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  • The English Bill of Rights (1689) An Act Declaring the Bights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown

  • The U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America

  • Amendment I.

  • Amendment II.

  • Just_English_2 часть. Just English. Английский для юристов 43


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    To the King's most excellent majesty

    HUMBLY shew unto our sovereign lord the King, the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons in parliament assembled, That whereas it is declared and enacted by a statute made in the time


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    of the reign of King Edward the First commonly called Statutum de tallagio поп concedendo, That no tallage or aid shall be laid or levied by the King or his heirs in this realm, without the good will and assent of the archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, knights, burgesses, and other freemen of the commonalty of this realm; (2) and by authority of parliament holden in the five and twentieth year of the reign of King Edward the Third, it is declared and enacted, That from thenceforth no person should be compelled to make any loans to the King against his will, because such loans were against reason and the franchise of the land; (3) and by other laws of this realm it is provided, That none should be charged by any charge or imposition called a benevolence, nor by such like charge; (4) by which the statutes before mentioned, and other the good laws and statutes of this realm, your subjects have inherited this freedom, That they should not be compelled to contribute to any tax, tallage, aid or other like charge not set by common consent in parliament.

    1. Yet nevertheless, of late divers commissions directed to
      sundry commissioners in several counties, with instructions, have
      issued; by means whereof your people have been in divers places
      assembled, and required to lend certain sums of money unto your
      Majesty, and many of them, upon their refusal so to do, have had
      an oath administered unto them not warrantable by the laws or
      statutes of this realm, and have been constrained to become bound
      to make appearance and give attendance before your privy council
      and in other places, and others of them have been therefore
      imprisoned, confined, and sundry other ways molested and
      disquieted; (2) and divers other charges have been laid and levied
      upon your people in several counties by lord lieutenants, deputy
      lieutenants, commissioners for musters, justices of peace and others,
      by command or direction from your Majesty, or your privy council,
      against the laws and free customs of the realm.

    2. And where also by the statute called The Great Charter
      of the liberties of England, it is declared and enacted, That no
      freeman may be taken or imprisoned, or be diseased of his freehold
      or liberties, or his free customs, or be outlawed or exiled, or in
      manner destroyed, but by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by
      the law of the land.

    3. And in the eight and twentieth year of the reign of King
      Edward the Third, it was declared and enacted by authority of
      parliament, That no man of what estate or condition that he be,
      should be put out of his land or tenements, nor taken, nor

    imprisoned, nor disherited, nor put to death without being brought to answer by due process of law:

    V. Nevertheless against the tenor of the said statutes, and other
    the good laws and statutes of your realm to that end provided, divers
    of your subjects have of late been imprisoned without any cause
    shewed; (2) and when for their deliverance they were brought before
    your justices by your Majesty's writs of Habeas Corpus, there to
    undergo and receive as the court should order, and their keepers
    commanded to certify the causes of their detainer, no cause was
    certified, but that they were detained by your Majesty's special
    command, signified by the lords of your privy council, and yet were
    returned back to several prisons, without being charged with any
    thing to which they might make answer according to the law:

    1. And whereas of late great companies of soldiers and
      mariners have been dispersed into divers counties of the realm, and
      the inhabitants against their wills have been compelled to receive
      them into their houses, and there to suffer them to sojourn, against
      the laws and customs of this realm, and to the great grievance and
      vexation of the people:

    2. And whereas also by authority of parliament, in the five
      and twentieth year of the reign of King Edward the Third, it is
      declared and enacted, That no man should be forejudged of life or
      limb against the form of the great charter and the law of the land;
      (2) and by the said great charter and other the laws and statutes of
      this your realm, no man ought to be adjudged to death but by the
      laws established in this your realm, either by the customs of the
      same realm, or by acts of parliament: (3) and whereas no offender
      of what kind soever is exempted from the proceedings to be used,
      and punishments to be inflicted by the laws and statutes of this
      your realm: nevertheless of late time divers commissions under your
      Majesty's great seal have issued forth, by which certain persons
      have been assigned and appointed commissioners with power and
      authority to proceed within the land, according to the justice of
      martial law, against such soldiers or mariners, or other dissolute
      persons joining with them, as should commit any murder, robbery,
      felony, mutiny or other outrage or misdemeanor whatsoever, and
      by such summary course and order as is agreeable to martial law,
      and as is used in armies in time of war, to proceed to the trial and
      condemnation of such offenders, and them to cause to be executed
      and put to death according to the law martial:

    VIII. By pretext whereof some of your Majesty's subjects have
    been by some of the said commissioners put to death, when and

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    where, if by the laws and statutes of the land they had deserved death, by the same laws and statutes also they might, and by no other ought to have been judged and executed:

    IX. And also sundry grievous offenders, by colour thereof
    claiming an exemption, have escaped the punishments due to them
    by the laws and statutes of this your realm, by reason that divers
    of your officers and ministers of justice have unjustly refused or
    forborn to proceed against such offenders according to the same
    laws and statutes, upon pretence that the said offenders were
    punishable only by martial law, and by authority of such
    commissions as aforesaid: (2) which commissions, and all other of
    like nature, are wholly and directly contrary to the said laws and
    statutes of this your realm:

    X. They do therefore humbly pray your most excellent Majesty,
    That no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan,
    benevolence, tax, or such-like charge, without common consent by
    act of parliament; (2) and that none be called to make answer, or
    take such oath, or to give attendance, or be confined, or otherwise
    molested or disquieted concerning the same, or for refusal thereof;
    (3) and that no freeman, in any such manner as is before-mentioned,
    be imprisoned or detained; (4) and that your Majesty would be
    pleased to remove the said soldiers and manners, and that your
    people may not be so burdened in time to come; (5) and that the
    aforesaid commissions, for proceeding by martial law, may be
    revoked and annulled; and that hereafter no commissions of like
    nature may issue forth to any person or persons whatsoever to be
    executed as aforesaid, lest by colour of them any of your Majesty's
    subjects be destroyed, or put to death contrary to the laws and
    franchise of the land.

    XI All which they most humbly pray of your most excellent Majesty as their rights and liberties, according to the laws and statutes of this realm; and that your Majesty would also vouchsafe to declare, That the awards, doings and proceedings, to the prejudice of your people in any of the premises, shall not be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; (2) and that your Majesty would be also graciously pleased, for the further comfort and safety of your people, to declare your royal will and pleasure, That in the things aforesaid all your officers and ministers shall serve you according to the laws and statutes of this realm, as they tender the honour of your Majesty, and the prosperity of this kingdom. Qua quidem petitione lecta & plenius intellecta per dictum dominum regem taliter est responsum in pleno parliamento, viz. Soit droit fait come est desire.

    The English Bill of Rights (1689)

    An Act Declaring the Bights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown

    Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm, did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine present unto their Majesties, then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following:

    Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom;

    By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;

    By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament;

    By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law;

    By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;

    By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;

    And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly diverse jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;

    And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;

    And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;

    All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm;

    And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his

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    Highness the prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date], in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters elections having been accordingly made [...]

    And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare:

    That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;

    That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;

    That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;

    That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;

    That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;

    That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;

    That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;

    That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;

    And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.

    And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during their lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives, and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly.

    Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, France and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration.

    And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, being the two Houses of Parliament, should continue to sit, and with their Majesties' royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted, to which the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and proceed to act accordingly.

    And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his

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    marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did become, were, are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the royal state, crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated, united and

    annexed.

    And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of this nation doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted, established and declared, that the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining, shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their joint lives; and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promise that they will stand to, maintain and defend their said Majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained, to the utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary.

    And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable • to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same, or to have, use or exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead;

    And that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her coming to the crown, sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled, or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the time of his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make, subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entitled, "An Act for the more effectual preserving the king's person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of Parliament."

    But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years. All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament, and shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for ever; and the same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual

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    and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established accordingly.

    II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority
    aforesaid, that from and after this present session of Parliament no
    dispensation by non obstante of .or to any statute or any part thereof
    shall be allowed, but that the same shall be held void and of no
    effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except
    in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill
    or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament.

    III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before
    the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one
    thousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or
    invalidated by this Act, but that the same shall be and remain of
    the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act
    had never been made.

    The U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776)

    The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America

    When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.—We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

    Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.

    But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.

    To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.—He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.—He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.—He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.—He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.—He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.—He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.— He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.—

    He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.—He has made judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.—He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.—He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the Consent of our legislatures.—He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.—He has combined with others



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    to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:—For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:—For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:—For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:—For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:—For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:—For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:— For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:—For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:—For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.—

    He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.—He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.—He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.—He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.—He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

    Nor haye We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and

    magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.—

    We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.— And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honour.

    The U.S. Bill of Rights (1791)

    Amendment I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

    Amendment II. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

    Amendment Ш. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

    Amendment IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.




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    Amendment V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation

    Amendment VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

    Amendment VII. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

    Amendment VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments

    inflicted.

    Amendment IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

    Amendment X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

    European Prison Rules (1990s)

    1. The deprivation of liberty shall be effected in material and
      moral conditions which ensure respect for human dignity and are
      in conformity with these rules.

    2. The rules shall be applied impartially. There shall be no
      discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion,
      political or other opinion, national or social origin, birth, economic
      or other status. The religious beliefs and moral precepts of the group
      to which a prisoner belongs shall be respected.

    3. The purposes of the treatment of persons in custody shall be such as to sustain their health and self-respect and, so far as the length of sentence permits, to develop their sense of responsibility and encourage those attitudes and skills that will assist them to return to society with the best chance of leading law-abiding and self-supporting lives after their release. [...]

    8. In every place where persons are imprisoned a complete and secure record of the following information shall be kept concerning each prisoner received:

    1. information concerning the identity of the prisoner; •

    2. the reasons for commitment and the authority therefore;

    3. the day and hour of admission and release. [...]




    1. In allocating prisoners to different institutions or regimes,
      due account shall be taken of their judicial and legal situation
      (untried or convicted prisoner, first offender or habitual offender,
      short sentence or long sentence), of the special requirements of their
      treatment, of their medical needs, their sex and age.

    2. Males and females shall in principle be detained separately,
      although they may participate together in organised activities as
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