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G. Complete the sentences choosing from a) or b).

1) Adult and continuing education, plus special education is available …

  1. only at Bachelor degree level

  2. at all educational levels

2) Students who have finished secondary school and would like to get higher education must attend what is referred to as …

  1. an undergraduate school

  2. primary school

3) More and more jobs and careers in Engineering, Business Administration or Social work today require applicants to posses …

  1. a master’s degree

  2. an associate degree

4) Completion of a US doctorate degree typically takes between …

    1. five and seven years

    2. two and four years

5) Academic year runs from …

  1. early September to late June

  2. early August to early May

6) A majority of schools are competitive, selecting …

  1. only those students with excellent grades and test scores

  2. all students pursuing to be enrolled in the university or college


GRAMMAR: MODALS



THE MEANINGS OF MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS

Function

Time

Form

Example


Ability



Present


can
is/are able to


She can speak Spanish but she can’t speak Italian.

Despite his handicap he is able to drive a car.


Past


could

was/were able to

Mozart could play the piano at the age of five.

Mike’s car broke down but he was able to repair it.



Possibility

Present

may

might

could

There may be a life on Mars.

The rash could be a symptom of something more serious.

Past

could have

might have


She might have done it; she had an opportunity and the motive.

Future


will be able to


We will be able to travel to the Moon.


Permission

Present/Future


can

can’t


Can I use your phone?” “No, I’m afraid you can’t”.

Past


was/were allowed to

I was allowed to leave early yesterday.


Obligation


Present



have to

must

need to

should

ought to


Students have to wear uniform.

I must get up earlier.

Do we need to get a visa for the USA?

They really should/ought to consult shareholders first.

Past


had to


We had to report to Reception by four.

Future

will have to

will need to

The Council will have to find ways of cutting costs next year.



Necessity

Present


must

have to

need to

ought to

All human beings must/have to/need to have enough sleep.


Past


had to

needed to

The staff and the students had to evacuate the campus.

Future


will have to

will need to

You will have to/need to work harder than that.


A. These sentences come from an information booklet about a college. In each case choose the appropriate modal verb: may, must, can, should, be able to, or need .

  1. The College welcomes part-time students who… work towards a qualification or attend a recreational education class.

  2. Students claiming concessions for tuition fee payments … still pay the registration fees in full.

  3. Late entries to examinations … be allowed, but will cost more than entering on time.

  4. If you wish to attend a class in English for Speakers of Other Languages, you … take our test before you enroll.

  5. If you need any advice, your first point of contact is your tutor, and you … always access other people through him or her.

  6. A senior member of staff is on duty each evening between 6.30 and 9.30, and … be contacted via Reception.

  7. Students attending evening classes only may not … access all our services. We … however make arrangements for you to see an appropriate adviser during the day.

  8. It is regretted that people with physical disability … not be able to take the course that they choose.

  9. The Student Council … be elected by students from across the college to represent and promote their general interests.

  10. The College café is open from 8.30 am to 4 pm and from 5 to 8 pm. Outside these hours, a range of food and drinks … be purchased from vending outlets.

B. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

  1. You must/needn’t save a file before you turn the computer off, or you will lose it.

  2. I am afraid this is a non-smoking office, so you don’t have to/can’t smoke in here.

  3. Employees are reminded that they mustn’t/needn’t use the office phone to make personal calls.

  4. You needn’t/mustn’t send the reminder to Eastwood’s – they paid the invoice this morning.

  5. In countries like Iran, you don’t have to/can’t buy or sell alcohol.

  6. This income tax form must/needn’t be completed and returned to the Inland Revenue within 30 days.

  7. You mustn’t/don’t have to come to the meeting if you have more important things to do.

  8. This information is highly confidential, so you mustn’t/needn’t discuss it with anyone.

  9. As you are from the European Union, you mustn’t/don’t have to have a visa to go to France.

  10. Drivers wishing to hire a car must/can be over 21 and have a full driving license.


C. Look at the chart and make sentences using have to, don’t have to, or can’t.




obligation

no obligation

prohibition

Airline pilots

Union members

University teachers

Army officers

Police officers

have good eyesight

pay a subscription

be graduates

go to training courses

be over 1.75m tall

work office hours
be qualified teachers

carry guns (UK)

drink before flying

work during a strike
go on strike

e.g. Airline pilots don't have to have excellent eyesight.

They don’t have to work office hours.

D. Change each of the following sentences using might, can’t, must, and a suitable infinitive.

1) It’s possible that they will give us the discount that we want.

They … might give us the discount we want.

2) Judging by the phone bill, I am sure she has been making long international calls.

Judging by the phone bill, she …

3) The factory is on a 3-day week. I am sure they aren’t selling many cars.

The factory is on a 3-day week. They…

4) It was a very bad deal. I am sure they lost a lot of money.

It was a very bad deal. They …

5) There is a chance she will be promoted at the end of the year.

She …

E. Match the comments in column A with the comments in column B.

A

B

I’m afraid I’m tied up all this week.


Ok, I’ve got them here. Shall I fax them to you?

Can you turn the heating down?


That’s OK. Shall I pick you up from the airport?

Is the next interviewee here yet?


That’s OK. Shall I ring back this afternoon?

Is that the new screen I ordered?

Yes. Where shall I put it?

I am sorry, but I am in a meeting now.

I am not sure yet. Shall we send you a quote in a few days?

How much is this going to cost?



No, but shall I open the window for you?

I don’t know London very well.


That’s OK. Shall we arrange a meeting for next week?

I need to see the plans. Today, if possible.

Yes, she is. Shall I send her in?


GRAMMAR REVISION

F. Open the brackets.

Business star

Many of us want to become successful in business. One of the first steps is choosing a business school. To gain the success your level can/may/should be really high and you can/have to/may be a real specialist, only professional businessmen have to/are able to/should work far/further/furthest and develop their career.

If your goal is to become a Business School superstar, you can’t/mustn’t/shouldn’t forget that being a leader also means being a team player.

When you study at business school, many projects are provided as group projects. If you deal with other people well, it will be easy/easier/easiest for your group to succeed. Leadership skills are shown not only when you are in charge of some group, but first of all how you help the other members of your team. It must/can/may be any kind of job, but you have to/can/should do it good/better/best of all: manage deadlines, delegate and manage time. Your team will appreciate that.

Your colleagues will respect you if you can/are able/have to not only to lead, but also to follow when necessary. Be good/better/the best candidate and get great/greater/the greatest job!

LANGUAGE SKILLS 2: EXPRESSING YOUR AGREEMENT/DISAGREEMENT




e.g. A: I think that there is a big difference between studying at university and at school. I guess that you have to set your own learning objectives and make sure that you meet them.

B: I hold the same opinion and I have come to the conclusion that the main difference is that you have to manage your own time. One way of doing that is to get a diary.

A: I don't think that getting the diary would help if you don’t set your own deadlines.

B: It is true but it can help to keep these deadlines under control.

SPEAKING

Discuss with your partner the following questions using expressions from Language skills 2.

  1. Before exams do you usually revise alone or with friends? Which is better?

  2. Do you think that making mistakes is an important part of learning? Why/Why not?

  3. What courses have you taken/done in the past? What was good/bad about them?

  4. If you go to a lecture, do you make lots of notes or just listen?

  5. How can you make progress in subjects outside the HEI?


OVER TO YOU
Using the information from the textbook and the internet fill in the table and make the description of higher educational systems using it.





SIMILARITIES

DIFFERENCES

RUSSIA

THE UK

THE USA

Admission













Course structure













Academic year













Academic structure














WORD FILE

Unit 4 Module 2

academic advisor

academic year

alumni

credits

deadline


delegate

elective

to enroll in

grade point average (gpa)

major


to make notes

optional

student council

training programmes

vocational





TEXTS FOR HOME READING

TEXT 1 CREDITS

  1. Read and translate the text.

1 Like everything else under capitalism, the crediting and credit card system is simple. A store, a filling station or just a credit company allow you credit, its limit depending on your solvency which they calculate somehow (incidentally, on the basis of the information you give them). Having opened a credit account, they send you a plastic card bearing your name, account number and a blank for your signature. Wherever credit cards are accepted, the cost of your purchases and of the services rendered are put on the account indicated on it.

2 Every month the company which has issued you the credit card sends you a report on your expenses. The report tells you how much of the credit you have used up, and recommends the minimum of your expenses to be defrayed8 before the end of the month. You may pay out the lump sum, which is a clever thing to do because payments by installments will include a certain interest agreed upon in advance and recorded in your application for credit. This interest usually exceeds the bank credit rate.

3 After you have exhausted the credit, your card will no longer buy you anything. In that case you can use it as soon as you have paid for everything.

This system is not only simple but convenient as well. You don't have to carry cash, even a checkbook. Theoretically, your credit cards pay all your expenses: food, gas, clothes, car rentals, hotel bills, airlines and health resort bills.

4 Another convenience of this arrangement consists in that you can start paying for your purchases within a month of making it. The latent psychological trick is, however, that one is more likely9 to go on a spending spree if all one10 has to do by way of paying is to show his credit card instead of shelling out cash. Credit card holders buy more, as a rule.

5 Credit cards are just a means by which a mighty Western credit system has penetrated into everyday life and into the budget of the average American family. Being a fragment of that system, credit cards are its graphic illustration. There is hardly a sphere of the capitalist economy which credits haven't found their way into. Homes, consumer goods, planes, college instruction, industrial equipment, farm machines, fertilizers, land, factory and office blocks - all these are purchased on credit. Without credits, modern capitalism will not last a day. Without them, the Western economy would not have been as dynamic as it is now: by governing its material and financial resources, credits stimulate their turnover. It is11 due to such system that the Western economy has achieved the results which we admire today. The credit system plus enterprise is the core of American capitalism.
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