English for computer science students учебное пособие
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storage — запоминающее устройство, память; хранение resource — ресурс; средство; возможность facility — устройство; средство facilities — приспособления; возможности equipment — оборудование; аппаратура; приборы; устройства available — доступный; имеющийся (в наличии); возможный display — дисплей; устройство (визуального) отображения; показ manner — способ, образ (действий) sequence — последовательность, порядок (следования) sucсessively — последовательно data storage hierarchy — иерархия (последовательность) запоминания информации (данных) to enter - входить; вводить (данные); заносить, записывать comprehensive groupings — полные, обширные, универсальные образования meaningful — имеющий смысл; значащий (о данных) item — элемент; составная часть record — запись, регистрация; записывать, регистрировать file — файл; заносить (хранить) в файл set — набор; множество; совокупность; серия; группа; система data base — база данных related — смежный; взаимосвязанный; относящийся (к ч.-л.) 2. Прочтите текст и скажите, как вы понимаете термины «обработка информации» и «иерархия запоминания информации». Text 1. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts — unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information. We use the term data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great quantity. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment, people and materials. The need for converting facts into useful information is not phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components. Basic data processing operations Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows. Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual display. Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed. Data storage hierarchy It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows. 1) Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols. 2) Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields. 3) Records, which are collections of related data elements. 4) Files, which are collections of related records. A set of related files is called a data base or a data bank. 3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста 1. 1. What is processing? 2. What is data processing? 3. What does the term of data processing system mean? 4. What basic operations does a data processing system include? 5. What is inputting / storing / outputting information? 6. What do you understand by resources? 7. How did ancient Egyptians convert facts into useful information? 8. When were mechanical aids for computation developed? 9. What does data storage hierarchy mean? 10. What are the general groupings of any data storage hierarchy? 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Системы обработки информации; определение (термина) обработки данных; совокупность фактов; последовательность действий; преобразование входных данных в полезную информацию; включать ресурсы; завершить обработку данных; обеспечивать ввод информации в компьютер; ленты принтера; расходовать в большом количестве; размещать компьютерное оборудование; нуждаться (требовать) в приспособлениях; явление современной жизни; на протяжении доисторического периода; превращать информацию в выражения; регистрировать отливы и приливы; прогнозировать урожай зерновых культур; механические средства вычисления; ввод данных; хранение данных; первоначальная обработка данных; дополнительная обработка; выдача полезной информации; напечатанное сообщение; зрительное отображение; последовательность запоминания информации; записанные символы языка; элементы информации; база данных; набор взаимосвязанных файлов. 5. Переведите следующие цепочки существительных: - Data resource; storage resource; network resource; security resource; system resource. - Communication facilities; data base facilities; display facilities; management facilities. - Distance control; device control; keyboard control; position control; program control. - Computer storage; laser storage; file storage; disk storage; data storage hierarchy. - Character sequence; instruction sequence; message sequence; pulse sequence. - Batch file; catalog file; data file; help file; input file; output file; menu file; user file. - Command input; data input; disk input; file input; keyboard input; program input. 6. Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, определения, представленные справа. 1. Computer a) the set of instructions that direct the operations of computers; 2. Computer literacy b) a part of a computer, entering data into the device; 3. A program c) facts unorganized but able to be organized; 4. Data d) the output of a data processing system; 5. Data processing e) possessing sufficient knowledge of how computers work and what they can do to use them as problem-solving tools; 6. Data processing f) a series of operations that results in the conversion of data system into useful information; 7. Input g) an electronic device performing calculations on numerical data; 8. Output h) an electronic device accepting the data processing results from the computer and displaying them; 9. Useful information i) a set of related files; 10. Data bank j) the resources required to accomplish the processing of data. These resources are personnel, material, facilities and equipment. 7. Проанализируйте неличные формы глагола и правильно переведите предложения. 1. Data are processed to become useful information. 2. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information. 3. Resources required for accomplishing the processing of data are called data processing system. 4. Processing is a series of operations converting inputs into outputs. 5. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment. 6. Egyptians used the information to predict crop yields. 7. Information to be put into the computer for processing should be coded into ones and zeroes. 8. Processing is operations on data to convert them into useful information. 9. The first machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. 10. Hollerith built one machine to punch the holes and the other to tabulate the collected data. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2. manual — ручной, выполняемый вручную to take advantage of smth — воспользоваться ч.-л. capability — способность; возможность; характеристика accuracy — точность; правильность; четкость (изображения) correctly — правильно; верно to eliminate — устранять; удалять; отменять; ликвидировать to make errors — допускать ошибки (погрешности) error-prone — подверженный ошибкам to remain vulnerable — оставаться уязвимым, чувствительным invalid data — неверные, неправильные, недопустимые данные communications networks — сети передачи данных; сети связи travel — перемещение; прохождение; путь; ход instant response — мгновенный ответ (реакция) to respond — отвечать; реагировать access —доступ; обращение; обращаться, иметь доступ capacity of storage — объем (емкость) памяти to retrieve — извлекать, выбирать (данные); восстанавливать (файл) value — значение; величина; значимость; ценность; оценка; оценивать objective — цель; требование; целевая функция cost-effective — экономичный; экономически оправданный challenge — трудность; препятствие; представлять трудность 9. Прочтите текст и скажите, каковы основные достоинства компьютеров. Переведите текст. Text 2. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers. Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data. Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservations system is an example of a data communications network. Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry about transportation or lodgings and receive an almost instant response. Another example is an office communications system that provides executives with access to a reservoir of date, called a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work stations. Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is constantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data stored is decreasing. Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if clients had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second. Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society. 10. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What capabilities should data-processing systems combine when designed? 2. What are the main advantages of computers? 3. What do you know of computers accuracy? 4. What is the function of communication networks? 5. Give examples of a data communication network. 6. What do you understand by capacity storage? 7. What other values of computer data processing systems do you know? 8. What is an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems? 9. What is the most effective computer data processing system? 10. What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial society? 11. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Система обработки информации компьютером; система ориентирования на обработку данных компьютером; сочетать возможности человека и машины; ограничивать управление; вряд ли допустят ошибку; оставаться уязвимым; недопустимые данные; легкость осуществления связи; сеть передачи информации; системы, основанные на использовании спутников; служащие по резервированию жилья; получить мгновенный ответ; наводить справки; хранилище данных; корпоративная база данных; объем памяти; запоминать огромное количество информации; извлекать информацию; добавить значимости; упомянутый выше; доля секунды; подверженный ошибкам; экономически оправданный. 12. Вспомните значение новых слов и догадайтесь о значении их производных. То eliminate:elimination; eliminable; eliminator; unlimited. To respond:respondent; response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility. Accuracy:inaccuracy; accurate; inaccurate; accurately. Correctly:correct; incorrect; to correct; correction; correctional; corrective; corrector. Vulnerable:invulnerable; vulnerability; invulnerability. Invalid:valid; invalidity; validity; Access: accessible; inaccessible; accessibility; inaccessibility. 13. Преобразуйте предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы, в а) прошедшее время; б) будущее время. 1. Computers can replace people in dull routine work. 2. The program is a set of instructions that mayalso include data to be processed. 3. Computer-controlled robots mustincrease the productivity of industry. 4. They canhelp in making different decisions. 5. The pupils maywork with computers at the lessons. 6. Electric pulses canmove at the speed of light. 7. Storage devices musthave capacities for the input, output data and programs and for intermediate results. 8. Business minicomputers canperform to 100 million operations per second. 9. In order to solve scientific problems researchers mustdeal with the language of science — mathematics. 10. Programmers mustwrite application programs in a way that computers canunderstand. 14. Составьте на русском языке аннотации к текстам, предложенным ниже. Обратите внимание на то, что стиль аннотаций, как правило, имеет безличностный характер. Выберите и используйте при работе следующие клише: Статья (текст) посвящена проблеме / вопросу ... В начале статьи речь идет о ...; дается определение...; обосновывается значимость ...; привлекается внимание к ... Далее описывается ...; рассказывается ...; рассматривается ...; излагается ... В частности, отмечается, например, ...; подробно излагается ...; описывается схема ...; указывается ...; доказывается мысль ... Наконец раскрывается ... В заключение — приводятся примеры Подытоживая сказанное, следует отметить... Как мне кажется, статья может представлять интерес для ... Думается, статья может оказаться полезной для ... 1. The ENIAC (1943-1946) The first all-electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was developed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. It was developed as a result of a military need. J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly proposed the machine to solve the problem of calculating firing tables for new weapons. The ENIAC weighed 90 tons, its 18.000 vacuum tubes demanded 140 kilowatts of electric power. Although it was fully electronic, the ENIAC had two major shortcomings: it could store and manipulate only a very limited amount of information, and its programs were wired on board. Since its programs were hardwired — that is, the programs operating the computer were established by physically changing the patterns of the wires interconnecting the vacuum tubes — the machine was not so flexible in operation. These limitations made it difficult to detect errors and to change the programs. And yet, the project was successful and the ENIAC was used for many years to solve ballistic problems. 2. The EDVAC (1946-1952) Although the idea of an automatic computing engine occurred first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a century later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the principles that fixed the pattern of computer design. Dr.John von Neumann, professor of mathematics at the Prinston Institute of Advanced Study, together with P.Eckert, J.Mauchly and Goldstine became a project member of a new improved computer, the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC). Von Neumann was a major contributor to the project as he developed the concept of storing instructions as well as data in the memory of the computer. As a result it became possible to replace the writing board, which so seriously handicapped the operation of the ENIAC. Von Neumann is also given a share of the credit for introducing the idea of storing both instructions and data in a binary code instead of decimal numbers or human-readable words. 3. The UNIVAC I (1951) P.Eckert and J.Mauchly left the EDVAC project to form their own company and built the UNIVAC I computer. UNIVAC stands for UNIVersal Automatic Computer. The first UNIVAC was installed in the Census Bureau in 1951, and it was used continuously for 10 years. From the University laboratories the computer finally entered the wider world in 1951 with the invention of first UNIVAC I. It was the first digital computer which was not "one of a kind", it was produced in quantity. In 1952 IBM (International Business Machine) introduced the 701 commercial computer. Although limited in storage capacity by modern standards, the 701 could add a column of 10-digit numbers as tall as the Empire State Building in one second. Very soon improved models of the UNIVAC I and other 701-series machines were introduced. In 1953 IBM produced the IBM 650 which used a magnetic drum for storage and was popular with business and science. 15. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменно перевод предложенных выше текстов. UNIT 5 COMPUTER SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1. architecture - архитектура; структура architect — разработчик архитектуры (системы, структуры) unit — устройство; модуль; блок; элемент; составная часть accessory equipment — вспомогательные устройства engineering background — техническая подготовка, квалификация analyst — аналитик; системный разработчик product line — серия (компьютерных) продуктов manufacturer — изготовитель; производитель; разработчик application programmer — прикладной программист to simulate — моделировать; имитировать voltage — напряжение pressure — давление, сжатие digital computer — цифровой компьютер hybrid computer — смешанного типа, аналого-цифровой компьютер discrete — дискретный; отдельный continuous quantity — непрерывная величина on-going process —продолжающийся, постоянный, непрерывный процесс to rely — основываться на ч.-л.; полагаться to install — устанавливать; размещать; монтировать; настраивать household appliances — домашние приборы / устройства microwave oven — микроволновая печь indoor climate control system — система регуляции температуры в доме 2. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких типах компьютеров и сферах их применения вы узнали. Text 1. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting. Now we'll get acquainted with the computer system units that perform these functions. But to begin with let's examine computer systems from the perspective of the system designer, or architect. It should be noted that computers and their accessory equipment are designed by a computer system architect, who usually has a strong engineering background. As contrasted with the analyst, who uses a computer to solve specific problems, the computer system architect usually designs computer that can be used for many different applications in many different business. For example, the product lines of major computer manufacturers such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation and many others are the result of the efforts of teams of computer system architects. Unless you are studying engineering, you don't need to become a computer system architect. However, it is important that as a potential user, applications programmer or systems analyst you understand the functions of the major units of a computer system and how they work together. Types of computers The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control. Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going, or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing. Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital computers. 3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1 Who designs computers and their accessory equipment? 2. What is the role of an analyst? 3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect? 4. What functions do computer systems perform? 5. What types of computers do you know? 6. What is the principle of operation of analog computers? 7. How do digital computers differ from analog computers? 8. Where are digital and analog computers used? 9. What are hybrid computers? 10. Where do they find application? 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Функции ввода, хранения, обработки, управления и вывода информации; познакомиться; системные блоки; для начала; вспомогательные устройства; разработчик компьютерной системы; хорошая компьютерная подготовка; различные сферы применения; корпорация цифрового оборудования; прикладной программист; системный разработчик; главные устройства компьютерной системы; моделировать физические величины; измерение сигналов; в отличие от; иметь дело скорее с дискретными, чем непрерывными величинами; в режиме реального времени; коммерческие операции; цифровое вычисление; аналого-цифровые компьютеры; тенденция к установке систем управления; домашние приборы. 5. Образуйте и переведите имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов: A. -er, -or То control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert, to print, to consume, to record. B.-tion, -sion To organize, to collect, to combine, to apply (ic), to represent, to add, to corporate, to transact, to compute, to produce, to operate, to execute, to protect, to substitute, to prepare, to invent, to decide, to eliminate, to communicate, to correct, to inform. С -ment To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to accomplish, to improve, to develop, to achieve, to displace, to govern, to move. 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие |