УЧЕБНИК 1 КУРСА. Learningenglis ru learningenglis ru
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GRAMMAR: TWO OR MORE NOUNS TOGETHER A. In English two or more nouns can be combined together. In the noun + noun construction, the first noun functions like an adjective and describes the second noun. Very often, the first noun answers the question What kind?Translate these noun combinations from the text: oil resources (the resources of oil) interest rate moves (moves of a rate of interest) Find other noun combinations and translate them. Give examples of your own. GRAMMAR: VERB+ing B. What are the main forms of the verb? Study these uses of verb+ing and translate the examples from the text.
* 1. Many verbs are followed by ‘-ing’ form.
I don’t mind telling you.
Can you imagine buying that car!
Avoid giving any unnecessary data.
They kept on working for a while.
I can’t help worrying. NB With the verbs underlined we can also put an object before the ‘–ing’ form. Can you imagine Helen buying that car! 2.Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its ‘-ing’ form (doing, working) or infinitive (to do, to work).
a) an action or state before the action of the first verb. He finished doing her accounts yesterday. b) the activity itself. The second verb functions like a noun. He recommends selling shares now.
a) a purpose She wishes to ask you a favour. b) a future situation They are planning to launch a new project. 3. Some verbs can be followed by either ‘–ing’ form or an infinitive.
I love meeting people. = I love to meet new people. NB The underlined verbs can be followed by either ‘–ing’ form or an infinitive but the meanings are very different!!! They stopped making fax machines.(finish an action) We stopped to get petrol.(finish one action in order to do another one) C. Look at the italicized words in the sentences below and say what the ways of using “verb+ing” are? Translate these sentences. 1) The UK is steadily movingtowards the formation of a knowledge-based economy focusingon high technology, flexible workforce and innovative work solutions. 2) More than 25 percent of entrepreneurs established financial companies, dealingin public shares and bonds. 3) The business and financial services include the trading, investment and real estate sector. 5) This business offers more freedom in making company policies. 6) Processing raw materials is the field of the manufacturing sector.7) Revenues have stopped coming in.8) The English dislike people asking them what they earn. D. Make up ‘-ing’ clauses.
E. Open the brackets using an ‘-ing’ form or infinitive.
G. Translate the sentences and say what the ways of translation of ‘-ing’ form in Russian are. 1) It’s a waste of money buying things you don’t need. 2) It’s no use arguing any more. 3) Britain is a leading member of both the EU and the Commonwealth. 4) In the fields of arts, broadcasting and sport Britain continues to lead the world. 5) Despite having only 1 % of the world’s population, Britain is the fourth largest trading nation in the world. 6) British agriculture is noted for its efficiency and productivity and at the same time comprehensive planning and control have steadily reduced air and water pollution. 7) Tax policy in a developing country constitutes an essential part of development policy. 8) Banks put much of their funds in a variety of bonds and other lower-yielding financial instruments. 9) Resulting profit or loss will cause a change in the proprietor’s capital. 10) An accounting period may follow the calendar, in which case it begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of the same year. The business is then said to have a calendar-year accounting period. Any business that has an accounting period consisting of 12 months other than a calendar year is generally known as a fiscal-year accounting period. 11) The financial statements present the accounting information in formal reports that tell managers, creditors, prospective investors, how the business is doing. 12) The National Bureau of Economic Research determines the amount of the business activity in the economy by looking at things like employment, industrial production, real income and wholesale-retail sales. 13) Banks prefer to make loans instead of simply putting their money into bonds and other safer investments. 14) All businesses exist for the purpose of earning a profit. 15) Consumer loans are used mainly for financing major purchases. 16) A good rule of thumb for determining the difference between a recession and a depression is to look at the changes in GNP. 17) A bank’s principal activities revolve around gathering deposits and placing this money in either loans or investments of various kinds. 18) The most obvious way in which additional assets can be obtained for the business is by borrowing. 19) Investments may be either short- or long-term assets depending on the nature of the investments. 20) The Bank’s report on aid effectiveness identified a number of policies, ranging from micro-economic stability, through micro-economic efficiency, to the policies oriented towards the poor. 21) The EU imposes strict quotas and high tariffs on products from efficient producers in Latin America, while allowing free access to those from a handful of small African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. It claims it is providing aid by giving producers from poor countries preferential access and good prices. 22) WTO members’ common goal is rising standards of living in developing countries. Achieving that goal will require difficult decisions. 
1 One of Britain’s greatest leaders, who was the Prime Minister of the country during World War II 2 He discovered the law of gravity when an apple fell on his head 3 He tried to prove that our remote granddads and grannies were monkeys 4 This man invented the telephone 5 This Queen ruled for the longest period in British history 6 A member of the Beatles who was murdered in the US 7 The author of Jungle Book
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