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UNIT 4

HIGHER EDUCATION

Module 1 Higher education in Russia

PREVIEW

1. 
   Discuss the following questions in groups.
   

1) What is the importance of getting higher education?

2) Do all countries have the same higher educational system?

3) What are some of your best (worst) memories of elementary and high school?

B. Make up groups of four. Study the following reasons of getting higher education. Present your point of view to the class.

The primary purpose of higher education is to ….

The primary purpose of higher education should be to ….

to have fun to learn how to learn

to learn job skills to develop artistic skills

to prepare for tests to make friends

to make connections to become open-minded

to develop your body to learn how to research

to increase IQ to become cultured

to prepare for living in society

C. Read and answer the questions about the following people who proved their teachers wrong and express your own opinion on each story.

1. 
   Who did more than get married and raise a family?
   
2. 
   Who followed the teacher’s advice and didn’t go on to university?
   
3. 
   Who failed an exam in a subject which she later proved to be very good at?
   

LISTENING

(First Certificate Expert, New Edition, Coursebook, CD 1, track 7)

1. 
   You will hear a radio discussion in which two students are talking about their first few weeks in higher education. First discuss these questions.
   

1. 
   How does being at college/university differ from being at school?
   
2. 
   What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuing your education rather than getting a job?
   

2. 
   Listen again. For questions 1-5, choose the best answer a, b or c.
   

1) What advice does Leanne give about getting to know people in the first weeks at university?

a Join lots of sports clubs.

b Try not to judge people on first impressions.

c Make friends with people studying the same subject as you.
2) What does Harry regret about his first two weeks at college?

a not going out enough

b not doing more work

c not saving his money
3) Leanne was able to manage financially at university by

a living at home

b getting a part time job

c Finding ways of economizing
4) What is Harry’s view on attending lectures?

a Don’t bother going

b You should make detailed notes/

c They are useful as an introduction to the subject.
5) What do they both find difficult about working without supervision?

a motivating yourself

b not getting distracted

c understanding the task
C. Discuss the questions below.

1) What advice would you give to school-leavers starting higher education?

2) What do you think is the best way to get to know new people?
VOCABULARY

1. 
   Complete the sentences with the correct word. Use each word once only.
   

1) professor/teacher

When I was 12, my English … encouraged me to write stories.

Our … at university was more interested in his research than in teaching.

2) check/control

Before you hand in written work, you should … it carefully for mistakes.

The children in Mr. Adam's class are so naughty that he cannot … them.

3) career/course

Dr Jenkins ruined his … when he gave several patients the wrong drug.
They sent him on a two-week … to learn how to use the new computer.

4) subject/lesson

Monday's French … was so boring I thought it would never end.
I think physics is a difficult … to study at university level.

5) educate/train

I'm sure your company will … you to use the new equipment.
Many people feel that schools do not … children very well these days.

6) degree/grade

I think this composition deserves a better …than C, don't you?

Although my … was in chemistry, the headmaster still let me teach biology.

2. 
   Study the following phrasal verbs and find their definitions in the dictionary: to carry out, to get across, to get down, to go over, to hand in, to keep up, to pick up, to stay on, to turn up, to work out.
   
3. 
   Match the phrasal verbs in italics in the sentences to the definitions a) – j) below.
   

1. 
   The Principal handed in his resignation.
   
2. 
   The students turned up late for class.
   
3. 
   The teacher got her ideas across very well.
   
4. 
   We worked out the answers very easily.
   
5. 
   He stayed on at university another year.
   
6. 
   I got down to work as soon as I arrived.
   
7. 
   A taxi picked them up and took them to college.
   
8. 
   She kept up with the other students.
   
9. 
   We carried out a survey on staff attitudes.
   
10. 
    He went over the exercise with his students.
    

arrived collected managed to understand stayed level with

e) performed f) examined g) gave to a person in charge

h) communicated i) started j) remained

D. Complete these sentences with the phrasal verbs from Exercise C in the correct form.

1) Haven't your notes … yet? Perhaps they are in your coat.

2) Are you … after class tonight or going home?

3) Who's going to … that experiment?

4) It is time I … marking the papers.

5) … your answers carefully.

6) I haven't … my homework yet. It is still in my bag.

7) I can't … all the latest technology.

8) Come and … your old coursework from my office.

9) He didn't really … his meaning … to the students.

10) We are trying to … the best way to meet students' needs.
E. Read these tips for exam success and match phrasal verbs from a) – h) with their definitions from 1) – 8).

Six tips for exam success

• 
  Keep your reading up (a) during the term so that you have less to read just before the exam.
  
• 
  Brush up on (b) some of the things you learnt a long time ago; they may possibly come up (c) in the exam.
  
• 
  Don't just mug up (d) on the key points you need for the exam and hope that you'll scrape through (e) with little effort.
  
• 
  On the other hand, don't try to do everything. Swatting up (f) on everything you have done all term means you will have to revise a lot of useless things too.
  
• 
  Concentrate on polishing up (g) the most important areas and your best skills.
  
• 
  Don't fool yourself that you'll pass the exam on the basis of what you've picked up (h) during the lectures and classes. You will need to revise!
  

1. 
   continue to do something
   
2. 
   practice and improve your skills or your knowledge of something, usually something you learned in the past but have partly forgotten
   
3. 
   if a question or a subject comes up in an exam, that question is asked or questions about that subject are asked in the exam
   
4. 
   quickly try to learn the main facts about a subject, especially before an exam
   
5. 
   manage with a lot of difficulty to succeed in something
   
6. 
   learning as much as you can about something, especially before exam
   
7. 
   practicing and improving your skills or your knowledge of something
   
8. 
   learnt by absorbing it rather than studying it
   

F. Choose phrasal verbs you have known to complete this letter.

Cambridge, 20 June Dear Auntie Meg, At last my first year exams are over. It's such a relief. I feel as if I've done nothing but (1) for them for ages. Although, I'd (2) with work quite well during the year, I still needed to (3) everything that we had covered, of course. Fortunately, everything that I hoped would (4) in the exam paper did. So I hope I've, done OK and haven't just (5). Now all I have to do is (6) one course assignment, which I need to hand in by the end of term. We don't (7) till the end of the month and so I won't be home till then. We don’t (8) until the end of September, so it’llbe a lovely long break. I look forward to seeing you soon. Love, Suzanna.

5. 
   Which of these would make most students happy and why?
   











READING 1: HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

1. 
   Study the vocabulary.
   

   arrears	задолженность
   on a competitive basis	на конкурсной основе
   Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education	аттестат о среднем образовании
   comprehensive knowledge	всесторонние познания
   curriculum	курс обучения, учебный план
   to be dismissed	быть отчисленным
   educational establishment	образовательное учреждение
   expenses/expenditures	расходы
   precious	совершенный
   to raise funds	привлекать капитал, средства
   to sign a decree	подписывать указ, приказ

2. 
   Before you read, answer these questions.
   

1. 
   What do you know about higher education system in Russia?
   
2. 
   Is it different from other systems of higher education?
   

3. 
   Read and translate the text.
   

The system of higher education in Russia started with the foundation of the universities in Moscow and St Petersburg in the middle of the 18^th century. In 1724 the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established the university and a grammar school. However, these educational establishments didn’t fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov who suggested the idea of establishing university in Moscow. In 1755, on 25 January, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna signed a decree of university foundation. According to Lomonosov’s plan, there were originally three faculties. First, all the students acquired a comprehensive knowledge in the field of science and humanities at the faculty of Philosophy. Then they could specialize and continue at the faculty of Philosophy or join either the Law faculty or the faculty of Medicine. Lectures were held either in Latin, the language of educated people at that time, or in Russian. Originally, tuition at Moscow University was free for all students; later only poor students were exempt from tuition fees. The state funding didn’t cover all the University expenses; thus the administration had to find ways to raise additional funds.

In general, the system of higher education in Russia was constructed similar to that of Germany. Due to demands of the international educational organizations, the higher education system began to change over the past ten years. Universities began transitioning to a system similar to that of Britain and the USA.

There are presently four basic types of higher education institutions (HEIs):

• 
  Universities (responsible for education and research in a variety of disciplines);
  
• 
  Academies (responsible for education and research. They differ from universities only in that they restrict themselves to a single discipline (Academy of Arts, Academy of Architecture);
  
• 
  Institutes (multi-discipline oriented);
  
• 
  Private Institutions (offer degrees in non-engineering fields such as business, culture, sociology, and religion).
  

Entry requirements. The Constitution and the Russian Federation Law on Education guarantee open and free access to higher education on a competitive basis. Currently the Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education is required for admission to all kinds of HEIs. Applications are accepted from citizens of both sexes who have completed secondary education and passed a competitive entrance examination. The academic year lasts from September 1 to June everywhere, with long summer vacations from July to August 31. It is divided into two terms. The evaluation of student’s performance is designed in such a way that the progresses of the latter in mastering subjects included in the curriculum are monitored closely and objectively. The number of tests and examinations to be taken during every academic year is strictly formulated by the head of the institutions. Student performance on test is evaluated as “passed” or “failed” and on examinations as “excellent”, “good”, “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory”. Some HEI have already introduced a system of continuous assessment which helps to evaluate student’s progress during the whole academic year. Students who accumulate a number of arrears in their new academic year would be dismissed from their educational institutions. The final state examinations are also very important part of the higher educational assessment process in Russia. These methodologies constitute a comprehensive evaluation system by which the knowledge and the skills of specialists are brightened and the qualification obtained becomes invaluable and precious.

4. 
   Answer the questions.
   

1. 
   When did the system of higher education start in Russia?
   
2. 
   Who suggested the idea of establishing university in Moscow?
   
3. 
   What are the basic types of higher education institutions in Russia? And what are they responsible for?
   
4. 
   What are the entry requirements to the HEI?
   
5. 
   What evaluation system do HEIs have?
   
6. 
   When does the academic year begin in Russia?
   
7. 
   What is higher education for you?
   

5. 
   Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones.
   

1. 
   The first University and grammar school were established in 1724 by the St. Petersburg Academy of science.
   
2. 
   Peter I suggested the idea of establishing the university in Moscow.
   
3. 
   Moscow University had originally four faculties: Philosophy, Theology, Law, and Medicine.
   
4. 
   Administration had not to raise additional funds to cover all the university expenses.
   
5. 
   The system of higher education has not change over the last century.
   
6. 
   The Russian Federation Law on Education guarantees open and free access to higher education.
   
7. 
   All HEIs have already introduced a system of continuous assessment.
   

6. 
   Find words in the text that mean:
   

1. 
   money that you must pay a university for teaching you
   
2. 
   a department within a university or institute
   
3. 
   to gradually get more and more over a period of time
   
4. 
   the subjects of study concerned with human culture, esp. language, history or philosophy
   
5. 
   the action or process of making a formal request
   
6. 
   talks given by a university tutor to a large number of students
   
7. 
   short examination of knowledge or ability, consisting of questions that must be answered or activities that must be carried out
   
8. 
   subjects included in a course of study or taught at a particular HEI
   

7. 
   Choose the correct answer to the following.
   

1) A decree of university foundation was signed by …

a) Michail Lomonosov

b) Peter I

c) Empress Elizaveta

2) The system of higher education in Russia was initially constructed similar to that of …

1. 
   France
   
2. 
   Germany
   
3. 
   Britain
   

3) Academy is responsible for education and research …

a) in a single discipline

b) in a variety of disciplines

c) in three disciplines

4) The academic year is divided into …

1. 
   three terms
   
2. 
   two terms
   
3. 
   four terms
   

5) The number of tests and examinations to be taken every year is strictly formulated by …

1. 
   lecturers
   
2. 
   the head of institution
   
3. 
   the examiner