English for computer science students учебное пособие
 Скачать 0.86 Mb.
|
|
Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства. 1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems. 5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 6. Being discrete events commercial transactions are ina natural form for a digital computer. 7. As contrasted with the analyst, the computer system architect designs computers for many different applications. 8. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 9. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice — to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 10. As known all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting. 7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2. hardware — аппаратное обеспечение; аппаратура; оборудование software — программное обеспечение; программные средства system software — системное программное обеспечение application software — прикладное программное обеспечение firmware — встроенное /микропроцессорное программное обеспечение visible units — видимый блок, устройство procedure — процедура, процесс; метод, методика; алгоритм to associate — соединять; объединять; связывать associated documentation — соответствующая документация to execute applications programs — выполнять прикладные программы payroll — платежная ведомость inventory control — инвентаризация; переучет investment analyses — анализ инвестиций (капиталовложений) to protect — защищать read-only memory (ROM) — постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ) to refer to — относиться к; ссылаться на to substitute — заменять; замещать to cause — заставлять, вынуждать; причина, основание to accomplish — завершать, заканчивать; выполнять, осуществлять performance — производительность; быстродействие; рабочая характеристика 8. Прочтите текст 2 и объясните, как вы понимаете термины «аппаратное обеспечение» и «программное обеспечение». Переведите текст. Text 2. HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software — the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software. Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team. Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software. Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read-only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on. Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition. 9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6. Who prepares systems software? 7. What are applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What is firmware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware? 10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Видимые устройства; система обработки данных; аппаратное обеспечение; набор компьютерных программ; соответствующая документация; эффективная работа; системное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение; системный программист; платежная ведомость; переучет; анализ инвестиций; прикладная программа; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное запоминающее устройство; последовательность команд; в случае; производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину выполнять ту же функцию; выполнять сложение. 11. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь перевести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами. Architecture:communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual architecture. Software:system software; application software; database software; disk software; educational software; game software; management software; simulation software. Hardware:computer hardware; device hardware; display hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hardware; system hardware; video hardware. Procedure:accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure; data-processing procedure; decision procedure; error-correcting procedure; formatting procedure; installation procedure; management procedure; solution procedure. Protection:computer protection; data protection; device protection; display protection; error protection; hardware protection; software protection; resource protection; security protection; system protection; virus protection. 12. Озаглавьте каждый компонент текста и составьте небольшой реферат к нему. STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS 1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum tubes, and are considerably smaller. Transistors are less expensive and more reliable. They were mechanically rugged, had practically unlimited life and could do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were made of crystallic solid material called semiconductor. With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed. 2. The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the development of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were generally each about the same size as packaged transistors. Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element — the switch, or "flip-flop', which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged into a single small unit in 1960. The chip was an important achievement in the accelerating step of computer technology. 3. In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) developed the Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC) in a kit. The Altair had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to enter the information. Its capacity was less than one per cent that of the 1991 Hewlett-Packard handheld computer. But the Altair led to a revolution in computer electronics that continues today. Hardware manufacturers soon introduced personal computers, and software manufacturers began developing software to allow the computers to process words, manipulate data, and draw. During the 1980s computers became progressively smaller, better and cheaper. Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. A wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background. 13. Выполните письменный перевод упр. 12 (по вариантам). К О Н Т Р О Л Ь Н Ы Е В О П Р О С Ы What do you know about computers? What does "a computer-literate" person mean? What is the role of computers in our society? What is electronics? Where are electronic devices used? What invention contributed to the appearance of electronics? When and where was the transistor invented? What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum tube? When was the integrated circuit discovered? What is the essence of the integrated circuit? What is microelectronics? What techniques does microelectronics use? What scales of integration are known to you? What do you understand by microminiaturization? What was the very first calculating device? Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? Who invented the first calculating machine? How was the first calculating machine called? What was the first means of coding data? What Business Corporation was the first to produce computers? In what fields were the first computers used? When was the first analog computer build? What was the name of the first digital computer? Who built the first digital computer? What is ENIAC? Decode it. Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions in binary code? What does binary code mean? What were computers of the first generation based on? What invention contributed to the appearance of the second generation computers? What was the essence of the third computer generation? What is the basis of the fourth computer generation? What is a computer? What are the main functions of the computers? What is a program? What are data? What is data processing? Name four advantages of computer data processing. What is capacity storage? What is hardware? What is software? Who designs computers? Т Е С Т О В Ы Е З А Д А Н И Я UNIT 1 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. Information is given into the computer in the form of ________. a) ideas; b) characters; c) rules 2. The basic function of a computer is __________ information. a) to switch; b) to keep; c) to process 3. The data needed for solving problems are kept in the ________. a) memory; b) input device; c) output device 4. Inputting information into the computer is realized by means of _________. a) a printer; b) letters; c) diskettes 5. A computer can carry out arithmetic-logical operations __________. a) quickly; b) instantaneously; c) during some minutes 6. Computers have become _________ in homes, offices, research institutes. a) commonwealth; b) commonplace; c) common room 7. Space uses computers widely. a) information; b) production; c) exploration 8. Computers are used for image _________. a) processing; b) operating; c) producing 9. Computers help in of economy. a) environment; b) management; c) government 10. Air traffic control depends on computer- _________ information. a) generated; b) instructed; c) combined 2. Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, определения, представленные справа. 1. Computer a) a machine by which information is received from the computer; 2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters; 3. Input device c) an electronic machine that processes data under the control of a stored program; 4. Memory d) a disk drive reading the information into the computer; 5. Output device e) information given in the form of characters. UNIT 2 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. Transistors have many_______ over vacuum tubes. a) patterns; b) advantages; c) scales 2. They very little power. a) consume; b) generate; c) embrace 3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements connected together by some circuit _________technique. a) processing; b) assembly; c) manipulation 4. The transistor consists of a small piece of a_______ with three electrodes. a) diode; b) conductor; c) semiconductor. 5. Modern began in the early 20th century with the invention of electronic tubes. a) miniaturization; b) electronics; c) microelectronics 6. John Fleming was the of the first two-electrode vacuum tube. a) generator; b) receiver; c) inventor 7. One of the transistor advantages was lower power ________in comparison with vacuum tubes. a) consumption; b) reception; c) transmission. 8. Microelectronics greatly extended man's intellectual __________. a) subsystems; b) capabilities; c) dimensions 2. Раскройте скобки и выберите глагол в требуемом залоге: действительном или страдательном. 1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of discrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately. UNIT 3 1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово. 1. British scientists invented a ________ way of multiplying and dividing. a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical 2. A new branch of mathematics,______, was invented in England and Germany independently. a) mechanics; b) arithmetics; c) calculus 3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding ________ by punched cards. a) letters; b) data; c) numbers 4. Soon punched cards were replaced by ___ terminals. a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard 5. Mark I was the first computer that could solve mathematical problems. a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical 6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing in formation in a ________code. a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary 7. Vacuum tubes could control and electric signals. a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate 8. The first generation computers were and often burned out. a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable 9. Computers of the second generation used which reduced computational time greatly. a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes 10. Due to the development of the fourth generation computers became possible. a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminiaturization 2. Выберите правильный перевод предложений, содержащих неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, |