Английский. английский для ИТ 1. Методическое пособие по совершенствованию навыков чтения и говорения на английском языке для студентов фксиС и фитиУ
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Solid state storage is portable, provides fast access to data, and uses very little power, so it is an ideal solution for storing data on mobile devices and transporting data from one device to another. It is widely used in portable consumer devices, such as digital cameras, MP3 music players, notebook computers, PDAs, and cell phones. A USB flash drive is a portable storage device. It is durable and requires no card reader, making it easily transportable from one computer to another. You can open, edit, delete, and run files stored on a USB flash drive just as though those files were stored on your computer’s hard disk. Comprehension check. Choose the ending for each sentence from the two versions given.
Vocabulary practice 1. Which word does not belong to the group? a) transportable, optical, susceptible, particle; b) gates, retrieves, provides, handles; c) storage, medium, magnetic, device; d) converted, changed, transformed, stored; e) transport, process, estimate, access; f) disk, tape, drive, DVD; 2. Fill in the missing words choosing from the variants given. 1. A magnetic storage device uses a read-write head to magnetize … that represent data. a) lens b) particles c) contents d) platters 2. Data on an optical storage medium, such as DVD, is stored as … and lands. a)lands b) bits c) bytes d) pits 3. … time is the average time it takes a computer to locate data on a storage medium and read it. a) revolution b) transporting c) valuable d) access 4. The laser creates dark spots in the dye layer that are read as … . a) areas b) plates c) pits d) particles 5. Higher disk density provides increased storage … . a) transformation b) capacity c) flexibility d) data 6. Hard disks are … to head crashes, so it is important to make backup copies. a) susceptible b) optical c) retrievable d) transportable 3. Transform the following sentences without any change in meaning. Use the prompts as they are given (words in brackets, parts of sentences). 1. A storage device is the mechanical apparatus for recording and restoring data from a storage medium (retrieve). The user … . 2. Hard disks should be operated and moved with care (handle, transport). One … . 3. The translation of the differences between pits and lands into binary numbers is provided by the lens (translated). The … between pits and lands into binary numbers … . 4. Revolving hard disk platters on the spindle allows the disk drive to position read-write heads over specific data (rotated). To position read-write heads over specific data … . 5. High capacities of hard disk are available due to the high density of particles on the disk surface. (provides) High density of particles … . 6. You can gauge hard disk drive speed in revolution per minute (pm). (to measure) Revolution per minute … . 7. On many computers before data is actually processed, it is moved from a disk to RAM using the storage technology (processed, transfer). Before data is actually …, … . 4. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words. Personal computers use a variety of ___ technologies, including hard drives, CDs, DVDs, and flash drives. Each storage device essentially has a direct pipeline to a computer’s ___ so that data and instructions can move from a more permanent storage area to a temporary holding area and vice versa. Magnetic storage technology stores data by magnetizing microscopic ___ on the surface of a disk or tape. Optical storage technologies store data as a series of ___ and lands on the surface of a CD or DVD. ___ ___ storage technology stores data by activating electrons in a microscopic grid of circuitry. A standard 3.5" floppy disk for a PC stores ___ MB of data. A hard disk provides multiple___ for data storage. Optical storage technologies, such as CD- and DVD- ___, provide good data storage capacity. Speaking. Discuss the following questions. 1. What are the basic components of a data storage system? 2. How does a storage system interact with other computer components? 3. How does magnetic storage work? 4. How does optical storage work? 5. What are the advantages of solid state storage? 6. What is floppy disk technology? 7. How does a hard disk work? 8. What’s the downside of hard disk storage? 9. What’s the purpose of a tape drive? 10. What is the difference between CD and DVD technology? Text D Pre-reading. Match the meaning of the following English words with their Russian equivalents.
Reading. Read the text and try to guess the meaning of the words in bold font. Check your variants in the dictionary. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES Basic Input Devices Most computer systems include a keyboard and pointing device, such as a mouse, for basic data input. Additional input devices, such as scanners, digital cameras, and graphics tablets, are handy for working with graphical input. Microphones and electronic instruments provide input capabilities for sound and music. A keyboard allows the user to key in programs and data and to control the computer system. Letters, numbers, symbols and blank spaces are known as characters. Thedesign of most computer keyboards is based on the typewriter’s QWERTY layout (because these are the first six letters on the top left of the keyboard), which was engineered to keep the typewriter’s mechanical keys from jamming. In addition to the basic typing keypad, computer keyboards include a collection of function keys designedfor computer-specific tasks, a calculator-style numeric keypad, and an editing keypad with keys such as End, Home, and Page Up. A pointing device allows you to manipulate an on-screen pointer and other screen-based graphical controls. The most popular pointing devices for personal computers include mice, trackballs, pointing sticks, trackpads, and joysticks. A standard desktop computer includes a mouse as its primary pointing device. A mouse includes one or more buttons that can be “clicked” to input command selections. To track its position, a computer mouse uses one of two technologies: mechanical or optical. A mechanical mouse reads its position based on the movement of a ball that rolls over a mouse pad placed on a desk. An optical mouse uses an onboard chip to track a light beam as it bounces off a surface, such as a desk, clipboard, or mouse pad. An optical mouse provides more precise tracking, greater durability, less maintenance, and more flexibility to use the mouse on a wide variety of surfaces without a mouse pad. A pointing stick, looks like the top of an eraser embedded in the keyboard of a notebook computer. A trackpad is a touch-sensitive surfaceon which you can slide your fingers to move the on-screen pointer. A trackball looks like a mechanical mouse turned upside down. A joystick looks like a small version of a car’s stick shift and is used mostly for playing games. Display Devices A computer display screen is usually classified as an output device because it typically shows the results of a processing task. Some screens, however, can be classified as both input and output device because they include touch-sensitive technology that accepts input. Display devices used for output offer three technology options: CRT, LCD, and plasma. Gun-like mechanisms in the CRT (cathode ray tube) spray beams of electrons toward the screen and activate individual dots of color that form an image. CRT display devices often simply called “monitors”, are bulky, however, and consume a fair amount of power. An LCD (liquid crystal display) produces an image by manipulating light within a layer of liquid crystal cells. Modern LCD technology is compact in size and lightweight, andprovides an easy-to-read display. The advantages of LCD monitors (or “flat panel displays”) include display clarity, low radiation emission, portability, and compactness. Plasma screen technology creates an on-screen image by illuminating miniature colored fluorescent light arrayed in a panel-like screen. The name “plasma” comes from the type of gas that fills fluorescent lights and gives them their luminescence. Like LCD screens, plasma screens are compact, lightweight, and more expensive than CRT monitors. They are rather energy consuming, too. Image quality is a factor of screen size, dot pitch, width of viewing angle, refresh rate,resolution, and color depth. Screen size is the measurement in inches from one corner of the screen diagonally across to the opposite corner. The quality of a screen is often measured by the number of horizontal and vertical pixels used to create it. A pixelis a dot of color on a photo image or a point of light on a display screen. It can be in one of two modes: “on” or “off”. A larger number of pixels per square inch means a higher resolution, or clarity and sharpness of the image. The distance between one pixel on the screen and the next nearest pixel is known as dot pitch. Dot pitch (dp) is a measure of image clarity. A smaller dot pitch means a clearer image. Greater pixel densities and smaller dot pitches yield sharper images of higher resolution. A monitor’s viewing angle width indicates how far to the side you can still clearly see the screen image. A wide viewing angle indicates that you can view the screen from various positions without compromising image quality. CRT and plasma screens offer the widest viewing angles. A CRT’s refresh rate (also referred to as “vertical scan rate”) is the speed at which the screen is repainted. The faster the refresh rate, the less the screen flickers. Refresh rate is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). The number of colors a monitor can display is referred to as color depth or “bit depth”. Most PC display devices have the capability to display millions of colors. The number of horizontal and vertical pixels that a device displays on a screen is referred to as its resolution. The resolution for many early PC displays was referred to as VGA (Video Graphics Array). Higher resolutions were later provided by SVGA (SuperVGA), XGA (eXtended Graphics Array), SXGA (Super XGA), and UXGA (Ultra XGA). Printers Printers are one of the most popular output devices, they usually use ink jet or laser technology. An ink jet printer has a nozzle-like print head that sprays ink onto paper to form characters and graphics. A laser printer uses the same technology as a photocopier to paint dots of light on a light-sensitive drum. Laser technology is more complex than ink jet technology, which accounts for the higher price of laser printers. A recurring cost of using a printer is the ink-jet or laser cartridge that must be replaced every few thousand pages of output.Printers differ in resolution, speed, duty cycle, operating costs, duplex capability, and memory. Printer resolution – the density of the gridwork of dots that create an image – is measured by the number of dots printed per linear inch, abbreviated as dpi, normally 900 dpi is enough. Printer speeds are measured either by pages per minute (ppm) or character per second (cps). A printer’s duty cycle determines how many pages a printer is able to process, usually measured per month (ppm). A printer with duplex capability can print on both sides of the paper, though it will slow down the print process. A computer sends data for a printout to the printer along with a set of instructions on how to print that data. Printer Control Language (PCL) is the most widely used language for communication between computers and printers, but PostScript is an alternative printer language that many publishing professionals prefer. The data that arrives at a printer along with its printer language instructions requires memory. Installing Peripheral Devices Today, many peripheral devices connect to an external USB (universal serial bus) port and Windows automatically loads their service drivers, making installation as simple as plugging in a table lamp. USB is currently the most popular technology for connecting peripherals. USB ports are conveniently located on the front of the system unit for easy access. When you install a peripheral device, you are creating a connection for data to flow between the device and the computer. Within a computer, data travels from one component to another over circuits called a data bus. One part of the data bus runs between RAM and the microprocessor. Other parts of the data bus connect RAM to various storage and peripheral devices. The segment of the data bus that extends between RAM and peripheral devices is called the expansion bus. As data moves along the expansion bus, it can travel through expansion slots, cards, ports, and cables. An expansion slot is a long, narrow socket on the system board into which you can plug an expansion card. An expansion card is a small circuit board that gives a computer the capability to control a storage device, an input device, or an output device. Expansion cards are also called “expansion boards”, “controller cards”, or “adapters”. Expansion cards are built for only one type of slot. An expansion port is any connector that passes data in and out of a computer or peripheral device. Built in ports supplied with a computer usually include a mouse port, keyboard port, serial port, and USB ports. Most notebook computers are equipped with several USB ports. Some devices require software, called a device driver, to set up communication between your computer and the device. The directions supplied with your peripheral device include instructions on how to install the device driver. Typically, you use the device driver disk or CD one time to get everything set up, and then you can put the disk away in a safe place. Installing a peripheral device you should remember that the cable you use must match the peripheral device and a port on the computer. If the right type of port is not available, you might have to add an expansion card. Once the connection is made, PnP should recognize the new device. If not, you will probably have to install driver software. Comprehension check. Match the beginnings of the sentences in the first column with the endings in the second.
Vocabulary practice 1. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the necessary word(s); all the letters of the word(s) are given on the right.
2. Fill in the missing words choosing from the variants given. a) viewing angle b) pixel c) resolution d) surface e) allows f) pitches g) display 1. A keyboard … the user to key in programs and data and to control the computer system. 2. An optical mouse uses an onboard chip to track a light beam as it bounces off a …, such as a desk, clipboard, or mouse pad. 3. Some … screens, can be classified as both input and output devices. 4. Greater … densities and smaller dot … yield sharper images of higher resolution. 5. A wide … indicates that you can view the screen from various positions without compromising image quality. 6. Printer … is measured by the number of dots printed per linear inch. 3. Match the beginnings and the endings of the statements given and put the sentences you get into the correct order.
4. Fill in the gaps in the text with appropriate words. Most computer systems include a keyboard and some type of ___ device for basic data input. A mouse is standard equipment with most desktop computer systems. For output, most computers include a display device. A ___ produces an image by spraying electrons toward the screen. ___ technology produces an image by manipulating light within a layer of liquid crystal cells. ___ screen technology creates an on-screen image by illuminating miniature fluorescent lights arrayed in a panel-like screen. Image quality for a display device is a factor of screen size, ___ ___, ___ of viewing angle, resolution, refresh rate, and color ___. Speaking. Discuss the following questions. 1. What devices are used to get data into a computer? 2. What does a pointing device do? 3. What options are for output devices? 4. Which display technology produces the best image? 5. What printer technologies are most popular with personal computer users? 6. What are the operating characteristics of a printer? 7. How does a computer move data to and from peripheral devices? 8. What is an expansion slot? What is an expansion card used for? 9. What is an expansion port? What are other names for it? 10. Why do some peripheral devices include a disk or CD? Critical Thinking. Read the article and express you opinion on the problem. |