Questions and tasks:
Give the interpretation of the First consonant shift.
Which one of the Germanic consonant shifts lasts till nowadays?
Find the examples of cognates from different languages to illustrate all acts of Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law.
Find the examples to illustrate the process of gemination, rhotasism.
Find examples to illustrate the Second (High German) consonant shift.
You are given the correspondences: Engl. Foot, Germ. Fuß. Reconstruct the consonants of Indo-European root.
There is the correspondence: Lat. Pondus «wight», Engl. Pound and Germ. Pfund. Is it a genetic relatedness or borrowing?
Give the Engl. Cognate for Germ. Netz.
There are the words: Engl. Plight, Germ. Pflicht, Engl. Pit, Germ. Pfütze, Engl. Penny, Germ. Pfennig. What do they illustrate?
There are Germ. Zunge, Zopf. Give Engl. equivalent cognates.
There are Germ. Essen, Wasser, Kessel. Give Engl. Equivalent cognates.
There are Engl. Thank, Germ. Danken, Engl. That, Germ. Das. Prove the correspondence of the pairs.
Explain the correspondence of cognates: Engl. Apple, Germ. Apfel.
There are Lat. piscis, Goth. fisks, OHG fisc, Germ. Fisch, Engl. fish. Reconstruct IE root vowel.
Prove the relatedness of Lat. tu, Russ. ты, Goth. Þu, Engl. thou, Germ. du.
Prove the relatedness of Russ. борода, Engl. beard, Germ. Bart. Reconstruct IE root vowel.
Prove the relatedness of Russ. яблоко, Engl. apple, Germ. Apfel. Reconstruct IE root vowel.
Which Indo-European consonant corresponds to German z in Netz?
You are given the following German words: Eiche, machen, Loch, wack, sucken. Fill in the missing letters to get English cognates for them: oa_, ma_e, lo_, wa_e, see_.
Find Ukrainian and Russian genetic equivalents to the following English words: red, apple, eye, yellow, pool, nail, cold, water, snow, be, sit, eat, beat, I, my, wax using sound correspondences.
Find English genetic equivalents to the following German words: schlafen, sitzen, Pforte, opfern, Pfeife, Pfeffer, Katze, Kopf, zwei, Pfund, Wurzel, Nuss, wass, schaffen, Tisch, Wasser, Zimmer, Zaun, Wolke, Meer, machen, Buch, Vogel, Tier.
“Sound change ‘operates blindly’”. (Hock H., Joseph B. Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship. Berlin, NY. 1996. P.123).
“There clearly must be limits on the extent to which simplification can progress: If phonetic simplicity were permitted to run its full course, it would change all words to something like [ə]”. “Human language requires a certain degree of complexity to successfully communicate meaning, variation and creativeness”. (Hock H., Joseph B. Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship. Berlin, NY. 1996. P.127).
Topic 4
Historical phonology (2)
1. Phonetic inventory and the structural system of oppositions in the Indo-European vocalic system
3. The development of IE e
4. Biphonemic clusters
5. Types of mutation
Key-words: umlaut, ablaut, palatal/velar mutation, assimilation, quantitative/qualitative changes, schwa indogermanicum, musical pitch tone, dynamic (force) stress.
Questions and tasks:
What functions of ablaut / umlaut do you know?
Which of the Proto-Indo-European vowels remained unchanged in the system of Germanic languages?
Which type of mutation was more popular in Germanic languages?
What are the stimuli of mutation?
Find the examples of words to illustrate the process of umlaut in Germanic languages
What kind of changes are called quantitative and which – qualitative ones? Bring the examples for each.
Find examples to illustrate the process of ablaut.
Prove the relatedness of the following words: Lat. aqua, Russ. Ока, OHG. aha, OE. ea «river».
Explain the relatedness of Engl. Goose and Germ. Gans.
Explain the sound change in the following words: ModGerm. Rücken and OHG hrukki.
Define the type of IE vowel interchange in the following:
Goth. bairan – bar – bērum – baurans
Goth. leiþan – laiþ – liþum – liþans
Goth. tiuhan – tauh – tauhum – tauhans
Goth. bindan – band – bundum – bundans
Goth. giban – gaf – gēbum – gibans
Goth. wairpan – warp – waurpum - waurpans
Define the type of IE vowel interchange in the following:
Germ. binden – Bund
Germ. springen – Sprung
Germ. finden – fand – gefunden
Germ. fahren - Fuhrt
Engl. begin – began – begun
Engl. swing – swung
Engl. bind – bound
Engl. bear – bore
Engl. break – broke
Engl. give – gave – given
Engl. run – ran – run
Engl. spin – span – spun
Engl. find – found
Engl. rise – rose – risen
There are Lat. flos, Goth. bloma, OHG bluoma, Germ. Blume. Are the abovementioned words genetically related? Explain vowel changes.
Prove relatedness and explain vowel changes in Goth. nati, OHG nezzi, Engl. net.
Look at the following: Lat. piscis, Goth. fisks, OE fisc, Engl. fish, Ger. Fisch and reconstruct IE vowel in the root of the word.
Prove the relatedness of lat. mater, OInd. matar, Russ. мать, Ukr. мати, OE moðor, OHG muoter, Engl. mother, Ger, Mutter.
Formulate the rule of the change IE e> Gmc. i looking at the correspondences Lat. ventus, Goth winds, Engl. wind, Germ. Wind.
There are Germ. Qual ‘trial, suffering’, OHG quelan, OE cwelan, Lith. gelti ‘sting’, Russ. колоть. Prove the relatedness and reconstruct IE root.
There are Germ. über, OHG ubar, Engl. over, OE ofar, Goth. ufar, Gk. hyper, Lat. super. Explain the correspondences and reconstruct IE root.
There are Germ. Flut ‘stream’, OHG flout, Goth. flodus, Engl. flood, Gk. plotos ‘floating’. Explain the correspondences and reconstruct IE root.
Topic 5
Historical morphology. The word-class noun and adjective
1. Changes in the 3-morpheme structure
2. The development of the category of case
3. The development of the category of number
4. The development of the category of gender
5. The rise of article
6. Strong and weak forms of adjective
Key-words: 3-morpheme structure, stem, stem-suffix, grammatical ending, dual number, 3-article system, 2-article system, case, gender, declension (vocalic, weak, minor) of nouns, a-(o-,u-,i-, etc.)-stem, category of definiteness/indefiniteness, strong/weak declension (adj.)
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