great number of such colleges in Great Britain (technical and commercial colleges, colleges of art, etc.), 39 campus: the grounds of a school, college or university 40 Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862-1949): a Belgian poet and dramatist 41 freshman: (for both sexes) the same as the English fresher. First-year students are called freshers only for about a month until they are used to college (university) life. 42 Arnold Matthew (1822-1888): an English critic and poet 6 poor box: a box (usually in a church) in which money may be placed to be given to the poor. Here: things given as chanty (food, clothes, etc.). 43 polysyllables: words of more than two syllables; they usually have two stresses: the secondary (,) and the main (,)stress, е. д. 44 Of the three universities are considered more prestigious and beneficial. Their graduates have better chances of getting a job. Polytechnics are usually formed on the basis of art colleges and colleges of technology. They combine science and technology, the arts, social studies management and business studies, law and other subjects. 45 From 1st August 1975 the system of teacher training in England is being reorganized. All higher and further education outside the universities including teacher training is being assimilated into a common system. A number of the existing colleges of education are to be merged either with each other or with other institutions of further education (polytechnics and others). 46 Other students who work during the day and study in the evening are part-time students. 47 reader a university teacher of a rank immediately below a professor, |