Курсовая. Особенности перевода медицинских текстов
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Ways to translate medical texts Medical translation is an independent link in the system of scientific and technical translation, which, like any other, has a number of features. Medical texts are saturated with a wide range of terms, abbreviations and special words. The translator needs to know the original language and the language of medical terminology. Due to the development of the branches of science and technology, the number of terms is constantly increasing, therefore, for a high-quality translation it is necessary to be a specialist and keep track of new products and trends. The choice of translation methods is indicated by the target audience, and the result of the translation in terms of belonging to the term is not basic. The problem of synonyms, if we talk about the translation of terms in the first place, has one of the primary meanings. One and the same word has several concepts. In English, the word “tumor” is denoted by the terms “tumor”, “mass”, “swelling”, “neoplasm”, “formation”, “blastoma”, “carcenoma”. The definition of “disease” is expressed in a number of synonyms: “disease”, “illness”, “sickness”, “ailment”, “disorder”, “trouble”, “distress”, “disturbance”. But this does not mean ambiguity, which could mislead a physician or medical translator. Each of these concepts has its own meaning: to indicate differences in size, quality, quantity, intensity. The translator needs to be guided in synonymous word formations. Synonyms are often found in the names of anatomical structures. Often there are words of Greek-Latin and English origin in anatomical terminology, for example, пищевод - esophagus (Greek), while gullet (English); живот - abdomen (lat.), belly (English). It should be emphasized that as a producing basis for the names of diseases, pathological conditions, operations, terms of Greek-Latin origin are used, despite the presence of their English version, for example: печень – liver (англ.), hepatitis – воспаление печени, гепатит. легкое – lung (англ.), но pulmonary – легочный, пульмональный; живот – belly (англ.), но abdominal – брюшной, абдоминальный; локоть – elbow (англ.), но anticubital – локтевой. Professional medical vocabulary is caused by a large number of phrases, which the translator must determine in the text and translate in common terms. for example, blood work – анализ крови, I.V. (intravenous) внутривенный, капельница, adverse event - неблагоприятная побочная реакция, побочный эффект; осложнение, adverse events following immunization - поствакцинальные побочные проявления, aggravated history - отягощенный анамнез, aluminium adjuvant - адъювант на основе гидроксида алюминия. The difficulty of translating medical texts lies in the large rapidly growing vocabulary, the large number of synonyms of the professional language. Speaking about the ways of translating medical terms, in this paper we distinguish 2 main ways of translating terms - dictionary and descriptive. 1. Check on special dictionaries and encyclopedias. Encyclopedias, especially industry ones, where established and generally accepted special vocabulary are compiled, are a reliable source of special vocabulary. Encyclopedias often contain important information about the appearance and semantic environment of terms. Currently, almost all terms have a well-established version of the translation, fixed in dictionaries. The use of traditional translation options is explained by the desire to make the term concise and understandable for all specialists. In dictionaries, often in addition to translating a term, a number of its synonyms are described, which can complicate the translation process. For example, you need to translate the phrase "коренной зуб". Different dictionaries give the following English equivalents of this phrase: grinder, molar (tooth), cheek tooth, jaw-tooth, mill tooth. Зачастую выбор варианта перевода зависит от контекста и от аудитории. Vaso-vegal syncopy – синокаротидный/вазовагальный обморок или синдром Товерса, Lupus – туберкулез кожи или волчанка Cholecystitis – холецистит или воспаление желчного пузыря Mastitis – мастит или воспаление молочной железы CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) – сердечно легочная реанимация или искусственное дыхание, food-borne outbreak - пищевая вспышка; вспышка инфекционного заболевания, связанная с употреблением продуктов питания, Chickenpox – ветряная оспа. 2. The next way to translate medical terms is through descriptive translation. This method should be used if it is necessary to provide a layman with a detailed description of the term. Doctors use scientific terms when talking with their colleagues, not being afraid to remain incomprehensible, but when communicating with patients who need to clarify the details of their illness, semi-professional vocabulary is used. When a doctor communicates with a patient, communication is reduced by the fact that one of its participants is not related to medicine, and naturally barriers to communication are established, including: semantic communicative, psychological, cultural, stylistic. Translation of medical terminology requires a clear knowledge of concepts and phenomena in this field of science. Mandatory verification with specialized dictionaries and reference books. An error in such translations is unacceptable. Chapter 2. Vocabulary in medical annotations Currently, in the pharmaceutical industry there are countless medicines that are aimed at treating various diseases. And in order to choose the right medicine, we often, before buying a drug, study its annotation. This is done in order to choose the medicine that will most effectively help cure this disease. Also in the annotation are written: the method of application and dosage, which must be observed without fail, in order to avoid overdose and poor health. In the annotations of drugs there is a lot of terminological vocabulary. This is usually medical terminology. Medical vocabulary combines special and non-special medical names that function in the scientific and other subsystems of the language. The bulk of medical vocabulary is medical terminology. At present, the lexicology of the language of science is one of the most actively developed areas of modern linguistics. There are many types of medications. And to choose the right one, you need to know the scope of its application. Each medicine has an annotation for use, and people study it before buying a medicine. As a rule, the annotation has a certain structure, which contains 24 points. But not every annotation includes all the points. The structure of the annotation depends on the drug itself (heart drugs, antibiotics, wound healing ointments), as well as on the manufacturer.Let's consider in more detail all points of annotations: 1. Vulture approved and approved. This paragraph indicates which organization (Department of State Control, Pharmacological Committee) and by what number is this drug approved and approved 2. Registration number (registration certificate). Appropriated after the examination and registration procedure in the Department of State Control of Medicines and Medical Equipment. 3. Trade name. This is a unique verbal designation in the form of a certain combination of letters or separate words, under which the manufacturer has carried out state registration and sells on the pharmaceutical market a drug manufactured by it, which has a specific composition and has specific pharmacological properties, which can be patented. 4. International Nonproprietary Name (INN). The name of the pharmaceutical product, proposed or recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is included in a special list and is not subject to patenting as a commercial one. 5. Dosage form. This paragraph describes the internal contents of the package (tablets, capsules, drops, ointment, etc.), and also describes the form of use (for oral administration, for resorption, taken orally). 6. The chemical composition. It is a painted chemical formula of this drug. 7. Composition. Includes a list of active and excipients of the drug. Indicates the dosage of each substance as part of a drug unit. 8. Description. A more detailed description of the contents of the package, including color (white, with a yellowish or cream tint), shape (torpedo-shaped, biconvex), the presence of engraving, notches, etc. 9. Pharmacotherapeutic group. Classification of groups of drugs by their main pharmacological effect (sleeping pills, analgesic) or by pharmacotherapeutic grounds (antiepileptic, antiarrhythmic). Each group has its own individual code indicated in this paragraph. 10. Pharmacological action (properties). Includes:Pharmacodynamics Describes the effect of drugs on the functions of any organ or tissue, due to the direct or indirect effect of the substance on biochemical substrates, on which this or that function depends. Pharmacokinetics The pattern of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs from the body. 11. Indications for use. Indication of syndromes, symptoms, diseases in which this drug is used. 12. Use during pregnancy and lactation. It is indicated whether it is possible to use the drug during pregnancy and lactation, and in what doses. 13. Contraindications. In almost all annotations to medical preparations, individual sensitivity to the drug is indicated as a contraindication, diseases, syndromes and symptoms incompatible with this drug are also indicated. 14. Use with caution. It is indicated under which diseases the drug can be used, but under the supervision of a doctor. 15. Dosage and administration. This paragraph gives instructions on taking the medicine, the time of administration and dosage, depending on age. 16. Side effects. Various adverse events and symptoms caused by taking the medicine are described. 17. Overdose. Symptoms caused by excessive use of the drug and treatment with an overdose are described. 18. Interaction with other drugs. It is indicated with which dosage forms the use of the drug is possible, and with which not. 19. Special instructions. It is indicated under what conditions and symptoms it is necessary to stop taking the drug. 20. Release form. The content of the active substance per unit of the drug (tablets, capsules, etc.) is indicated, as well as the number of units in the package. 21. Storage conditions. Indicate the temperature and conditions under which the drug should be contained 22. Shelf life. The period after which the drug is not recommended is indicated. 23. Conditions of dispensing from pharmacies. The possibility of selling the drug with or without a prescription is indicated. 24. Manufacturer. Reference data of the manufacturer of the drug or the company representing the drug in Russia. After analyzing several medical annotations, we can conclude that in the annotations there are items “mandatory” and “optional”. The terminology of diseases is very diverse. The term disease can be expressed as a word, or as a complex or simple phrase. Also, the terminology of diseases can include words of Russian, Greek, Latin origin and words that originated on the basis of Western European languages. In the clinic, the concepts of the disease are most often expressed in two-part words formed with the help of terminological elements of Greek-Latin origin. For example, cardiopathia (heart disease), nephroptosis (kidney prolapse).In the annotations of drugs in the name of the disease, as a rule, words, phrases and abbreviations of Russian origin are used.Several groups stand out. The first group includes diseases expressed by a noun. The second group includes simple phrases consisting of two words. The third group includes complex phrases consisting of three or more words. Consider the name of the disease in the annotations from the paragraph indications for use from a syntactic point of view.The names of the diseases expressed by him. noun: Gastritis. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Colitis. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. ARVI. The name of the disease is an abbreviation and is expressed by the name of noun. Chlamydia The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Pneumonia. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Flu. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Rhinorrhea. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun..Trichomoniasis. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Giardiasis The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Otitis. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Diaper rash. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Burns. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. Folliculitis. The name of the disease is expressed by the name of noun. 2.1 Comparison and analysis of annotations The structure of the annotation depends on the drug itself. Medical translation is one of the most important and sought-after types of special translation, since it is associated with the life and safety of a person, in turn, it puts forward special requirements for the quality of translation and the qualifications of the translators themselves.It is he who is constantly updated: neologisms appear, some words become archaisms and come out of active use. As a result of this phenomenon, there is a need for continuous updating of methods and methods for translating individual lexical units. This is especially evident in the sciences, which are constantly evolving, including in medicine. To consider the examples, the Atriance antitumor agent was taken. Let us consider in more detail some paragraphs of annotations in Russian and English:
After analyzing the points from the annotation in English and Russian, you can notice that they are silent about some points in the annotation in Russian. Only occasionally adding that it can be dangerous in the annotations in English, the items of which are not in the Russian annotation are described in more detail. A medical translation is, first of all, a serious and responsible work that requires the translator to pay maximum attention (in addition to his fluent knowledge of a foreign language and his knowledge of specific terminology). The quality of the translated material will determine the correctness of informing the doctor about a particular case. An inaccurate interpretation by a medical translator of a term can cause various delays or problems in treatment abroad. Thus, the outcome of the treatment will also depend on the correctness of the medical translation of the text. Improper medical translation has every chance of adversely affecting medical practice.Nevertheless, despite the great demand for medical translation, there are not so many translators who want to master medical specialization. There are several reasons for this.First of all, medical translation requires the translator to have total, absolutely complete return and concentration. Translation should exclude any ambiguity, any possibility of a double interpretation. Thus, a professional translator of medical texts must possess not only the appropriate qualifications, but also a certain set of character traits that will allow him to concentrate fully on the translated documents.Also, work with medical texts, like no other field of translation, implies a dense work with dictionaries and reference books. Even if the translator is fluent in his native and foreign languages, he has to translate numerous abbreviations and Latin terms. That is why medical translation is impossible without working with auxiliary materials, and that is why the pace of translation of medical texts is much slower compared to the translation of texts on other topics. This, by the way, directly affects the productivity of the translator and the amount of his remuneration.With all this, the translator must have a complete understanding of what he is translating, that is, he must have the appropriate amount of knowledge in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, despite considerable experience and extensive knowledge, truly professional translators of medical texts are far from self-confident and often in case of difficulty prefer to consult consultants who will help them correctly understand the medical text and avoid translation errors.The raw materials themselves in most cases leave much to be desired. The texts are handwritten, illegible, with a large number of abbreviations and Latin terms, each of which is extremely important for a general understanding of the document, correct diagnosis and treatment. Working with such texts is extremely difficult, while the inconvenient format of the source materials also affects the pace of translation and the productivity of the translator.Translating materials about diseases is still difficult, no matter how calm and calm a person a medical translator is.On the other hand, medical translation has its merits. In particular, when working with auxiliary materials, reference books, materials from the Internet, the level of knowledge of the translator about diseases and characteristics of the human body increases significantly. Such information is not only interesting, but also useful, especially if your friends or relatives are ill. Secondly, the volume of auxiliary materials on medicine (including reference books and dictionaries), which are currently available, significantly exceeds the volume of auxiliary materials on any other subject. This, of course, is an important factor for ensuring high quality translation. The translator performing the medical translation of the text should be well aware of certain features related to the difference between the standards for the design of Russian and foreign documents. |