I i
[i]
|
pig, spirit, itchy, riddle, since, thin, tick, pink, limited, insect
|
[ai]
|
pine, kite, isolated, item, kind, mind, find , white, wise
|
A a
[æ]
|
cat, fantastic, bag, black, flag, has, grammar, bank, rabbit
|
[ei]
|
cake, plate, Jane, brave, race, way, radio, state, stage
|
[a:]
|
garden, classroom, father, carpet, start, grass, pass, hard, rather
|
[o:]
|
all, ball, wall, walk, call, crawl
| О о
[ ]
|
dog, shop, not, Tom, box, drop, clock, bottle, bottom, wrong
|
[ou]
|
stove, rose, sofa, no, toad, coat, window, robot, toast
|
E e
[e]
|
pen, length, yes, hen, nest, well, guest, regular, temper, tender
|
U u
[ʌ]
|
cup, bus, such, summer, fun, junk, jump, drunk, jungle, lunch
|
oo
[u]
|
book, took, good, wood
|
[u:]
|
spoon, tooth, cool, proof, too, tool
|
eе
[i:]
|
street, tree, three, green, free, week, keep, sweep
|
[ei]
|
[æ]
|
[e]
|
[ai]
|
[u]
|
[ə]
|
[ ]
|
[ ]
|
[t e]
|
name
eight
away
stake
steak
stage
|
have
has
black
stand
splash
matter
|
friend
bread
deaf
death
steady
leisure
|
tie
right
night
fight
sight
pike
|
put
foot
sugar
would
could
|
under
October
colour
winter
lawer
|
other
colour
cut
enough
tongue
|
other
they
thus
with
weather
|
picture
structure
literature
texture
mixture
|
|
[a:]
|
[]
|
[ə:]
|
[æ]
|
[d3]
|
craft
laugh
army
bravo
|
mother
brother
other
cousin
|
worker
third
her
surfice
|
family
Ann
captain
battle
|
Jane
John
journalist
junior
|
|
[Ө]
|
[ai]
|
[ou]
|
[:]
|
[]
|
[εə]
|
fifth
twelfth
thick
thief
truth
|
nice
buy
write
tie
type
|
window
yellow
coat
slow
crow
|
door
launch four
your
water
|
shut
cut
blood
custom
one
|
their
hair
fare
fair
bear
|
|
[ə:]
|
[i:]
|
[εə]
|
[ou]
|
[au]
|
[u:]
|
learn
shirt
curtain
person
surgeon
|
read
teacher
beach
beetle
weak
|
their
there
where
parents
vary
|
go
no
wrote
though
progress
|
now
down
how
cow
|
do
who
through
screw
crew
|
|
[ou]
|
[ei]
|
[ə:]
|
[:]
|
[i:]
|
[]
|
[aiə]
|
home
stove
whole
stone
snow
|
play
day
break
trade
trail
|
thirteen
third
shirt
skirt
burgler
|
ball
law
course
warm
worm
|
sleep week
weak
season
|
without
there
therefore
|
dialogue pioneer
quiet
prior
triumph
|
Appendix 2
GRAMMAR REFERENCE SECTION
1. Articles
2. Nouns: singular, plural
3. There is /There are
ARTICLES
There are only two types of articles in English: indefinite ‘a, an’ and definite ‘the.’
Indefinite articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ have the meaning ‘one’or ‘any’, they are used with singular countable nouns also they are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before:
I saw an elephant this morning.
I ate a banana for lunch.
A and an are used when talking about one’s profession:
I am an English teacher.
He is a builder.
Definite article – ‘the’ is used with singular and plural nouns, countable and uncontable ones to talk about something specific.
The apple you ate was rotten.
Did you lock the car?
You should also use the when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.
She's got two children; a girl and a boy.
The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen.
We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe.
the North Pole, the equator
We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas
the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel
We also use the before certain nouns when we know there is only one of a particular thing (it is unique).
the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc.
However if you want to describe a particular instance of these you should use a/an.
I could hear the wind. / There's a cold wind blowing.
What are your plans for the future? / She has a promising future ahead of her.
The is also used to say that a particular person or thing being mentioned is the best, most famous, etc. In this use, 'the' is usually given strong pronunciation.
Harry's Bar is the place to go.
You don't mean you met the Tony Blair, do you?
Note:
The doesn't mean all:
The books are expensive. = (Not all books are expensive, just the ones I'm talking about.)
Books are expensive. = (All books are expensive.)
2. NOUNS: SINGULAR, PLURAL
singular + -s
singular
|
Plural
|
a car
|
two cars
|
a cassette
|
two cassettes
|
Add -es after sibilants:
singular
|
plural
|
a box
|
two boxes
|
a sandwich
|
two sandwiches
|
a suitcase
|
two suitcases
|
a rose
|
two roses
|
a garage
|
two garages
|
Substitute -y after consonant with -ies:
singular
|
plural
|
a city
|
two cities
|
a lady
|
two ladies
|
Add -s after vowel + y:
singular
|
plural
|
a boy
|
two boys
|
a day
|
two days
| |
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