Методические разработки на английском языке по курсу животноводство
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. There is alway3 much work to do on the farm. He must lookafter his stables and his horses. He is to milk the cows and clean the cowsheds. 12 Then he has to take great care of the young animals, the lambs, the calves and the pigs. Cattle, sheep and hogs should be fed and fattened. Somebody has to go round the poultry houses and to collect eggs.The farmer snould provide proper care and management of the cuttle. The cowsheds, sheep-pens, pigsties and poultry houses ought to be kept clean, dry, lighted and well ventilated. Grasses, grain crops and root crops should be grown for fodder in order to feed the animals. The farmer has to work very hard on his farm. He has to get up early in the morning in order to do all the necessary work. In the old days most of the work had to be done by hand and with the aid of horses. Now the soil is plowed with a tractor, cows are milked by electricity and chickens are bred in incubators. Пояснения к тексту by no means - ни в коем случае to take care of - заботиться о ... , проявлять заботу о ... in order to- для того, чтобы Активные слова и выражения healthy, stable, clear, lamb, calf (calves), to fatten, proper, care, management, dry, light, root crop, to collect. VI. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами: incubator, buildings, management, exercise, cowshed, pigs 1. Proper care and ... of the cattle are very important. 2. Pastures provide a lot of... and feed. 3. All the ... for the animals should be clean and well ventilated. 4. Cattle and... are fattened on this farm. 5. Chickens are bred in .... 6. There is a new ... on their farm. VII. Выделите обороты "долженствования", переведите. 1. Different grasses are то be grown for feeding livestock. 2. Poultry houses ought to be light. 3. Farmers must feed their animals properly. 4. He is to collect eggs. 5. This work had to be done by hand. 6. They should not feed the lambs now 7. You are to do this work to-day. 8. She has to milk the cows. 9. They will have to do this work tomorrow. VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение глаголов "to be" и "to have". а) 1. This farm is not big. 2. The farmer is feeding the calves now. 3. Dairy cows are to be fed properly. 4. Cattle are kept on pasture in summer. 5. There are different farm buildings on the farm. 13 b) 1. They have a good cattle herd. 2. He has to clean the stables. 3. She has milked the cows. IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. Is the farmer's work easy? What must the farmer do on his farm? Why should the farmer grow grasses and root crops? What is the soil plowed with? Are cows milked by electricity now? How are chickens bred now? X. Переведите на английский язык. а) конюшня, чистить, здоровый, теленок (телята), ягненок, со- ответствующий уход и содержание, собирать, откармливать, корнеплоды светлый, сухой. б) 1. Фермер должен чистить коровник каждый день. 2. Он должен на кормить ягнят. 3. Свиньи должны содержаться на пастбище летом. 4. Соответствующий уход должен быть обеспечен для этих животных. в) 1. Необходимо надлежащим образом заботиться о всех животных, разводимых в хозяйстве. 2. Чтобы животные росли и развивались хорошо, их нужно летом содержать на пастбище. 3. Нет необходимости давать коровам корнеплоды, если их держат нa высококачественном пастбище. 4. В нашем хозяйстве много сельскохозяйственных построек, которые используются для различных целей. 5. В этом маленьком хозяйстве всех животных содержат в одном и том же помещении. XI. Прочтите текст и, исходя из его содержания, определите, какие из следующих утверждений являются ошибочными; внеси- те в них необходимые исправления. 1. The products which man obtains1 from farm animals are rich in protein. Only root crops and grasses are grown as fodder for the animals. Pastures are very important only for cattle. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF FARM ANIMALS Farm animals are bred by man for the production of highly nutritious products such as meat, milk, and eggs. These products are very important because they are rich in animal protein. We may obtain a lot of meat, milk and eggs if we take great care of the animals. We must keep the animals in light, clean and dry farm buildings. We should feed the animals properly. Proper grain crops, grasses and root crops are to be grown as fodder for the animals. The feed for the animals ought to be highly nutritious. Pastures are very important for all classes of farm animals. They are important for cattle and sheep, for pigs and horses. Pastures provide a lot of feed and exercise. Exercise is very important for the health of the animals. LESSON 4 ТЕМА: DAIRY FARM ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА Существительное в функции определения, § 2 Слова с окончанием -ed (повторение) Значения "as" и его сочетаний Парный союз "both ... and" Местоимение "both" I. Слова и выражения для повторения: beef cattle, lamb, to fatten, herd, management, oats, exercise, to feed, fodder, to provide, cow, proper, grass, to produce, in order to, poultry, calf, to keep, daily. II. Определите, какой частью речи являются следующие слова; переведите их, не пользуясь словарем. collection, to collect, collector, collective, collectively to grow, grower dry, drier, to dry III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов: climate, role, central, reproduction, intensive, generation, infection, practice, season, calcium, periodically, agent, tropics, optimal, active. IV. Переведите следующие сочетания слов, содержащие существительные в функции определения. Grain crop production, egg collection, food sources, soil fertility maintenance, animal protein source, poultry house ventilation, bacon pigs. 15 DAIRY FARM The area of the farm is 420 acres, 350 of which is in grass. There are about 250 caws and about 250 calves on the farm. The farm has 20 bulls as well. The heifers are kept in age groups of 20 to 30 in each. Two or three bulls are provided for each group. All the cows kept on the farm belong to high-productive breeds. The average milk yield obtained from a cow has increased from 600 to 700 or 800 gallons per year. Dairy cows are milked twice a day. As to the high-yielding cows they have to be milked three times a day. Cows are not milked by hand. They arc milked with special machines. As the climate of the region is mild the cattle are kept on pasture both in summer and in winter. Permanent as well as temporary pastures are very good here, because the soil is fertile. The main pasture grasses are clover and alfalfa. The pasture land is divided into 75 paddocks. Each paddock is not more than four acres. The pastures are commonly grazed at about 100 cows to the acre and the interval between glazings is rather long.. When supplementary feed is necessary, it is given to the dairy cows in the form of concentrates or root crops and sometimes in the form of silage. The amount of feed consumed by the cow per day varies with the amount of milk produced by the cow and her live weight. The quality of the feed is as important as its quantity. Пояснения к тексту to vary with - изменяться в зависимости от; зависеть от Запомните: 1.a day per day в день dairy 2.both - оба both ... and - как ... так и; и ... и 3.as - т.к., как, когда, по мере того как as to - что касается as well - также as well as - гак же как; а также as ... as - так (ой) же ... как 16 Активныесловаивыражения bull, heifer, age, average, yield, to increase, permanent, clover, alfalfa, supplementary, silage, to consume, amount, weight, quality, to vary with, temporary, to obtain, as, as to, as well, as well as, both, both ... and. V. Переведите следующие сочетания слов, содержащие существительные в функции определения. grain crop yields, milk production, farm specialist, summer pasture, lactation period, milk cow breeds, beef cattle management, milk cow ration, protein amount, milk yield. VI. Определите, в каких предложениях: существительное является определением; переведите. 1 This is the best system of pasture management. 2. The cattle are on grass and legume pasture now. 3. The calves pasture 3-4 h. daily in early spring. 4. They are discussing the problem of pasture grass cultivation. 5. The pasture land occupies half of the farm area. VII. Определите функцию глагольной формы с окончанием -ed переведите. 1. The products supplied by farm animals are meat, milk and eggs. 2. Grain crops cultivated in our region are wheat, oats and barley. 3. The amount-of milk produced by a cow varies with the quantity and quality of her feed. 4. The milk yield obtained by our farm per cow was high enough last year. 5. Cows provided with nutritious feed and good care produce high milk yields. 1. These cows are milked three times a day. 2. Lambs are fattened on this farm. 3. Raw materials are used by our industry for different purposes. 4. We have already used all the root crops. 5. The eggs are being collected now. 1. We obtained a good crop of potatoes last year. 2. He cleaned the pigsty yesterday. 3. They worked on this farm two years ago, VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слова "as" и его сочетаний. 1.Domestic animals are very important as they supply us with highly nutritious products. 2. He works as an agronomist. 3. As the animals grow they are given more food. 4. Meat is as nutritious as milk and eggs. 5. As to the meat yield it has been increased. 6. They have increased the milk yields as well. 7. Proper care as well as management have been provided to the cattle. 17 IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на парный союз both ... and и местоимение both. 1. Both crops are grown on our farm. 2. Both grain and root crops are used in feeding livestock. 3. Both dairy cattle breeds are highly productive. 4. Both dairy and beef cattle are bred here.5. Both the quality and the quantity of the feed are important. 6. Both animal husbandry and plant growing are important branches of agriculture. 7. Both cowsheds have already been cleaned. 8. Their farm breeds both cattle and sheep. X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: How large is the farm? How many cows are there on the farm? How are heifers kept? What breeds do the cows belong to? What is the average milk yield per cow per year? How often are the cows milked? Where are the cows kept? What are the main pasture grasses? What does the amount of feed per cow vary with? 10. What supplementary feed is given to the dairy cows? XI. Переведите на английский язык. а) средний, дополнительный, постоянный, силос, удой молока, вес, качество, количество, возраст, бык, телка, как ... так и, зависеть от, клевер, потреблять, увеличивать (ся), люцерна, стравливать (выпасать), временный, тоже. б) 1. Корма, используемые нами, должны быть питательными. 2. Корнеплоды, взращиваемые в этом хозяйстве, используются как корм для скота. 3. Качество корма, потребляемого коровами, должно быть высоким. 4. Коровы, обеспеченные дополнительным кормом, увеличили надои молока в прошлом году. в) 1. Что касается дополнительных кормов, их часто дают высокопродуктивным молочным коровам в виде концентратов или силоса. 2. Надои молока, так же как и выход мяса, значительно увеличились в нашем хозяйстве. 3. В настоящее время коров не доят вручную, эту работу выполняют специальные машины. 4. В прошлом году это хозяйство получило довольно высокие надои молока от коров, которых кормили дополнительными высокопитательными кормами. 5. Рекомендуется разделять большое пастбище на загоны, каждый из них стравливается в течение определенного периода, времени. 18 XII. Прочтите текст и озаглавьте абзацы по-английски (по-русски). Догадайтесь о значении подчеркнутого слова. FARMS IN ENGLAND There are about 53500 farms in England. Most of them are small farms, less than 50 acres each. These small farms are family farms. All the work on the farm is done by the farmer and his family. The types of farms in England vary with the soil and climate. In the Eastern part of England most farms are arable, that is farmers grow different crops such as grain crops, potatoes and others. In the Eastern part of the country dairy farms are predominant. Small farms in England are usually mixed farms on which farmers grow vegetables and fruit as well as keep cows, pigs and poultry for home use. They are to grow different crops and grasses in order to feed the animals. The main aim2 in the agricultural policy of this country is the production of more meat than the increase in milk production. LESSON 5 ТЕМА: BEEF PRODUCTION FARM ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА: Отглагольное существительное (Verbal Noun), § 11 Герундий (Gerund), § 12 Причастие I (Present Participle) (повторение) Значения слова "most" I. Слова и выражении для повторения: amount, quantity, quality, to consume, yield, as well as, poultrybreeder, as well, pasture, beef production, weight, silage, calf (calves), to fatten, properly, cattle, to keep, healthy, meat, kind, cow, sheep, supplementary, to increase, average, to vary with. II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов. separation, total, climatic, section, classification, concentrate, energy, illustration, result, carbohydrate, lactation. III. Определите, где форма с окончанием "ing" является герундием и где - отглагольным существительным; переведите. 1. Milking cows is done with special machines. 2. After milking cows were given some silage. 3. The milking of cows is done in cowsheds. 4. We spoke about his using a new milking apparatus. 5. Using high productive breeds increases milk yields. 6. High milk yields are obtained by using high-productive breeds. 7. The keeping of cattle on pasture provides them with most feed and a lot of exercise. BEEF PRODUCTION FARM The area of the farm is 287 acres. Most of it is under pastures. Beef production is the most important part of the farm's economy. High beef production is achieved by proper care and management as well as proper feeding and fattening of cattle. They are kept on both natural and cultivated pastures. The pasture land is divided into paddocks which are grazed in turn. Such system of using pastures is known as rotational grazing. When pasture forage is scarce or when cattle are not on pasture, they are fed with corn silage, grass silage or high-quality clover or alfalfa hay. Corn and legumes are the crops grown by the farmer for fattening cattle. Growing legumes, the farmer increases soil fertility. As to the calves they are kept in groups separated by 10 days' age. Keeping calves in age groups allows the farmer to feed them according to their age. Weaning is usually done at the age of eight weeks. Male calves are castrated at about a week old. Most of the calves are sold as yeah Calves raised for veal production are generally ready for marketing at the age of 6 or 8 weeks. At this age they weigh about 200 to 300 pounds. The best veal is obtained by liberal feeding of whole milk. Calves consuming a great amount of whole milk grow and develop properly and the quality of meat is high. The total amount of milk required during the period of vealing will depend on the birth weight of the calf. About 10 pounds of milk is required for one pound of gain. A shed divided into four sections is used as a calf house. New calves are to be put into this house in age groups. 20 Пояснения к тексту rotational grazing- загонная пастьба according to - согласно, в соответствии с Запомните: most - самый, наиболее (перед прилагательным) most (of) - большинство (перед существительным) Активныесловаивыражения forage, scarce, com, legume, hay, to raise, to wean, veal, to develop, to weigh, to require, to depend on, birth, gain, age, pound,whole milk, most. IV. Перечислите известные Вам названия: а) сельскохозяйственных животных; б) помещений для скота; в) сельскохозяйственных культур. V. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части. 1. Proper management and feeding a. are grown for fattening cattle. are required 2. Cattle are fed b. is necessary to obtain the best veal. 3. Corn and legumes . c. depends on the birth weigh of the calf. 4. Calves are kept d. in order to achieve high beef production. Weaning calves e. corn silage and legume. Liberal feeding of whole milk f. in age groups/' The amount of milk g. is done at the age of eight weeks. VI. Выделите герундий и отглагольное существительное, переведите. 1. Proper care and management of cattle are very important for obtaining high beef yields. The liberal feeding of whole milk is necessary for these calves. We spoke about his weaning the calves at the age of 7 weeks. Cleaning farm buildings is usually done with special machines. The feeding of poultry varies with the method of their keeping. 21 VII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing в следующих предложениях, переведите. The fattening of cattle is usually done on farms where both corn and legumes are grown. A great amount of whole milk is required for fattening calves. Cowing legumes increases soil fertility. Growing legumes, we increase soil fertility. Farmers growing legumes increase soil fertility. The breeding of farm animals is very important throughout the world. Breeding farm animals, man obtains highly nutritious products. Increasing soil fertility, we obtain higher yields of crops and grasses. Different farm crops are used in feeding livestock. Farmers using rotational grazing obtain good result. There are some systems of keeping poultry. We spoke about this farmer's fattening cattle on pasture. Corn is widely used as a fattening feed. He is cleaning the pigsty now. VIII. Образуйте причастия I и II от следующих глаголов. Пере- ведите. obtain, ventilate, grow, separate, feed, consume. IX. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение слова "most". 1. This is the most productive beef breed in our region. 2. Concentrates are the most nutritious feeds. 3. Most of the farms in our region are cattle breeding farms. 4. Most pastures are natural in this part of the country. 5. Clover and alfalfa are the most important pasture grasses. 6. Most farmers wean calves at the age of 8 weeks. X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: What is necessary for high beef production? What pastures are the cattle kept on? When are the cattle fed with silage and hay? What age are the calves weaned at? What are calves raised for? How many pounds do the calves weigh at the time of marketing? How is the best veal obtained? 8. What does the amount of milk required during the period of vealing depend on? 22 9. Where are the calves kept? 10. Are the calves kept in age groups? XI. Переведите на английский язык: а) цельное молоко, кукуруза, бобовое сено, большинство, получать, возраст, отнимать, развивать(ся), требовать, фунт, вес при рождении, привес, зависеть от. б) 1. Коров, дающих много молока, доят 3 раза в день. 2. Доение производится машинами. 3. Используя высококачественные корма, фермеры получают больше мяса. 4. Привесы телят были увеличены путем дополнительного кормления. в) 1. Чтобы кормить телят в соответствии с возрастом, их следует содержать в возрастных группах. 2. Высококачественную телятину можно получать, если телятам давать соответственное количество молока и как следует за ними ухаживать. 3. Повышение плодородия почвы достигается различными путями, одним из них является выращивание бобовых культур. 4. Разные виды силоса скармливают скоту в виде дополнительного корма к скудному пастбищу или когда скот содержат в коровнике. 5. Стравливание загонов, на которые делят пастбищную землю, производят по очереди иназывают загонной пастьбой. XII. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы по-русски. Какие хозяйства все еще преобладают в США? Какая отрасль сельского хозяйства является ведущей? Какие корма являются основными? Farms in the USA About 61 per cent of the total land area of the United States is in farms. Most farms in this country are family farms. They are rather small. These small traditional farms cannot compete* with big industrial farms and they are now disappearing* *. Livestock plays the leading part in the agriculture of the USA. Different high-productive dairy and beef breeds of cattle are raised on large farms. Sheep, pigs as well as poultry are raised by the American farmers all over the country. _____________________ compete - конкурировать disappear - исчезать 23 Among the forage crops grown in this country corn is the most important one. Hay crops are also widely grown as feed for livestock. Повторение темы "Farms" Прочтите текст. Догадайтесь о значении подчеркнутого слова. Выполните задание, данное после текста. Dairy Farm in East Lancashire In this part of England there are about 3,600 farms. Most of the farms are from 35 to 50 acres. They are small family farms. The climatic conditions of this area are not very favourable to dairy farming. The farmers breed dairy cattle in this part of the country because there are many industrial towns here and they supply these towns with milk. The typical small dairy farm in Lancashire is a family farm of about 40 acres with 18 to 20 milking cows. The farmer keeps poultry as well. It is bred for eggs. Most of the milk and eggs are marketed... The land is all grass. Half of it is used for hay and the other half for grazing. The area used for grazing is divided into paddocks. The quality of pasture grasses is good. Summer pasture provides feed and exercise for the cows. Poultry is kept only in the house. This method is known as intensive method of poultry keeping. There are three kinds of farm buildings on the farm. They are a hay barn, a cowshed and a poultry house. As it is a small family farm, the farmer has to do all the work on his farm himself. He must feed the animals, milk the cows, collect eggs and clean the cowshed and the poultry house. He himself takes the milk and eggs to the market.fMost of the farm work is done with machines.The principal winter feed is a legume hay. Silage making is not popular here. As rainfall* is high hay making is a risky business in this part of the country. Natural drying of hay in the field is rather difficult. There is a tendency to dry it in the barn. The method of barn hay drying produces better hay. __________________ * rainfall - осадки 24 The annual milk yield per cow is about 750-800 gallons. The farmer supplies the cows with 3V2 pounds of concentrates per gallon of milk. These concentrates are provided for cows because it is difficult to make high-quality hay. Прочтите текст еще раз и укажите, какие утверждения не соответствуют содержанию текста. Внесите свои коррективы (по-английски). High-quality pastures are very good for keeping dairy and beef cattle and poultry. Pasture grasses, legume hay and silage are the feeds most widely used by the farmers in feeding cows. The farms situated in this region of the country produce milk half of which is used by the farmer and his family and half is marketed. Both methods of hay making, by natural drying in the field and drying in the barn, do not produce high-quality hay. |