Книжка. Завдання до практичних занять
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Тематика та конкретний зміст практичних занять UNIT 1 Topic: Business and Entrepreneurship Vocabulary to include – включати; to range – стояти по порядку в ряд, класифікуватись; to own– володіти; stockholders– акціонери; shares– акції; profit– прибуток; raw materials– сировина; equipment – |ɪˈkwɪpmənt| обладнання; inventions– винаходи; to earn- |ɜːn| заробляти; expenses– витрати; competition– |kɒmpɪˈtɪʃ(ə)n| конкуренція; to affect– впливати; quality– |ˈkwɒlɪti| якість; customers– покупці; to purchase– |ˈpɜːtʃɪs| купувати; discounts– знижки; tangible products – |ˈtæn(d)ʒɪb(ə)l| матеріальні продукти middleman– посередник; sole proprietorship – |səʊl| |prəˈpraɪətəʃɪp| індивідуальне приватне підприємство, одноосібна власність; partnership – товариство, партнерство; corporation– корпорація; owner – власник, господар; entrepreneur– амер. |ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr| |ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː| підприємець; to allow– дозволяти; innovations– інновації; to consider – розглядати, вважати; traits – риси характеру; inspiration– натхнення; sensibility– чутливість. Read the text and be ready to further discussion. Business includes the activities of all commercial producers of goods and services. These producers range from small shops owned by one person to huge organizations owned by thousands of stockholders who have shares in the companies. Business is a free enterprise system depending on the factors both in the economy and within individual companies. The most important of these factors include: 1) productive resources, 2) profits, 3) competition. Productive resources enable business firms to produce goods and services. They include natural resources - land and raw materials, such as minerals, water, and sunlight; capital - a company's factories, suppliers, and equipment, and its money to buy these things; labour - the work of a company's employees; and technology - a firm's scientific and business research and inventions. The productive resources of a business are also known as inputs. The kind and quality of inputs depend on the goods and services (called outputs) that are produced. Profits are the earnings of a firm that are left after all expenses have been paid. These expenses include the cost of productive resources in the form of wages, rent, and interest. The goal of nearly all business firms is to earn a maximum profit. Competition among business firms affects the price and quality of goods and services. Firms must maintain reasonable |ˈriːz(ə)nəb(ə)l| prices and standards to attract and keep customers. People are not likely to buy from a company if they are dissatisfied with its product, or if they can purchase the product for less money elsewhere. Firms compete |kəmˈpiːt| for sales by using such techniques |tekˈniːks| as advertising and by offering special discounts or bonuses. Businesses are generally of three types. Manufacturing businesses (or manufacturers) are organized to process various materials into tangible goods, such as automobiles |ˈɔːtəməbiːlz|, delivery trucks, breakfast, cereals |ˈsɪərɪəlz| or towels |ˈtaʊəlz|. Service businesses produce services such as insurance, car rentals, haircuts or lodging. And some firms |fɜːmz| - called middlemen - are organized to buy the goods produced by manufacturers and then resell them. Business takes different forms. The three major forms of business are: sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. Anyone who owns and operates a business is often considered to be an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs and small businesses owners are motivated by the possibility of earning profits. They also accept the risk of losing money if their businesses fail. The word entrepreneur means “to undertake”. In a business context, it means to start a business. The term was coined by a French economist Jean Baptiste Say in 1800. An entrepreneur is a person who is able to make decisions that allow more efficient use of economic resources. An entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation. Entrepreneurs enter business knowing that success is not guaranteed, and if plans fail, they could lose money. Entrepreneurship is the engine of growth, jobs and opportunities. Entrepreneurship forces “creative destruction” across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and business models. The essence of entrepreneurship is taking risk. Nevertheless, the concept of entrepreneurship has a wide range of meanings. On the one hand, an entrepreneur is a leader who pioneers change. On the other hand, anyone who wants to work for himself or herself is considered to be an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities. Many real-life entrepreneurs operate in teams rather than as single individuals. Entrepreneurs have many of the same character traits as leaders. They need inspiration, motivation and sensibility. An entrepreneur is usually: • a positive thinker and a decision maker; • has an enthusiastic vision, the driving force of an enterprise; • exhibits extreme optimism in the decision-making processes; • is prone to overconfidence and overgeneralizations. Answer the following questions: What does business include? What does business depend on? What do productive resources enable business firms to produce? What are inputs and outputs? What are profits? What is the goal of nearly all business firms? What does competition among business firms affect? Why must firms maintain reasonable prices and standards? How do firms compete for sale? What are the types of business? Define them. What forms does business take? Why do entrepreneurs enter business? What is the concept of entrepreneurship? What traits do entrepreneurs have? According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, give the correct statement: Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects to major undertakings creating few job opportunities. Entrepreneurs have many of the same character traits as leaders. The word entrepreneur means “to decline.” Anyone who owns and operates a business is often considered to be a shareholder. Entrepreneurs enter business knowing that success is not guaranteed, and if plans fail, they could earn money. The three major forms of business are: sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. The productive resources of a business are also known as outputs. Competition among middlemen affects the price and quality of goods and services. Productive resources include natural resources, capital, labour and technology. Entrepreneurship is the engine of growth, jobs and opportunities. III.Read and translate the following definitions into Ukrainian. Study and reproduce them from memory:
IV. Match the terms with their definitions: 1. entrepreneur 2. productive resources 3. business 4. sole proprietorship 5. shareholder 6. natural resources 7. profit 8. share 9. competition 10. partnership a) any organization that seeks profit by providing goods and services to the economic system; b) a business which is owned and controlled by one person, although he or she may employ others in the business; c) one who owns shares of stock in a corporation and has the right to declare dividends and the right to vote on certain company matters; d) a financial benefit that is realized when the amount of revenue gained from a business activity exceeds the expenses, costs and taxes needed to sustain the activity; e) a business owned and run by two or more persons who provide the capital for the business and who share the profits, not necessarily equal; f) a legal entity with authority to act and have liability separate from its owners; g) a single unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company’s capital; h) the natural resources, human resources and capital resources used to make goods and services. i) rivalry in which every seller tries to get what other sellers are seeking at the same time: sales, profit, market share by offering the best combination of price, quality, and service; j) industrial materials and capacities (as mineral deposits and waterpower) supplied by nature. V. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the box. Make up 10 questions to the text:
A corporation is one kind of 1)…. organization. Other kinds of business organizations are sole proprietorships and partnerships. Sole proprietorships are the most 2)…kind of business organization, but most are very small. The reason for their popularity is that they are the easiest and least costly to organize. Sole proprietors own all the 3)… of their enterprises, and they are their «own bosses», free to make whatever changes they please. They have minimal 4)…and do not have to pay the special taxes placed on corporations. Sole proprietors also have opportunity 5)… success and recognition through their individual 6)…. There are also disadvantages. A very serious one is the unlimited 7)… that each proprietor faces. All debts and all problems 8)…the business belong to the owner. A second disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that it has limited capital. The money that a proprietor can 9)… is limited by the amount of his or her savings and ability to borrow. Also, when the owner dies, the business dies. Other disadvantages may include lack of 10)… for employees, 11)…of size and lack of management resources. VI.Translate the following sentences into English: Підприємці - це люди, які мають свій власний бізнес і керують ним, сподіваючись одержати прибуток. Тепер багато вищих навчальних закладів пропонують програми, які вчать студентів, як розпочати бізнес і керувати ним. Близько 50 відсотків підприємців розпочали свій бізнес у тих галузях виробництва, в яких вони вже мали певний досвід. Акціонерне товариство, одноосібне підприємництво – це різні види бізнесових організацій. Одноосібне підприємництво – це бізнес, яким керує одна особа. UNIT 2 Topic: Business Organizations and Human Resources Vocabulary raw materials – сировина; classify – класифікувати; assemble – збирати; finished products – готові продукти; manufacturing sector – виробничий сектор; retail trade – роздрібна торгівля; service sector – сектор послуг; to own – володіти; private sector – приватний сектор; enterprise – підприємство; regulation – регулювання; restriction – обмеження; public sector – державний сектор; utilities – комунальні послуги; relationships – відносини; subsidiary – дочірня компанія, філія; parent company– компанія засновник; holding company – холдингова компанія; conglomerate – конгломерат; joint venture – спільне підприємство; consortium – консорціум; legal entity – юридична особа; to undertake a project – розпочинати, здійснювати проект; shareholders – акціонери; Board of Directors – рада директорів; Chairperson – голова правління; to be in charge of – керувати; Managing Director – генеральний директор; Senior managers – керівник вищого рангу; on the payroll – в штатному складі; to be self-employed – працювати самостійно, працювати не за наймом; work freelance – працювати не за наймом; permanent job – постійна робота; temporary job – тимчасова робота; perks – пільги; supervisor – інспектор, контролер, керівник нижчої ланки; job rotation- зміна робіт, ротація робочих завдань; human resources department – відділ кадрів; to promote– підвищувати на посаді. Read the text and be ready to further discussion. Businesses may be classified in accordance with the industries that they work in: e.g. banking, construction, agriculture, etc. All the companies that make goods from raw materials or assemble components into finished products, work in the manufacturing sector. All the companies that provide services in such fields, as tourism, finance, communications or retail trade, work in the service sector. Besides, a company may be owned by the state, or individuals. Privately-owned and run companies work in the private sector. Thus, a private enterprise is a system that allows individuals within a society to pursue their own interests without governmental regulation or restriction. State-owned and run organizations function in the public sector. When a private company is bought by the state and brought into public sector, the process is called nationalization. As a result the nationalized company is state-owned. When the state returns a company to the private sector the process is known as a sell-off, thus, the company becomes privatized. Usually the companies, that supply services connected with utilities such as electricity, water and gas to individuals, are privatized. There are different relationships between companies. A group of a number of subsidiary companies that operate under one leading company is known as the parent company. A holding company, that is the leading company in a group, is the one that holds all or more than half of the stakes in one or more subsidiaries that are sister companies. A conglomerate is a group consisting of a lot of different companies in different businesses that are run as one large company. When two or more companies decide to work together, they form a joint venture. In this case the two companies involved remain separate legal entities. A consortium is a group of companies which come together to undertake a project which none of the members can carry out alone. Most companies are made up of three groups of people: the shareholders (who provide the capital), the management and the workforce. The management structure of a typical company is hierarchical. At the top of the company ladder is the Board of Directors, headed by the Chairperson or President. The Board is responsible for policy decisions and strategy. It will usually appoint a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer, who has overall responsibility for the running of the business. Senior managers or company officers head the various departments or functions within the company, which may include the following: Marketing, Public Relations, Information Technology or IT, Personnel or Human Resources, Finance, Production, Research and Development or R and D. People engaged in various economic activities are called businesspeople (businessmen and businesswomen). The people who work for an individual or a company (employer) are usually called its workforce, employees, staff, or personnel. They are on the payroll, which is a list of those who work for the company. The payroll traditionally includes monthly-paid staff, weekly-paid staff, and hourly-paid staff. Some people, however, choose to be self-employed or work freelance for several employees. People who start their own companies are entrepreneurs. The workers can have permanent or temporary jobs, and they may also work full-time, part-time, flexi-time, or shifts. If a person gets higher salary or position, he becomes promoted. Sometimes he/she gets perks – a personal office (with a secretary), a personal company car (with a driver), etc. Someone, who is in charge of several people’s work, is called a supervisor. Some companies move their workers regularly between teams or departments, which means a job rotation. People who perform office jobs are white-collar workers, while those working at plants, building sites or factories are called blue-collar workers. A person who works with you is your colleague or co-worker. Human resources (HR) mean people, the skills and experience they bring to an organization.Administration of people is done by the human resources department. The objective of human resources is to maximize the return on investment from the organization’s human capital and minimize financial risk. It is the responsibility of human resource managers to conduct these activities in an effective, legal, fair, and consistent manner. Answer the following questions: How may business be classified? What companies work in the manufacturing sector? What companies work in the service sector? What process is called nationalization? When does the company become privatized? What do you know about different relationships that companies can have with one another? Is a subsidiary owned by another company? What is conglomerate? Under what circumstances is a joint venture formed? Why do companies unite into a consortium? What is the Board of Directors responsible for? What departments do most companies have? What three groups of people are most companies made up of? What do we call people who work in business? What is job rotation? What is the objective of human resources? Suggest the Ukrainian for the following words and word combinations : be classified in accordance with; assemble components; provide services; privately-owned; state-owned;governmental regulation or restriction; supply services; operate under one leading company; remain separate legal entities; carry out alone; on the payroll; monthly-paid staff; weekly-paid staff; hourly-paid staff; start own companies; become promoted; white-collar workers; blue-collar workers; skills and experience; maximize the return on investment; conduct activities. III.Match the terms with their definitions:
IV.Fill in the gaps with the word(s) from the box:
At the top of the company hierarchy is the ……, headed by the… (or President). The Board is responsible for making… and for determining the company’s strategy. It will usually appoint a … (or Chief Executive Officer) who has overall responsibility for the running of the business. … or line managers head the various departments or functions within the company. … are in charge of departments that fulfill major corporate functions, such as sales, human resources, marketing, production, legal, research and development, and purchasing. … is ultimately responsible for the success of a corporation, and is accountable to the board of directors. Below vice-presidents are one or more layers of … who are in charge of smaller units of responsibility, such as specific geographic areas or product lines. The lowest level of a corporate hierarchy belongs to, … which include the administrative, technical and support personnel who perform the tasks that keep a corporation running. The people who are wealthy and invest their money in a company are called… . People running the company make up … . The people who do the actual work are called … . V. Choose the most suitable word from the words in brackets to complete these sentences: A person who works at the same place as you, especially in a profession or a business is (a colleague, a friend, an employee). Many businesses are having trouble (retiring, resigning, recruiting) workers with adequate skills. A (joint venture, subsidiary, group) is a company that is controlled by another company, called a holding company or a parent company. Companies that are subsidiaries of the same holding / parent company are often called (parent company, sister companies, limited companies). (Listed company, consortium, parent company) is more common when referring to a company that is the main owner of a subsidiary and operates in the same type of business. (A conglomerate, holding company, sister company) often describes a company that owns shares in different types of businesses and may or may not carry out its own business activities. Payroll is the list of all the people (fired, employed, dismissed) by a company, and the amount of money paid to each of them. A (conglomerate, consortium, subsidiary) is a corporation that is made up of a number of different, seemingly unrelated businesses. New firm formed to achieve specific objectives of a partnership like temporary arrangement between two or more firms is (a group, a joint venture, a limited company). A (conglomerate, holding company, consortium) is an agreement, combination, or group (as of companies) formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member. VI. Translate the following sentences into English: Для характеристики трудового потенціалу підприємства часто використовують такі поняття, як «кадри», «робоча сила», «трудові ресурси», «людські ресурси», «персонал». Працівники промислово-виробничого персоналу поділяються на дві основні групи - робітники і службовці. Професійно-кваліфікаційна структура службовців підприємства знаходить відображення, в штатному розкладі. За тривалістю найму на роботу найняті працівники поділяються на підгрупи:постійні працівники; тимчасові працівники; сезонні працівники; працівники, найняті на випадкові роботи. Управління персоналом пов’язане з розробкою й реалізацією кадрової політики, що включає планування, наймання та розміщення робочої сили; навчання, підготовку і перепідготовку працівників; просування по службі й організацію кар’єри; умови найму, праці та його оплату; забезпечення формальних і неформальних зв’язків, створення комфортного психологічного клімату в колективі. |