Help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or bare infinitive.
- She helped me (to) paint my flat.
Gerund / the -ing form
Forms of the –ing form: Present (visiting) and Perfect (having visited.)
The present –ing form refers to the present or future.
- He hates walking to work. He hates being visited on Sundays.
The perfect –ing form shows that the action of the –ing form happened before the action of the verb.
- He avoided answering / having answered the question.
The –ing form is used:
as a noun: Swimming is a great way to get fit.
after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, confess, continue, deny, discuss, enjoy, excuse, finish, forgive, go (in for activities), imagine, mind, miss, keep (continue), practice, suggest, recollect, report, understand, quit, etc. I appreciate your coming to us in time.
after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general preference. Tom is a workaholic, He hates wasting time.
BUT: for a specific preference (would like, would prefer, would love) we use a to-infinitive.
- I’d love to go there wiith my friends.
after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point in, can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble etc. I am busy writinga report.
after spend, waste, or lose (time, money, etc). We wasteda tot of time fixingthe computer.
after verbs and expressions such as look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer (doing sth to sth else). - He isn't used to living alone.
after prepositions. Elaine is scared of flying.
after the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to describe an incomplete action. I heardSamantba talking on the phone. (I only heard part of the conversation).
BUT: we use the infinitive without to with hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to describe the complete action. I heard Samantha tell the story. (I heard the whole story).
Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and the -ing form:
Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing form but with a change in meaning.
forget + to-infinitive = not remember - He forgot to buy milk.
forget + -ing form = not recall - I'll never forget visiting Egypt.
remember + to-infinitive = not forget- Did you remember to call Lucy?
remember + -ing form = recall - I remember coming here before.
mean + to-infinitive = intend to - He never meant to upset her.
mean + -ing form = involve - Being a firefighter means taking risks.
regret + to-infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform) - I regret to inform you that your phone has been cutoff.
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about - He is going to regret selling his record collection.
5. COMPARATIVE FORMS
We use the comparative form to compare two people, things, places, etc. We usually use than with comparative adjectives.
Mary is younger than Jane.
Tim is much shorter than Nick.
The plain is more expensive than the train.
We use the superlative form to compare one person/thing/etc with more than one person/thing/etc in the same group. We use the ... of/in with superlative adjectives. We use in with the superlative when we talk about places.
It's the most expensive necklace in the shop. (NOT; of the shop)
He is by far the most intelligent.
He is the most intelligent of all.
You are the best!
Spelling:
With one-syllable adjectives ending in -e, we add -r in the comparative and -st in the superlative form
nice - nicer – the nicest
With one-syllable adjectives ending in a stressed vowel + a consonant, we double the last consonant and add –er /est.
thin - thinner – the thinnest
With two-syllable adjectives ending in -ly or -y, we change the -y to i and add -er/-est.
narrow – narrower – the narrowest
Some one-syllable adjectives of abstract meaning such as: clear, safe, true, free, wise, etc and two-syllable adjectives such as: clever, common, stupid, narrow, gentle, friendly, simple, easy, etc. take either –er/-est or more/most.
friendly – more friendly than – the most friendly or
friendly – friendlier than – the friendliest
The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formed with more and the superlative with the most.
difficult – more difficult than – the most difficult
Compare regular and irregular comparatives and superlatives:
|
Adjective
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
|
Adjective
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
Short adjectives
|
big small
|
bigger
smaller
|
the biggest
the smallest
|
Irregular
forms
|
good
bad
little many much
|
better worse
less
more
|
the best
the worst
the least
the most
|
-y adjectives
|
noisy
|
noisier
|
the noisiest
|
|
|
|
|
longer adjectives
|
beautiful
|
more
beautiful
|
the most
beautiful
|
|
|
|
|
We use adjectives or their comparative and superlative forms to make comparisons.
Adjectives:
very + adjective (emphasises adjective). George is a very good student.
as + adjective + as {to show that two people or things are similar in some way. In negative sentences we use not as/so ... as). I'm sure Brian is as clever as Polly.
less + adjective + than (expresses the difference between two people or things. The opposite of more ... than). The sequel was less successful than the original.
the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two or more people or things in the same group. The opposite of most... of/in). It’s the least expensive restaurant in the city.
Comparative forms:
much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly/even + comparative (expresses the degree of difference between two people or things):
- Anna is much younger than Steve. - Riding a motorbike is a lot more dangerous than driving a car. – She was far happier when she only worked part time. -1 think it’s a little warmer than it was yesterday. - It was a bit more expensive than I thought it would be. -She said that the second exam was slightly easier than the first one. - Since his operation, he has been walking even more slowly.
BUT: many more + uncountable noun:
- Tom ate many more biscuits than Paul.
comparative + comparative shows that something is increasing or decreasing
- We seem to start later and later every day.
the + comparative ..., the + comparative (shows that two things change together or that one thing depends on another thing):
- The longer the journey went on, the more beautiful the scenery became.
Superlative forms:
We use thewith a superlative:
It was the happiestday of my life.
Everest is the highestmountain in the world.
That’s the bestfilm I have seen this year.
I have three sisters, Jan is the eldest and Angela is the youngest .
You can form superlative adjectives in two ways as well. You can add estto the end of the adjective, or you can use the mostor the leastbefore it. Do not, however, do both! You violate another grammatical rule if using two superlative forms.
One-syllable words generally take estat the end, as in these examples:
Max is the wisest person I’ve ever met.
Of all the students in the group, Max is the worst.
King Kong was the biggest gorilla ever.
Two-syllable words vary. Check out the example:
Because Greg refuses to read directions, he made the crispiest mashed potatoes ever in the history of instant food.
Use mostor leastbefore adjectives with three or more syllables:
Who is the most intelligent person in your family?
I’ve chosen to buy the least expensive hat.
by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one person or thing and two or more people or things in the same group):
- He is by far the best player in the team.
TABLE of IRREGULAR VERBS
The table consists of three forms: the 1st introduces infinitives of the verbs, the 2nd - past simple forms and the 3rd – past participles to be used in perfect forms or passive voice.
1. arise
|
arose
|
arisen
|
піднімати (ся)
|
2. be
|
was, were
|
been
|
бути
|
3. bear
|
bore
|
born
|
нести, народжувати
|
4.become
|
became
|
become
|
ставати кимось, чимось
|
5.begin
|
began
|
begun
|
починати(ся)
|
6. bend
|
bent
|
bent
|
гнути
|
7. bind
|
bound
|
bound
|
зв’язувати
|
8. bite
|
bit
|
bitten
|
кусати
|
9. bleed
|
bled
|
bled
|
сходити кров’ю
|
10.blow
|
blew
|
blown
|
дути
|
11. break
|
broke
|
broken
|
ламати, повідомляти (новину)
|
12. breed
|
bred
|
bred
|
вирощувати
|
13. bring
|
brought
|
brought
|
приносити
|
14. build
|
built
|
built
|
будувати
|
15.burn
|
burnt
|
burnt
|
горіти, палити
|
16.buy
|
bought
|
bought
|
купувати
|
17.cast
|
cast
|
cast
|
розкидати
|
18. catch
|
caught
|
caught
|
ловити
|
19. choose
|
chose
|
chosen
|
вибирати
|
20. come
|
came
|
come
|
приходити
|
21. cost
|
cost
|
cost
|
коштувати
|
22. cut
|
cut
|
cut
|
різати
|
23. dig
|
dug
|
dug
|
рити, копати
|
24.do
|
did
|
done
|
робити, виконувати
|
25. draw
|
drew
|
drawn
|
малювати, притягувати
|
26. dream
|
dreamt
|
dreamt
|
мріяти, снитися
|
27. drink
|
drank
|
drunk
|
пити
|
28. drive
|
drove
|
driven
|
керувати авто
|
29.eat
|
ate
|
eaten
|
їсти
|
30.fall
|
fell
|
fallen
|
падати
|
31.feed
|
fed
|
fed
|
годувати
|
32.feel
|
felt
|
felt
|
почувати (ce6e)
|
33. fight
|
fought
|
fought
|
битися, боротися
|
34.find
|
found
|
found
|
знаходити
|
35.flee
|
fled
|
fled
|
тікати, рятуватися
|
36. fly
|
flew
|
flown
|
літати
|
37. forget
|
forgot
|
forgotten
|
забувати
|
38. get
|
got
|
got
|
отримувати, розуміти, добиратися
|
39. give
|
gave
|
given
|
давати
|
40. go
|
went
|
gone
|
іти, їхати .
|
41. grow
|
grew
|
grown
|
виростити
|
42. hang
|
hung
|
hung
|
висіти
|
43.have
|
had
|
had
|
мати (щось)
|
44. hear
|
heard
|
heard
|
чути
|
|
45.hide
|
hid
|
hidden
|
ховатися
|
|
46.hold
|
held
|
held
|
тримати
|
|
47. keep
|
kept
|
kept
|
тримати, зберігати
|
|
48. know
|
knew
|
known
|
знати
|
|
49. lead
|
led
|
led
|
лідирувати, вести за собою
|
|
50. learn
|
learnt
|
learnt
|
вчити(ся)
|
|
51. leave
|
left
|
left
|
залишати, покидати
|
|
52. lend
|
lent
|
lent
|
позичати
|
|
53. let
|
let
|
let
|
дозволяти, здавати в оренду
|
|
54. light
|
lit
|
lit
|
світити
|
|
55. lose
|
lost
|
lost
|
втрачати
|
|
56. make
|
made
|
made
|
робити руками (помилку)
|
|
57. mean
|
meant
|
meant
|
означати
|
|
58. meet
|
met
|
met
|
зустрічати, знайомитися
|
|
59. put
|
put
|
put
|
класти
|
|
60. read
|
read
|
read
|
читати
|
|
61. ride
|
rode
|
ridden
|
кататися
|
|
62. rise
|
rose
|
risen
|
підніматися
|
|
63.run
|
ran
|
run
|
бігти, їхати
(про транспорт)
|
|
64. say
|
said
|
said
|
сказати
|
|
65. see
|
saw
|
seen
|
бачити
|
|
66.sell
|
sold
|
sold
|
продавати
|
|
67. send
|
sent
|
sent
|
посилати
|
|
68. set
|
set
|
set
|
налаштувати, встановити
|
69. shake
|
shook
|
shaken
|
трясти
|
70. shine
|
shone
|
shone
|
світити
|
71. shoot
|
shot
|
shot
|
стріляти
|
72. shut
|
shut
|
shut
|
закривати
|
73. sing
|
sang
|
sung
|
співати
|
74. sink
|
sank
|
sunk
|
потонути
|
75. sit
|
sat
|
sat
|
сидіти
|
76. sleep
|
slept
|
slept
|
спати
|
77. smell
|
smelt
|
smelt
|
пахнути, нюхати
|
78. speak
|
spoke
|
spoken
|
говорити, розмовляти
|
79. spend
|
spent
|
spent
|
тратити, проводити (час)
|
80. spoil
|
spoilt
|
spoilt
|
псувати
|
81. spread
|
spread
|
spread
|
поширювати, намащувати
|
82. spring
|
sprang
|
sprung
|
стрибати
|
83. stand
|
stood
|
stood
|
стояти
|
84. steal
|
stole
|
stolen
|
красти
|
85. stick
|
stuck
|
stuck
|
приклеювати, дотримуватись
|
86. sting
|
stung
|
stung
|
жалити
|
87. stride
|
strode
|
stridden
|
крокувати
|
88. strike
|
struck
|
struck
|
бити, страйкувати
|
89. strive
|
strove
|
striven
|
старатися
|
90. swear
|
swore
|
sworn
|
присягатися
|
91. sweep
|
swept
|
swept
|
підмітати
|
92. swim
|
swam
|
swum
|
плавати
|
93. swing
|
swung
|
swung
|
гойдатися, мінятися
|
94. take
|
took
|
taken
|
брати
|
95. teach
|
taught
|
taught
|
навчати
|
96. tear
|
tore
|
torn
|
рвати на шматки
|
97. tell
|
told
|
told
|
розповідати
|
98. think
|
thought
|
thought
|
думати
|
99. throw
|
threw
|
thrown
|
кидати
|
100. thrust
|
thrust
|
thrust
|
штовхати
|
101. tread
|
trod
|
trodden
|
ступати
|
102. understand
|
understood
|
understood
|
розуміти
|
103. upset
|
upset
|
upset
|
засмучуватися
|
104. wake
|
woke
|
woken
|
прокидатися
|
105. wear
|
wore
|
worn
|
носити, одягатися
|
106. weave
|
wove
|
woven
|
ткати
|
107. weep
|
wept
|
wept
|
плакати
|
108. win
|
won
|
won
|
перемагати, вигравати
|
109.wind
|
wound
|
wound
|
заводити
|
110. withdraw
|
withdrew
|
withdrawn
|
брати назад, відкликати
|
111. wring
|
wrung
|
wrung
|
скручувати
|
112. write
|
wrote
|
written
|
писати
|
113. hit
|
hit
|
hit
|
вдарити
|
Навчальне видання
Гудій Світлана Олексіївна,
Махінов Віктор Миколайович
ДЕСЯТЬ КРОКІВ ДО УСПІХУ
TEN STEPS TO SUCCESS
Посібник з інтенсивного навчання англійської мови
(для студентів ВНЗ спеціальності «Початкова освіта»)
Частина перша
Підписано до друку 19.06.2013 р. Формат 60x84/ 16.
Папір офсетний. Гарнітура Times.
Ум. др. арк. 8,37. Обл.-вид. арк. 5,17.
Наклад прим. Зам. № ____
Віддруковано з оригіналів.
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Свідоцтво про реєстрацію ДК № 1101 від 29.10.2002. (044) 234-75-87
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