A Grammar of the English Language. Грамматика английского языка. A grammar of the english language
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§ 8. The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing1 denoted by the subject. It is grammatically dependent upon the subject. 1 The word thing is used in a broad sense. N o t e. — This definition does not cover sentences with the formal it as subject. In these sentences the predicate expresses the state of weather, time, or distance, and the subject only makes the sentence structurally complete. As a rule the predicate contains a finite verb which may express tense, mood, voice, aspect, and sometimes person and number. According to the structure and the meaning of the predicate we distinguish two main types: the simple predicate arid the compound predicate. § 9. The simple predicate. The simple predicate is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form. It generally denotes an action: sometimes, however, it denotes a state which is represented as an action. Erik arrived at the lab next morning full of suppressed excitement. (Wilson) And so, after all, the Padre had been thinking of letting him escape. (Voynich) Mr. Rivarez, I have been looking for you everywhere. (Voynich) When Mary was brought in he gave her the local anaesthesia. (Cronin) § 10. There is a special kind of predicate expressed by a phraseological unit, such as to get rid, to take care, to pay attention, to lose sight, to have a wash, to give a push, etc.1 1 There is a great difference of opinion as to the nature of this predicate. Most Soviet grammarians treat it as a subdivision of the simple predicate (Л. П. Винокурова; В. Н. Жигадло, И. П. Иванова, Л. Л. Иофик; М. А. Ганшина и Н. М. Василевская), because it expresses one idea and its two components form an indivisible unit. There is another view according to which it is a subdivision of the compound predicate. Some English grammarians call it a ‘group-verb predicate’. When we clear the forests we get rid of such inconveniences. (Heym) I went to the bathroom and had a good wash for it had been a dusty journey. (Du Maurier) The characteristic feature of this predicate is that the first component, i. e. the finite verb, has lost its concrete meaning to a great extent and forms one unit with the noun, consequently the noun cannot be treated as an object to the verb. This can also be easily proved by the impossibility of putting a question to the second component. C o m p a r e : My friend gave me an interesting book to read. The man gave a violent start. Whereas in the first case we can easily put a question to the object (e. g. What did your friend give you?), in the second case this is impossible. We shall treat this kind of predicate as a subdivision of the simple predicate. For the sake of convenience we shall call it a phraseological predicate. We distinguish two types of the phraseological predicate. 1. Word combinations of the following type: to have a smoke, to have a swim, to have a run, to give a laugh, to give a push, to take a look, to make a move, etc. These combinations consist of a finite verb which has to a great extent lost its concrete meaning and a noun formed from a verb and mostly used with the indefinite article. This predicate denotes a momentaneous action. In Russian this shade of meaning is rendered by different prefixes and suffixes which express, a momentaneous action.
This type of phraseological predicate is characteristic of colloquial speech. Every now and then she gave a half-glance at the people on the pavement. (Lindsay) She gave an unkind throaty laugh. (Lindsay) Troy said, “First of all, sergeant, have a drink.” (Heym) He started, made a short run and stopped and looked over his shoulder. (Dickens) 2. Word combinations of the following type: to get rid, to get hold, to make use, to take care, to lose sight, to make fun, to pay attention, to make up one’s mind, to change one’s mind, to take part, etc. The second component of these combinations is in most cases an abstract noun used without any article. That’s more than twenty years ago. She has never made use of her power or caused me a moment’s uneasiness. (Shaw) You were making fun of mother just now. (Shaw) Then he caught his breath, suddenly reminded of something else. (Wescott) She made a gesture of dismissal and then suddenly changed her mind. (Wescott) It is better that you do not know where 1 live. I will get in touch with you. (Wilson) § 11. The compound predicate. As can be seen from the term itself the compound predicate consists of two parts: (a) a finite verb and (b) some other part of speech: a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a verbal (a participle, a gerund, an infinitive), etc. The second component is the significant part of the predicate. The first part expresses the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice; besides it has a certain lexical meaning of its own. The compound predicate may be nominal or verbal. § 12. The compound nominal predicate. The compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject (e. g. He is tired, The book is interesting), or the class of persons or things to which this person or thing belongs (e. g. She is a student). The compound nominal predicate consists of a link verb and a predicative (the latter is also called the nominal part of the predicate). The link verb (or a verb of incomplete predication) expresses the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, mood, sometimes voice. All link verbs, as the result of a long development, have partly lost their original concrete meaning. One link verb has lost its concrete meaning altogether: this is the verb to be, which can be called a pure link verb as it performs only a grammatical function and can be linked with a predicative expressed by any part of speech used in this function. This is a picture of Leningrad.1 1 In Russian the link verb бытьis generally not used in the Present tense: Его сестра учительница. Most link verbs to some extent preserve their meaning. The following are the most common of these link verbs: to appear, to get, to grow, to continue, to feel, to keep, to look, to turn, to hold, to prove, to turn out, to loom, to rank, to remain, to run, to seem, to smell, to taste, to fall, to stand, to go, to work. His wife sighed and remained silent. (London) Harris grew more cheerful. (Jerome) At my age I get nervous. (Galsworthy) He soon fell fast asleep in my arms, sobbing at longer intervals. (Dickens) The boat seemed stuffy. (Jerome) She, for her part, felt recessive and thence evasive. (Dreiser) Many of these verbs can be used both as verbs of complete predication fully preserving their concrete meaning and as link verbs.
There are some verbs which, though fully preserving their concrete meaning, perform the function of link verbs: they are used with a predicative and form a compound nominal predicate. Here belong: to lie, to sit, to die, to marry, to return to leave, to come, to stand, to fall, to go, etc. After many adventures I and a little girl lay senseless in the Bad Lands. (Haggard) The poor woman sat amazed. (Trollope) I stood transfixed with awe and joy. (Haggard) Here the important thing is not that the speaker stood but that he stood transfixed with awe and joy. Happily, too, the greater part of the boys came back low-spirited. (Dickens) Sometimes the predicative does not immediately follow these verbs but is separated from them by an adverbial. One evening she came home elated. (0. Henry) Thus the same verb when used as a link verb may either lose its meaning or fully preserve it. Irene’s hair was going gray.(Galsworthy) (link verb) Tom went home miserable.(Twain) (notional verb performing the function of a link verb) According to their meaning link verbs can be divided into two large groups: (1) link verbs of being and remaining; (2) link verbs of becoming. The first group comprises such verbs as to be, to remain, to keep, to continue, to look, to smell, to stand, to sit, to lie, to shine, to seem, to prove, to appear, etc. The latter three verbs have some modal colouring. Cotman was a nice-looking fellow, of thirty perhaps... (Maugham) Do not delay, there is no time. Teacher Williams lies dead, already. (Buck) The Western powers stood aloof. (Buck) Idris, aged five, at a litte desk all by himself near the fire, was looking extraordinarily pleased with life. (Cronin) He felt exhausted not with physical fatigue, but with the weight of vague burdens. (Lindsay) Either course seemed unthinkable, without any connection with himself. (Lindsay) The door remained wide open; the voices inside were louder than ever. (Priestley) ...the dancing continues fast and furious. (Douglas) That sounds not unsatisfactory. (Wilde) The second group comprises such verbs as to become, to get, to grow, to come, to go, to leave, to run, to turn, to make, etc. Oh, Adolphus Cusins will make a very good husband. (Shaw) This becomes uninteresting, however, after a time. (Jerome) How can I get married without my best man? (Lindsay) And every month of his life he grew handsomer and more interesting. (Burnett) The great day dawned misty and overcast. (Du Maurier) § 13. The predicative. The predicative is the significant part of the compound nominal predicate. It can be expressed in different ways: 1. By a noun in the common case, occasionally by a noun in the possessive case. She is a pretty child. (Galsworthy) The book is my sister’s. In Russian the predicative is expressed either by a noun in the nominative case or by a noun in the instrumental case. Он учитель. Он был учителем. 2. By an adjective. He’s awfully dear and unselfish. (Galsworthy) Very often the predicative expressed by an adjective in English does not correspond to an adjective in Russian. It often corresponds to an adverb, serving as an adverbial modifier. In this connection particular attention should be paid to the following verbs as they are very often used in everyday English: to look, to feel, to sound, to smell, to taste.
As is seen from the examples given above all these predicative adjectives (with the exception of the one that follows the verb to taste) are rendered by adverbs in Russian. 3. By a pronoun — personal, possessive, negative, interrogative, reflexive, indefinite, defining. It was he. The guns were his. (London) You are nobody. (London) Why? What is he? (Galsworthy) But she was herself again, brushing her tears away. (Lindsay) As a rule the pronoun in the function of a predicative is in the nominative case, but in Modern English there is a marked tendency to use personal pronouns in the objective case, especially the personal pronoun I. It’s me, Matt. (Lindsay) Someone said, “That’s him!” 4. By a word of the category of state. He was aware all the time of the stringy tie beneath the mackintosh, and the frayed sleeves... (Greene) But I’m afraid I can’t keep the man. (Galsworthy) By a numeral, cardinal or ordinal. I’m only 46. (Shaw) Mr. Snodgrass was the first to break the astonished silence. (Dickens) By a prepositional phrase. The things were outside her experience. (Wells) After all, the little chap was on the side of the Capital. (Galsworthy) 7. By an infinitive, infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction. June’s first thought was to go away. (Galsworthy) His first act was to bolt the door on the inside. (Dickens) The best thing is for you to move in with me. (Abrahams) 8. By a gerund, gerundial phrase, or gerundial construction. My favourite sport is swimming. The great secret, Eliza, is not having bad manners or good manners or any other particular sort of manners, but having the same manners for all human souls. (Shaw) The topic of their conversation was their going on an expedition. 9. By Participle II or very seldom Participle I; the latter is generally adjectivized. He was surprised at the sound of his own voice. (London) Here was change, indeed! I fell back astounded in my chair. (Buck) It is very distressing to me, sir, to give this information. (Dickens) The moment was soothing to his sore spirit. (Sanborn) (A detailed treatment of the difference between a compound nominal predicate with a predicative expressed by Participle II and a simple predicate expressed by a verb in the Passive Voice is given in Chapter VII, Passive Voice, § 6.) 10. By an adverb. That was all. It was enough the way she said it. (Sanborn) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||