Практ.пособие_АЯ_Банникова Л.С_Ч1_2005. Гомельский государственный университет имени Франциска Скорины
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Упражнение 20. Найдите русские эквиваленты формам сказуемого в английских предложениях.
been developed for obtaining low temperatures. 2. New and more exact methods are б) были разработаны
temperatures.
stars were detected by the results from our spacecrafts.
stars are now being detected by the results from our spacecrafts.
solar cells. Упражнение 21. Найдите русские эквиваленты подлежащим в английских предложениях. 1. I told the engineer to test the device. а) мне 2. I was told to test this device. б) я 3. The engineer was shown this type а) инженер of computers. 4. The engineer shows us this type б) инженеру of computers. 5. The problem was discussed at the meeting. а) проблема 6. The problem was very difficult for б) проблему solving. 7. Scientists are given all the possibilities а) ученым for their research work. 8. Scientists achieved great results in the б) ученые field of cybernetics. Упражнение 22. Прочтите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, определите время и залог сказуемого. 1. Actually the term “computer” is fast being replaced by the more appropriate term “electronic data processing machine”. 2. While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory. 3. This kind of computers will be equipped with a disc file of extremely high capacity and access speed. 4. The scientists were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not find it. 5. The staff will discuss the advantages of the new equipment. 6. Our faculty is housed in an old building of the university. 7. In the past few years several projects have been advanced and some have actually been realized. 8. The scientists who are carrying out research into ecology of the region deal with all aspects of the problem. 9. For half an hour the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators. 10. The solar energy is converting the energy of the sun rays directly into electric energy. 11. For a long time the electronic devices were being used for control. 12. Business variables have been and are being expressed as mathematical functions and are being statistically analyzed.13. Promising prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody. 14. The purification methods are now being used by all industrial enterprises. 15. This experiment was being carried out under low pressure for more than an hour. 16. Eight distinguished speakers have been asked to consider the potentialities and limitations of the computer in activities related to management. 17. When a battery is being charged, a certain number of amper hours will be added to the battery. Упражнение 23. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы перевода страдательного залога, и подчеркните отделяемый предлог. 1. A number of scientific experiments in the near earth region has been referred to in that article. 2. New devices for automatic aerodynamic control will be spoken of at the next scientific conference. 3. The unmanned space flights have been referred to in many scientific reports. 4. As a consequence (следствие) of the very high beam velocity, a large amount of waste energy must be disposed of (избавляться). 5. The extremely high voltage of the transformer was spoken of at the conference. 6. The method that has been introduced by that group of engineers will be dealt with in the next article. 7. New methods for measuring the results of the experiments are being in search of. 8. The detailed description of the speed indicator is insisted upon by the chief engineer. 9. For the first time the problem under discussion was referred to last year. 10. The body may be acted on by any number of forces. 11. This engine is usually referred to as an internal combustion (внутреннее сгорание) engine. 12. An interesting case takes place, when a body is acted on by two forces which are opposite in direction. 13. The resistance of a given conductor depends on the material it is made of. 14. The operation of a given device depends upon the efficiency free electrons are produced with. 15. There is, however, one particular mode of variation (изменение) which is met with in practice so frequently. Упражнение 24. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, определите время и залог глагола сказуемого. 1. When a beam (луч) is subjected to bending, internal pressure is set up. 2. The meteor showers are moving in parallel directions through space with the same speed. 3. Freezing points as well as boiling points are affected by external pressure. 4. The magnetron is a vacuum tube whose current is influenced by a magnetic field. 5. In the common radio tubes electrons are thrown off from the cathode when it is heated. 6. Radio Astronomy deals with the reception of radio waves which are being generated by some processes in outer space. 7. Radioactive isotopes give an excellent method of treatment (лечение) for many diseases, and are already being widely used for treatment by hospitals. 8. When a body or structure is subjected (подвергать) to external loads (нагрузки), internal forces are created by deformation of the body. 9. When a current flows through a coil (катушка) there is a varying (переменный) magnetic field causing (вызывать) self-induction. Упражнение 25. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение модальных глаголов. 1. The designers can always improve the operation of these computers. 2. The engineers must first test new devices before using them in school laboratories. 3. The students didn’t have to conduct any experiments in this field of science. 4. The mass may be defined as the quantity of matter remaining constant everywhere. 5. To detect very weak radio signals a highly sensitive radio receiver is to be used. 6. The students were allowed to use all the laboratory equipment. 7. We must say that the discovery of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire. 8. Every researcher may use different methods in his research work. 9. This equipment can work with high accuracy. 10. The atom is a great force that must be used for the good of mankind. 11. Chemists must create the materials which don’t exist in nature. 12. This kind of energy must find application in transport. 13. As the known resources of coal and oil are limited, man has to find new sources of power. 14. We are to take into consideration all advantages and disadvantages of this device for the future work. 15. Without a computer scientists will not be able to solve complicated problems. 16. This machine can do the work of hundreds of workers. 17. With the help of radioactive elements we were able to measure the thickness of various materials. 18. There is hardly any sphere of life where the atom may not find useful application. 19. Workers must apply new methods of production. 20. This cell was to convert nuclear energy directly into electricity. 21. This mechanism may be responsible for the second stage of the experiment. 22. The positive charge distribution must be spherical in shape. 23. The rate at which samples oxidize may be twice as fast in moist atmospheres as in dry ones. 24. This effect might be accounted for (объяснить) in terms of a selective absorption at the surface. Упражнение 26. Переведите словосочетания и предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод причастий. А) The discussed idea; the research team working at the problem; the achieved results; the countries establishing scientific contacts; the methods developed in our laboratory; the conference organized by our department; the laboratory developing new research methods; the instruments required for our experiment; the conference dealing with space research; scientific cooperation established by the two countries; scientists discovering new medicine; the experiments carried out in our laboratory; the question discussed at the conference; the results of the research applied in industry; the data analyzed in our laboratory; the problems solved with the help of a computer; particles orbiting around a nucleus. В) 1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2. While testing the motor we put down the results. 3. There is no simple explanation of the functioning of transistors. 4. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 5. Look at the reading of the device. 6. Robots are helping research scientists to answer many difficult questions. 7. By the beginning of the 20th century man had learned something of the structure of the atom. 8. When applying these automatic devices we shall be able to control automatic lines. 9. The applying of lasers enables us to amplify electromagnetic waves. 10. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive. С) 1. The discovery mentioned remained unknown to most scientists for a long time. 2. The equipment tested required further improvement. 3. When passed through a motor, electric current can do work. 4. The students have conducted all the experiments. 5. These instruments recorded the cosmic rays and the information obtained was sent back by the radar to the ground. 6. When heated, a magnet loses some of its magnetism. 7. The results received changed with material used. 8. Unless repaired, this part cannot be used in the radio set. 9. The substances investigated showed quite interesting properties. 10. When developed, the device was used for amplification of radio signals. 11. The developed technology enables us to improve the quality of articles produced. 12. The first laser was developed in 1960. 13. The methods introduced received general recognition. 14. If frozen, water becomes ice. 15. The device used in our work is up-to-date. 16. The apparatus tested is looked upon as an experimental one. 17. When required, these data will be applied in our practical work. 18. The investigation analyzed resulted in an interesting discovery. Упражнение 27. Выберите предложения, в которых причастие выполняет функцию обстоятельства, определите форму причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. All electrical conductors dissipate (излучать) heat when carrying current. 2. In many maps and charts the lines representing latitude and longitude are represented by straight lines. 3. Each element exists in a number of varieties (разнообразные формы) called isotopes, having the same atomic number. 4. Having been tested the new apparatus was recommended for work in all the laboratories. 5. A piece of ice will melt if thrown into water. 6. If heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism. 7. Rubber-covered wire with no fabric cover is usually satisfactory. 8. When first exhibited at the exposition, the telephone attracted very little attention. 9. It was announced that spacecraft Luna 15 had landed in a selected area. 10. The atmospheric effects are responsible for a new field of meteorology often referred to as microwave meteorology. 11. When inspecting the apparatus you must not touch the relay itself but only watch its operation. 12. Having been seen in action the device was greatly modified. 13. The device is used to indicate the number of revolutions per minute being made by the engine (двигатель). 14. Being designed by a talented scientific worker the device was a success. 15. Having selected the operation mode the operator must inform the engineer. Упражнение 28. Определите функцию слов с суффиксом -ed в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык. 1. Every conductor has a certain property called its electric resistance. 2. It was Lenz who proved that the heat produced in a given time is proportional to the square of the current. 3. Ice placed in a kettle over a fire expanded a little and melted. 4. Everybody knows that the sun is the origin source of all the energy stored in fuels (во всех видах топлива). 6. The Centigrade scale is the official scale of temperature used in Europe. 7. All the tests made on the model showed that some improvements (усовершенствование) should be made. 8. The experiments were conducted in the orbital space ship with control panel located in the new module. Упражнение 29. Определите функцию и форму причастия в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The scientist working at this design is well known. 2. Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments. 3. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents. 4. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 7. Being cooled water turns into ice. 8. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it. 9. Transistors contain no moving parts. 10. The scientist is carrying on an important research. 11. Developing the new method they achieved good results. 12. Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.13. When making the experiment he made notes. 14. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current. 15. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.16. Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people. 17. Our power engineering develops much faster than that of the other developed countries, including the USA. 18. Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year. 19. While being checked the motor showed good performance. 20. The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty. 21. Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance. 22. X-rays are produced when matter is bombarded by a fast moving stream of negatively charged particles. 23. The model being shown to us now has been made by one of the best specialists of our laboratory. 24. A vacuum tube is a device consisting of a number of electrodes contained within an evacuated enclosure (оболочка). Упражнение 30. Преобразуйте предложения в соответствии с предложенным образцом. Example A: While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures. While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures. 1. When he was translating the article he used a dictionary. 2. While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments. 3. When the scientist was carrying out research in the field of nuclear physics he came to Dubna to work there. 4. When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results. 5. While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful. 6. When the engineer was improving the design he made many calculations. 7. While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples. 8. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results. Example B: The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems. The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems. 1. The scientist who is working at the method is well known. 2. The students who are listening to the taped lesson study at the evening faculty. 3. These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory. 4. The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled, 5. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor. 6. The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties. 7. The workers who are building this house will soon finish their work. Упражнение 31. Подчеркните “независимый причастный оборот”, определите форму причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The speed being higher, the degree of ionization increases. 2. The speed of the particle is also a factor affecting the ionization density. 3. On an average night a single observer sees about eight meteors every hour, the hourly rate depending upon the time of night and the season of the year. 4. It was calculated that the first satellite would be travelling at the altitude up to 800 miles, with the air resistance being completely negligible. 5. Many regulators are composed of a number of control elements connected in series, the output of one used as the input to the next. 6. Charged particles like electromagnetic waves are also affected by magnetic fields, the magnetic field of the Earth having a marked influence on a stream approaching it. 7. The sun is a source of a great variety of radiations, many of which producing important effects on the earth's atmosphere. 8. The proper conditions created, we could study the particles possessing tremendous energy. 9. There being no other traffic, the driver can maintain a constant speed of 60 km/hr. 10. The cyclotron may be regarded as a modification of the linear accelerator, the particles being transferred from one to the other by the action of a magnetic field. 11. The positive pole having been brought near the negative pole, the latter attracts it. 12. The experiments being demonstrated, all the students watched them with great attention. 13. There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing the relation between volume and temperature. 14. A new radio set having been shown to them, they began to examine its details. 15. Electrons leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged. 16. We defined the volume, all the measurements having been done with respect to the instruction. 17. The computer performing addition, two numbers to be added come from the memory. 18. Atoms consist of three kinds of particles — electrons, protons and neutrons, the number of particles determining the kind of element. 19. The workers increased the output of measuring instruments, new devices having been applied in all the shops of the plant. 20. The experiment having been carried out, the students left the lab. 21. I was writing the report, my friend helping me. 22. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases. 23. The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation. 24. The resistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small. 25. A great variety of substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them. 26. A series of attempts having been made, Popov came to a successful solution of the problem. Упражнение 32. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение неличных форм глагола. 1. When there are no forces pulling or pushing a body that body must always be in equilibrium. 2. When rubbing (тереть) a glass rod with a piece of silk, you develop a large difference of potential. 3. Two bodies being placed in contact with each other, the temperature of the hot body falls, while that of the cold one rises. 4. Having defined two units of power, the horsepower and the kilowatt, we may use these to define two new units of work, the horsepower-hour and the kilowatt-hour. 5. A device contains a box of metal, one side of the box being fixed, while the other side presses the indicator needle (стрелка). 6. Members of the delegations were given the opportunity to acquaint (познакомиться) themselves with the scientific research being carried on in the Institute in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. 7. When reading a map a pilot must be able to interpret the map. Упражнение 33. Выберите предложения, в которых встречается 1) герундий и 2) причастие, и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Numbers can be multiplied by repeated addition or by using multiplication tables. 2. A steam engine (паровой двигатель) uses steam made by the fuel having been burnt outside the engine. 3. Most of nuclear reactors are installations usually consisting of the following elementary parts. 4. The next question of the discussion is making a programme for the computer. 5. Of course we are limited today by computer size and especially by our understanding of what we try to model. 6. Adding numbers is the easiest process in the system of calculation. 7. A new computer will be used for all types of data processing. 8. Having made a great number of experiments with different devices the research group chose the best one for practical work. Упражнение 34. Определите форму и функцию герундия, переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Representing the electric field by means of these lines helps us to picture the forces between the charged bodies. 2. On entering the lens the rays are bent toward the principal axis. 3. Measuring the temperature of the dew (роса) point is the most accurate method of determining relative humidity. 4. Radar is used in finding the position of a target with respect to a fixed point on the ground. 5. There are two common methods for measuring angular velocity. 6. The chain reaction releases great quantities of neutrons which must be prevented (которым следует помешать) from escaping into the atmosphere. 7. He remembered once having read that at very low temperatures some metals become super-conducting. 8. In spite of its having been compressed, the gas returns to its original volume as soon as the applied force is removed. 9. Knowledge is not in itself sufficient (достаточный), you must also practice the art of applying this knowledge to problems you meet with. 10. Protecting the personnel against radioactive radiation holds an important place in the scheme of things done at the atomic power plant. Упражнение 35. Определите формы и функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях, и переведите их на русский язык. 1. Equipment must be analyzed to determine the kinds of equipment needed. 2. To maximize the utilization of the high-speed computing potentialities of the digital computer, it is necessary to use discs. 3. The system should be designed to meet information requirements. 4. A common objective is to minimize the cost of a computer. 5. Some of the immediate benefits (выгоды) to be obtained from automatization are the following. 6. Computing machines in general are expected to perform arithmetic operations. 7. One of the most important things for the pilot to know is how high he is flying. 8. The time required for the sound to travel to and from the target is very short. 9. Heat absorbed by a liquid causes the liquid to evaporate. 10. We know copper to be distinguished by its red colour from all other metals. 11. The natural tendency of heat to flow from a higher to a lower temperature makes it possible for a heat engine to transform heat into work. 12. The professor made the students repeat the experiment. 13. We want them to receive this information as soon as possible. 14. We know the first atomic power station to have been built in 1960-ies. 15. The only thing for you to do is to use a microscope. 16. A material which allows electricity to flow through it is called a conductor. 17. We did not see them make this experiment. 18. For him to take this decision was not easy. 19. We think this work to be completed in a month. 20. Our professor wants us to use these data. 21. It was easy for our mechanic to repair this device. 22. Electronics enabled scientists to take pictures of the moon. 23. For the decision to be correct all facts must be considered. Упражнение 36. Подчеркните в предложениях “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом” и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. These elements are known to have been found two decades ago. 2. Semiconductors are shown to be good detectors of radio waves. 3. Metal is known to conduct electricity. 4. Electrical charges are known to be positive and negative. 5. This engineer appears to have presented some interesting data. 6. The problem of new generators is likely to be one of the most essential. 7. This method of switching is sure to be cheaper. 8. All the details of the plan are supposed to have been explained to you. 9. The chemist is expected to obtain a new substance. 10. They are considered to carry out their research in time. 11. The origin of the word 'robot' is said to have appeared first in a play of a Czech playwright, Karel Chapec. 12. Four atomic power stations are assumed to be built for experimental purposes. 14. The improvement of the technological processes is supposed to ensure lower cost of power. 15. Long transmission lines are known to be necessary for the transfer of electric energy over long distances. 16. Some types of reactors are known to produce more nuclear fuel during their operation than they consume. 17. A computer center is expected to be installed at the school next year. 18. The system is expected to have wide application in data processing. 19. Business applications of computers may not appear to be as difficult as scientific problems. 20. More limitations are likely to exist on the freedom to modify processing methods. 21. We expect a computer to work for a long time without a fault. Упражнение 37. Выберите предложения, которые содержат “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом” и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The engineers were glad to have obtained such good results. 2. Our task is to study well. 3. This system is expected to have wide application. 4. For him to have done these experiments is a great success. 5.Heat causes the liquid to evaporate. 6. The Soviet Union is known to have put into operation the first atomic station in 1954. 7. The engineer made his assistants check the results many times. 8. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 9. The idea to use this new substance is not new. 10. The application of this device in our experiment is certain to give better results. Упражнение 38. Подчеркните инфинитивный оборот с предлогом "for", определите его функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1.It is difficult for many countries to achieve higher standards of living. 2. For large industries to plan a year's work in advance became quite usual nowadays. 3. All the necessary instructions for that computer to work properly have been given. 4. In the course of time some better methods may be found for accurate work. 5. At that time no method was available for nuclear power to be used for driving a spacecraft. 6. The examiner waited for the student to answer something. 7. Our laboratory is always ready for new experiments to be performed. 8. It was really difficult for the researcher to see the cause of the failure as the equipment was modern. 9. The Institute where the scientist spent ten years of his research was a proper place for his experiments to be made. 10. They published the results of their research for their colleagues to discuss the possible ways of their continuation. 11. There were many students’ assays for the professor to read but he put them all away. 12. It’s still impossible for me to write about the time we were making a series of these dangerous experiments. Упражнение 39. Переведите следующие предложения, определите, какой частью речи является в предложении выделенное слово. 1. The world now needs new sources of energy. The task of the state is to satisfy basic needs of its people. 2. There is no life without water. They water the flowers every day. 3. The intensity of solar energy in the tropics can be more than a kilowatt per square metre. In the centre of the city there was a large old square. 4. The sun’s rays heat the water in the pipes. Cold is the absence of heat. 5. The focusing collector traps a high amount of solar energy. They used special kinds of traps for catching animals. 6. We saw some new houses in this region. This building houses several offices. 7. Light is a form of energy. We usually light a lamp when it gets dark. 8. Physicists study light diffusion under different conditions. This is a very light room. 9. This work is hard. Work hard and you will succeed. 10. This substance forms many compounds. The forms of life are numerous. 11. The study of this phenomenon is very important for the chemist. The physicists study the structure of matter. 12. We time our clock by radio. It is high time to go to the University. 13. We must set the time for the beginning of the experiment. Give the workers a set of tools. 14. The train for London leaves at 10 o’clock sharp. Where will you go on your leave? 15. Point out all the mistakes in the translation. Speak to the point, there is not much time left. Упражнение 40. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом. 1. This substantial magnetic momentum could have been produced at the formation of rocks. 2. Continental drift, caused by the movement of crustal plates, must have been going on throughout geological time. 3. The theory could have been wrong. 4. The theory states that organic molecules may have been formed from inorganic materials. 5. In the absence of water, amino acids – the structural elements of proteins – could not have been produced. 6. Because of its strong gravitational field Jupiter may not have lost the early atmosphere from which its satellites may have been formed. 7. Almost four billion years must have passed between the appearance (появление) of life on the Earth and the development of current technological age. 8. Most scientists agree that at some time the Earth must have passed through a molten (расплавленный) or partially molten state. 9. The first crystallization could have taken place deep in the interior. 10. The platforms of the continents must have been formed in this period. 11. The earliest life forms ought to have appeared over three billion years ago. 12. Chance mutations may not always have been successful. 13. The tropical zone should have suffered most from the process of erosion. 14. The condensation theory proposes that the Sun could have formed from a large cloud of dust and gas. 15. The decay of radioactive elements ought to have heated the Earth until its internal temperature rose to about 7000C. 16. A generation ago it may have been sufficient to restrict discussion of environmental modifications to fauna, flora and soil. 17. In nature genetic experiments must have been constantly carried out. 18. According to this theory, continents must have been built up gradually. 19. The proportions and arrangements of continents and oceans may have changed considerably over the past 200 million years. 20. There are many facts suggesting that about 15 billion years ago the whole present Universe should have been compressed into a ball much smaller than a pinhead. Упражнение 41. Определите тип придаточных условных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык. A. 1. If a solid body or a liquid is heated, it will usually expand. 2. If you want to carry out your experiment successfully, you should thoroughly prepare all the necessary ingredients. 3. The measurements were always correct provided the necessary instruments were used. 4. If you want to speak a language, you must hear it spoken. 5. If a machine is to make usable translations, the machine itself must be able to extract some meaning of the text. 6. If we are to believe some forecasts, computers may become a common thing of every day used by almost everybody. 7. If the model fits well, the observed data will be correct. B. 1. If sound could propagate in interplanetary space it would cover this distance in 14 years. 2. If the earth were as hot as Venus, the oceans would evaporate. 3. Were it not for ionosphere, radio waves would propagate like light waves only within the limits of visible horizon. 4. If I were to see your experiment, I should get a clear conception of this phenomenon. 5. But for electricity little could be done in a modern research laboratory. 6. If a new telephone system were installed on the line we should be able to improve the reliability of telephone service. 7. If life existed on the Venus, we should know it. 8. It would be better if some experiments were repeated. 9. If the Earth did not rotate, it would not take the shape of a ball. C. 1. If he had prepared the material beforehand, he might have done the work quite easily. 2. If they had completed the research, the results would have been discussed at the conference. 3. The manned spaceships might not have been launched into the cosmos, unless scientists had studied the information received from the space satellites. 4. Could these observations have been proved theoretically they would have done much to advance our knowledge in the field of space research. 5. If he had been able to get all the books on that subject, his report would have been much better. 6. Had he taken into account the properties of the substance under study, he would have been careful when working with it. |