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А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for
Переведите следующие предложения. Определите тип условных предложений:
1. If biopsy had revealed cancer cells in the lung, the patient would have been operated on. 2. If the temperature is extremely high viruses will not survive.
The gastric juice would contain much mucus if the examined patient had carcinoma. 4. The patient would not have developed severe anaemia, if he had not suffered profuse external bleeding because of a bad injury.
Дайте полную форму бессоюзных придаточных условных предложений:
1. Had obstruction not been controlled, the patient would have undergone an emergency surgery. 2. Could the nurse carry out this procedure herself, she would not ask the doctor to help her. 3. Were I in your place, I should discontinue penicillin treatment. 4. Had the pain not radiated to the substemal area, the diagnosis of angina pectoris would have been excluded.
Прочтите предложения, обратите внимание на выделенные слова и их перевод. Ответьте на вопросы и выполните задание:
а) If he were not ill he would be at the Institute today (tomorrow). Were he not ill, he would be at the Institute today (tomorrow).
If he had not been ill he would have been at the Institute yesterday.
б) It is necessary that he should examine the patient immediately. It is desirable that she be at the clinic at 2 o’clock.
It is important that he take this book.
в) The doctor insists that this pro cedure be carried out immedi ately.
I wish he be well again as soon as possible.
r) She looks as if(as though) she were ill.
д) You must keep your bed lest you should have a complication.
He repeated his experiments many times so that he might get the exact data.
Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте сегодня (завтра).
Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте вчера.
Необходимо, чтобы он осмотрел больного немедленно.
Желательно, чтобы она была в кли нике в 2 часа.
Важно, чтобы он взял эту книгу.
Врач настаивает, чтобы эта проце дура была выполнена немед ленно.
Как я хотел бы, чтобы он выздоро вел как можно скорее!
Она выглядит так, как будто бы она больна.
Вы должны лежать в постели, что бы не было осложнения.
Он повторял эксперименты много раз, чтобы можно было полу чить точные данные.
1. Что выражает сослагательное наклонение? 2. Как передается в английском языке сослагательное наклонение? 3. Определите виды придаточных предложений, в которых употребляется сослагательное наклонение. 4. Как образуется сослагательное наклонение в русском языке?
* Переведите предложения и объясните перевод:
1, It is necessary that the group of blood be determined before the transfusion is given to the patient. 2. The physician suggested that the electrocardiogram should be repeated. 3. He looked as if he were very tired. 4. It is not very likely that hemoglobin level should increase in the course of the disease. 5. It is better to operate on immediately lest the appendix should rupture.
The doctor insisted that chemotherapy be discontinued. 7.1 wish the findings of the laboratory analyses be better.
Прочтите слова, которые совпадают с русским значением, а затем слова, которые не совпадают:
immunity [i’mju:niti], invasion [in’veijn], natural [‘naetjral], absolute [‘aebsalu:t], antidote [‘aentidout], specific [spi’sifik], neutralize [‘nju:tralaiz], vital [‘vaitl]
Выучите следующие слова. Переведите предложения:
lack [laek] v нехватать, недоставать; и недостаток,нехватка, отсутствие. The patient was lacking red blood cells.
relative [‘relativ] а относительный; relative to smth относительно чего- л., по поводу чего-л. Relative association was established in those two cases. This article was relative to the latest developments in genetics.
previous [‘pri;vjas] а предшествующий, предыдущий. The previous attack of pain was particularly severe.
injure [lind33] v повреждать, поражать, травмировать. The patient developed acute pain because of the injured leg.
inject [in’d3ekt] v вводить (лекарство); делать инъекцию. Tuberculin was injected to this patient.
subcutaneous [‘sAbkju’teinjas] а подкожный. Subcutaneous injections were given to this patient daily.
employ [im’pbi] v применять, использовать
Образуйте новые слова при помощи префиксов и переведите их:
sub-: cutaneous, cortical, febrile, serous, sternal, mucous; in-: sufficient, direct, active, adequate, digestion, complete
1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложение, содер жащее сослагательное наклонение. 3. Выпишите английские эквивален ты следующих словосочетаний:
прямой контакт, особое свойство сопротивляемости, в (при) различных условиях, выздоровление наступает, наличие любой инфекции
Напишите аннотацию этого текста:
Text A. Immunity
Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.
But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.
In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.
If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.
The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Translate the following sentences:
If Anton Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) [iiu:anhuk] had not discovered the specific power (силу) of lenses, he should not have seen the world of microbes.
The patient’s sclerae were yellow as if he had jaundice. 3. The patient must be given vaccination lest he should become infected. 4. Chronic gastritis would not be so dangerous to life if the patient were not so young. 5. It is likely that the symptoms should recur since the process of inflammation has not been controlled yet. 6. It is necessary that the patient be administered a strict diet to control gastric pains.
Pick out the appropriate phrase fo end the sentences:
1. If the human body had no resistance capacity... (a) people would develop any infectious diseases; 6) even direct contacts with infected people would never result in diseases) 2. If a previous attack of a certain infectious disease did not produce a more or less permanent immunity... (a) all of us would be immune (невосприимчивые) to any subsequent attack of this particular infection; 6) people would lack resistance to subsequent infection) 3. If all of us had absolute immunity... (a) antitoxins would not be able to neutralize toxins; 6) no infectious disease would ever develop in the human organism)
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