Методические разработки на английском языке по курсу животноводство
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LESSON 6 ТЕМА: CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА Сложные формы причастия I, № 14 Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение) Временные формы глагола (повторение) Значение слова "one", § 23 Парный союз "either ... or" СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ Суффиксы -ous, -able, (-ible) Префикс in- I. Слова и выражения для повторения: cattle breeding, to produce, barley growing, sheep, grass, clover, alfalfa, to consume, dairy cow, grain, as well, both... and, should, have to, hay yield, root crop, to provide, is4o, pasture, pig, quality, amount, to supply. 25 II. Переведите следующие прилагательные: а) образованные от существительных при помощи суффикса - ous fibrous - (fibre - волокно) vigorous - (vigour - сила, энергия) various - (variety - разнообразие) б) образованные от глаголов при помощи суффиксов -able, - ible. suitable - (suit- подходить) valuable - (value - ценить) digestible - (digest - переваривать, усваивать) в) с отрицательным префиксом in- (который превращается в "im" перед "т" и "р" и "ir" перед "г"). irtfertile (fertile - плодородный) irregular (regular - регулярный) impossible (possible - возможный) III. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем. to feed, feeder, feeding, fed, the feed. a product, production, to produce, producing, producer, produced. proper, improper, properly. IV. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод сложных форм причастия I. Being provided with good feed, cows produce much milk. Having been provided with good feed, young animals developed well. Havingprovided the animals with good feed, the farmer obtained good results. Being used in feeding livestock, grasses and grains are widely grown by man. Having been weaned at the age of eight weeks, calves produced high-quality veal. Having divided the calf house into sections, the farmer could put his calves into it according to their age. CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS Various feeds are used by man in feeding livestock. They are classified into three main groups: succulents, roughages and concentrates. 26 Succulent feeds are pasture grasses, silage and root crops. Roots contain a large amount of water and are laxativeto stock. They are low in protein, but comparatively high in carbohydrates. Being fed together with hay or straw, roots provide good rations for sheep and cattle. Green grass should be grazed when it is 4-8 inches high. Young grass is very rich in protein and animals eat it readily but its low fibre content may cause scours. The feeding value of grass is the highest in spring and early summer. Silage is made from a variety of plants. Good silage is the one that is green in colour. Silage should be made from young leafy grass and clover. Having been prepared in this way, silage is. always of high feeding value. Roughages are bulky feeds. They are high in fibre content which is poorly digestible. For this reason they are not suitable for pigs, but one can give large quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep. Good hay is the one that contains plenty of green leaf. The quality of hay varies with the kind of grass and the stage of growth at which it is cut. Hay made from grass in the early flowering stage is better than the one made from mature grass. Oat straw is a valuable feed for providing bulk in the rations of beef animals and low-yielding dairy cows. Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef cattle. It is more digestible than wheat straw. Wheat straw is high in indigestible fibre. [Most of it is, therefore, used for bedding. Concentrates are feeds which are rich in either protein orenergy or both. Being nigh in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture and indigestible fibre, concentrates are very valuable in feeding all classes of animals. General grains, cakes and bran are illustrations of concentrates.Having supplied the animals with the proper kind and amount of feed, the farmer will obtain good results. Пояснения к тексту to be low in - содержать мало to be high in - содержать много for this reason - по этой причине plenty of - много is of... value - иметь (представлять) ценность 27 Активныесловаивыражения succulent, roughage, concentrate, to contain, ration, water, straw, to eat (ate, eaten), fibre, content, to cause, scours, digestible, growth, to cut (cut), mature, bedding, nutrient, feeding, value, one, either... or. V. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод сложных форм причастия I. 1. Being grazed too early, young grass may cause scours in calves. 2. Having been made from young leafy grabs and clover, silage was of high feeding value. 3. Having provided the pigs with highly nutritious feed, the farmer obtained high gains. 4. The animals grow better, being fed a concentrated ration twice a day. 5. Being bred by man, cattle, cheep and hogs are known as domestic animals. 6. Weaning calves at the age of about 8 weeks, farmers obtain high-quality veal. 7. Having cleaned the cowshed, the farmer put the calves into it. 8. Having increased the amount of the supplementary feed, we shall be able to obtain a higher milk yield per cow. 9. Separating calves by 10 days' age, the farmer can feed them according to their age. 10. Having been prepared from grass in the early flowering stage, the hay was of high quality. VI. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова, переведите. 1. In winter the farmer feeds his cattle with high-quality legume hay and silage. 2. Roughage feeds are not good for feeding hogs. 3. They market pigs at the weaning age. 4. It is the largest market in our region. 5. These farms increase their milk yields from year to year. 6. There was a great increase in cattle population last year. 7. Farmers milk average and low yielding cows twice a day. 8. This dairy breed is high-yielding. 9. Farmers breed poultry for meat and eggs. 10. There is always much work to do on the farm. 11. They work as zootechnicians. VII. Определите время и залог сказуемого в следующих незаконченных предложениях. Переведите их и дополните соответствующими обстоятельствами. . 1.They feed .... 2. They have fed.... 3. They are fed .... 4. They are feeding ... . 5. They have been fed ... . 6. He has fed ... . 7. He has to feed .... 8. They are to feed ... . 9. They are to be fed .... 10. She has been fed .... 11. She should feed ... . 12. They will feed ... . 13. They should be fed .... 14. They will be fed .... 15. They ought to be fed .... 16. They are being fed .... 28 VIII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing, переведите. 1. Cattle breeding is one of the most important branches of animal husbandry. 2. Milk yields vary with feeding, age as well as care and management of dairy cows. 3. Milk yields vary with the number of the milking per day as well. 4. As to this dairybreed it is a low-yielding one. 5. Having fed the lambs the sheepman began cleaning the sheep-pen. 6. Providing good feeding and management for the poultry, we obtain more eggs per bird per year. 7. Being on pasture, animals take a lot of exercise. 8. Poultry breeders obtain good results by keeping the poultry on pasture. 9. Keeping sheep on the same pasture during summer is a bad practice. 10. The development of the calves depends largely on feeding and exercise. 11. The feeding of the animals snould be done at regular intervals. IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов. 1. One must feed domestic animals properly. 2. One of the reasons of low gains may be poor feeding. 3. These feeds are the most nutritious ones for pigs. 4. In order to obtain good gains one should provide proper feeding and management. 5. The new cowshed is better than the old one. 6. One can use different kinds of bedding. 7. One should give enough water to the animals. 1. During winter feeding months cattle are fed either silage or hay. 2. Grass is of feeding value either in spring or in early summer. 3. These roughages may be fed either to the cattle or to the sheep. X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. How are feeds classified? Which feeds are high in water? When is the feeding value of grass the highest? What does the quality of hay vary with? Why is wheat straw not used for feeding animals? What are concentrates rich in? What succulent (roughage, concentrate) feeds do you know? XI. Переведите на английский язык. а) Грубые корма, сочные корма, питательная ценность, непе- реваримая клетчатка, подстилка, содержание воды, питательные вещества, рост, вызывать, содержать, солома, рацион, или ... или. б) 1. Будучи непере варима, пшеничная солома не использует- ся на корм скоту. 2. Корма, содержащие много воды, являются 29 сочными. 3. Зрелая трава не должна использоваться для приготовления сена. 4. Концентраты содержат много легко переваримых питательных веществ. в) 1. При скармливании животным зеленого корма улучшается качество продукции, получаемой от них. 2. Питательная ценность зеленой травы зависит от возраста растений; по мере того как растение стареет, содержание в нем клетчатки увеличивается. 3. В большинстве районов страны животные получают зеленый корм с естественных пастбищ. 4. Хорошо приготовленный силос имеет высокую питательную ценность и его можно давать сельскохозяйственным животным всех видов. 5. Все виды зерна, отруби, жмыхи относятся к концентрированным кормам, т.к. они содержат наибольшее количество легкопереваримых питательных веществ. XII. Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его по-английски. Передайте содержание текста по-английски (по-русски). Pasture grasses belong to succulent feeds. Hay made from grasses belongs to roughage feeds. Pastures are classified into natural and cultivated. Cultivated pastures are classified into permanent and temporary. Temporary pastures are used only 2 or 3 years. They may be used during one season as well. Permanent pastures are used for many years. In the Northern areas where winters are cold pastures are used only in summer. In the warm areas cattle and other farm animals may be kept on pasture all the year round. The best pastures are in spring and in early summer when grass is young and high in protein. Young grass also contains much calcium and vitamins, especially carotene. Green grass is consumed by farm animals in large amounts. When pasture grasses become scarce cattle, sheep and hogs should be fed with high-quality roughages and concentrates. 30 LESSON 7 ТЕМА: COMPOSITION OF FEEDS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, § 3. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели, § 4. as ... as possible as little as, as much as (перед цифрой). СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ: Префикс un- I. Слова и выражения для повторения: water, fat, contenty vary with, calf, fibre, source, digestible, livestock, to require, healthy, supplementary, heifer, cow, bull, gain, proper, either ... or, both ... and. П. Переведите следующие прилагательные и причастия с отрицательным префиксом un-: unfavourable (favourable - благоприятный) undesirable (desirable - желательный) undeveloped (develop - развивать) III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов: Minerals, process, skeleton, phosphorus, class, electric, automatically, individual, progressive, transpiration, experiment, hectare, function, organ, control, naturalist. IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции подлежащего и обстоятельства цели. a) 1. То feed the animals properly is necessary. To produce much milk is their main rask. It is necessary to keep the animals in warm and dry buildings. b) 1. (In order) to feed the animals properly the farmer should grow grasses and grains. 2. Cows should be given nutritious feeds (in order) to produce milk. 3. (In order) to grow well the animals should be kept properly. 31 COMPOSITION OF FEEDS Feeds are composed of many substances. The more common of them are water, protein, carbohydrates, fata, minerals and vitamins. Water Feeds vary greatly in moisture or water content. The amount of water in oats and barley, for instance, is usually as little as 8 to 10% (per cent), while silage, roots and green feeds contain as much as 70 to 90 per cent water. Dairy cows should drink as much water as possible for the production of milk as milk is 87% water. Proteins Proteins are complex substances used to build up tissue, promote growth, maintain and stimulate milk and fat production, develop the unborn calf and supply protein in milk. A cow producing 25pounds of milk daily must receive 2.5to 3pounds of protein in her ration. The lack of protein will reduce the amount of milk produced by a cow. The necessary amount of protein may be provided by feeding both roughage and concentrated feeds, such as linseed meal, cottonseed meal, soybeans, alfalfa and clover hay, green crops and others. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are starches, sugars and fibre. They supply most of the energy required by the animals in order to do work, to keep themselves warm and to produce milk. Concentrated feeds such as oats, barley, corn, wheat, rye are high in carbohydrates. That is why to provide the animals with concentrates is very important. Fats Fats in the diet are also used as a source of energy. But excessive fat in the ration is undesirable because it may lead to digestive troubles. Fats supply more heat and energy than carbohydrates. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of fat. Minerals Minerals are essential for the growth of the skeleton and all body processes. About 80 per cent of the mineral matter, chiefly calcium and phosphorus is found in the skeleton. It is therefore very important 32 to supply the young animals whose skeleton is growing rapidly with enough minerals. Vitamins Vitamins play an important part in the feeding of all classes of livestock. They are required in small amounts for the normal growth and health of the animals. To be in thrifty condition farm animals are to be provided with all these substances in proper proportion. Пояснения к тексту vary in- различаться по for instance- например as little as- (перед цифрой) - всего лишь, только as much as , , „ч as many as " (пеРед ЧИФР0И)" Челы* Д° that is why - вот почему, поэтому digestive troubles - пищеварительные расстройства oil bearing seeds - семена масличных культур thrifty condition - упитанное состояние, упитанность. Запомните: as (much) as possible - как можно (больше) Активные слова и выражения composition, substance, to receive, fat, carbohydrate, to reduce, thrifty condition, to drink (drank, drunk), as ... as possible. V. Составьте предложения, соединял подходящие по смыслу части. Roots are a. indigestible fibre The feeding value of grass b. stimulate fat and milk production Roughages are not c. should be given to dairy cows. Concentrates are low in d. in small amounts Plenty of water e. high in water Proteins f. is the highest in spring Carbohydrates and fats are g. suitable for pigs Vitamins are necessary h. the sources of energy 33 VI. Напишите словарные формы следующих слов: Существительные: calves, branches, pigsties Прилагательные: highest, better, more, larger, earlier, easier. Причастия: mixed, produced, fed, dried, flowering. Глаголы: supplies, does, made, developed, classified. VII. Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях, переведите. 1. То obtain good gains the animals should be provided with proper feeding and management. 2. To develop properly pigs ought to be kept on good pasture. 3. To supply the young animals with minerals is very important. 4. To produce milk cows must be provided with enough carbohydrates and fats. 5. To produce 25 pounds of milk daily a cow is to be supplied with 2,5 to 3 pounds of protein in her ration. 6. It is necessary to keep the animals in thrifty condition. 7. The animals should receive all the substances in proper proportion in order to develop properly, 8. To do work the animals need carbohydrates. VIII. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на выражение as ... as possible. 1. Hogs should be given as little roughages as possible. 2. The quality of feed should be as high as possible. 3. These animals ought to consume as much succulents as possible. 4. The soil for this experiment should be as rich as possible. 5. Farmers should use pastures as early as possible in spring. IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: What do feeds vary in? Why should dairy cows consume plenty of water? What are proteins used for? 4. How many pounds of proteins is it necessary to give a cow producing 25 pounds of milk a day? What do carbohydrates supply? What is energy required for? Do fats supply less energy than carbohydrates? Why are minerals essential for the young animals? Are vitamins required by the animals in great amounts? X. Переведите на английский язык. а) жир, углевод, упитанное состояние, снижать, получать, состав, пить, вещество, как можно выше. 34 б) 1. Чтобы расти хорошо, животные должны получать все не- обходимые вещества. 2. Давать животным все необходимые веще- ства очень важно. 3. Чтобы производить молоко, корова должна получать много воды и питательных веществ. 4. Обеспечивать животных протеином необходимо. в) Л. Так как в корнеплодах содержится много воды и мало протеина и минеральных веществ, они должны использоваться в сочетании с грубыми и концентрированными кормами. 2. В хорошо облиственном сене содержание протеина может повышаться до 15-18%. 3. Состав и питательная ценность соломы зависят от вида культуры, ее уборки и многих других факторов. 4. Натуральные корма не всегда обеспечивают потребность сельскохозяйственных животных в витаминах. 5. Чтобы получать высокие привесы у свиней, необходимо обеспечивать их высокопитательными кормами. XI. Прочтите текст. Выпишите из него предложение, где говорится о том, когда нужно давать животным больше воды, а когда меньше. The Importance of Water for Farm Animals Water is very important for farm animals. They should be provided with the necessary amount of water every day. The quantity of water required by the animals varies with the nature of the feed, the activity of the animal and the season as well. The water content of feeds varies greatly. Roots, for instance, are about 88 percent water, while hay is only 15 per cent. Dairy cows must be supplied with large amounts of water for milk production as milk is high in water. A high-yielding dairy cow will drink as much as 8-10 gallons of water per day. In warm weather and after eating hay cows require more water than in cold weather and after eating succulent feeds. Water given to the animals should be clean. It should not be too cold or too warm. Повторение темы "Feeds" I. Прочтите текст и скажите, что такое сбалансированный рацион. Animals need food to provide themselves with heat and energy. Consuming food, animals obtain the necessary nutrients in order to live and move. Food is also necessary for the growth of the animals. 35 Ration is the amount of food given to the animal during 24 hours. A balanced ration is the one which provides several nutrients in such proportion and amount that will maintain the animal in thrifty condition. A balanced ration should consist of the proper proportion of roughages, succulents and concentrates II. Прочтите текст. Составьте план к нему по-английски. Nutrient Substances Cows require liberal amounts of carbohydrates. The feeds supplying carbohydrates are concentrate feeds such as oats, barley, com, wheat, rye or any combination of these grains. The lack of such feeds will reduce the milk yields and the weight of the animal. High protein feeds are rather scarce and usually more expensive3 than low protein feeds. Protein rich concentrates used in feeding cows are linseed meal, cottonseed meal, soybeans and others. Roughage feeds high in protein are alfalfa and clover hay, soybean hay and growing green crops such as grass, green oats and green rye. Cows can have protein from both roughage and concentrate feeds. The experiments have shown that the milk yield of cows may be reduced when insufficient quantities of fat are fed. In the ration cows should receive 70% of the total fat secreted during the lactation period. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of high fat feeds. Cows need sufficient quantities of calcium, phosphorus and iodine". Cows not receiving sufficient minerals often reduce their milk production. Minerals may be provided by feeding cows with well balanced rations. Cows require most of the known vitamins. These are usually supplied in sufficient amounts when good quality feeds are fed in winter and when cattle are on pasture during summer. Vitamin A is supplied largely by feeding fresh4 grass and clover and well-made green colour hays. Vitamin В is largely supplied by the grains and vitamin D through sunlight. Vitamin D is necessary for the proper assimilation of minerals. III. Прочтите текст. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором говорит- ся: а) о низкокачественном сене; б) о высококачественном сене. Hay Low quality hay. This type of hay is made from very mature grass cut during July. It has not been grazed before cutting. It usually has little leaf. This type of hay should not be fed to milking cows in large amounts. Other cattle may be provided with this hay in any quantity. If dairy cows are fed with such hay concentrates should be provided for them. The amount of concentrates varies with the milk yield of a cow and the quality of the concentrate. This hay may be classified as hay which is rather mature but has a good proportion of leaf. There is no need to limit greatly this type of hay. It is usually fed to appetite5 but better results are obtained if not more than about 20 pounds are fed per day. It is very difficult to obtain this type of hay. It should be made from young green grass which cannot be properly dried in the field. Barn hay drying allows to obtain such hay. It is as nutritious as good pasture grasses. There is no limit in feeding it. It is the forage of high digestibility. Best cows are allowed to eat this type of hay to appetite. They will eat 30- to 40 pounds and produce three and more gallons of milk without supplementary concentrates. П. Ответьте по-русски на вопрос: "Какое сено можно давать неограниченно?" |