Пособие по обучению практике устной и письменной речи (начальный этап) на английском языке Под ред. О. В. Серкиной
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PART III. THE THINGS I LIKE AND DISLIKE. Unit 1. The things I like and Dislike. My Food.  Food is the first enjoyment of life. Lin Yutang Recommended grammar: Verbals. Requests and preferences
similar to or different from the general eating habits in Russia. BUILDING-UP YOUR VOCABULARY Meals in the U.S. Meal Times In the U.S., meals are usually served at the following times: Breakfast: between 6:30 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. Lunch: between 11:30 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Dinner: between 4:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. Dinner is often the most substantial meal of the day, and usually includes a main course of meat, poultry or fish, accompanied by side dishes such as soup, salad and vegetables. Lunch in the U.S. tends to be a lighter meal (often a sandwich, yogurt or a light entrée). Breakfast meals can vary from cereal and milk to eggs and pancakes or French toasts. Brunch, a common Sunday meal served between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., is really a combination of traditional 'breakfast' and 'lunch' dishes. Scrambled eggs or omelets are often served along with other regular luncheon dishes. In many restaurants brunch is served from about 10 a.m. until mid-afternoon. Common Dishes Often Americans dine out, i.e. they go to different restaurants. Many foreign people think that Americans are always eating hamburgers in such restaurants. Now it’s proven that eating in such restaurants is not healthy enough. And the truth is that many people in the USA have become vegetarians, who eat little or no meat. Most Americans, however, like many different kinds of food. They especially like exotic foods, and restaurants that serve French, Arabic, Mexican, Japanese, Chinese and African cuisine are among their favorites. There are a lot of foods in each category, depending upon which type of restaurant you go to (fast food or regular style, American or international cuisine, etc.). Below is a sample menu typical of some American-style restaurants: Appetizers: nachos, chili, shrimp cocktail, raw vegetables and dip, finger sandwiches, cheese, etc. Soups: French onion, chicken, vegetable, soup of the day Salads: regular, Greek, chef, Caesar, spinach Main Courses: steak, fried chicken with seasoned breading, broiled chicken, fish, hamburgers, pasta dishes, pizza, often served with vegetables or some other dish Hot and Cold Sandwiches: combinations of ham, turkey, roast beef, chicken, tuna salad (tuna fish with mayonnaise and, sometimes, celery), egg salad (chopped hard boiled eggs with mayonnaise), cheese, lettuce, tomatoes, mayonnaise or mustard, etc., served on bread Beverages: coffee, tea, soft drinks, mineral water, iced tea Deserts: cakes, ice cream, frozen yogurt, fruit, etc. Breakfast dishes: cold cereal and milk, warm cereal, toasts, yogurt, eggs, pancakes, French toasts, waffles, etc. Americans also like to cook. And they don’t always make simple things. Some of them are real gourmets ['guәmei], and they enjoy preparing fine meals. They spend thousands of dollars each year on cook-books and cooking utensils to use in their kitchens. Like people in many countries, people in the US love to entertain, so they often invite guests to dinner. When guests arrive, they find a table beautifully decorated with candles and fine china, because a meal is a more appetizing when it is served in pleasant surroundings. When guests sit down to eat, they eat heartily. For many Americans, food that is cooked at home is most scrumptious of all. Restaurants There are two main types of restaurants in the U.S.: fast food and full-service restaurants. Fast food restaurants are called such because little time passes between the time a patron (= client) orders a meal and when he receives it. The style of fast food restaurants is much like that of a cafeteria. In a fast food restaurant, customers go up to a counter to order their meal. It is then placed on a plastic tray which patrons bring to a table. Fast food tends to be mass-produced. Items such as hamburgers, hot chicken sandwiches, pizza, and salads are typical of fast food fare. Eating in a fast food style restaurant is much less expensive than eating in a full service restaurant. A typical dinner in a fast food restaurant costs from $4.00 to $6.00. Add a 6 to 10 percent tax levied on the cost of your bill. It is expected that customers will finish eating and leave the fast food restaurant within 30 to 45 minutes. In full service restaurants, customers don’t have to look for a table by themselves. They have to wait to be seated. The head-waiter or a waiter will necessarily come up to you, offer you a table: Would you like a table by the window? – Yes, please, but not too close to the entrance. and show you to your seat: This way, please. The waiter hands a wine list to each customer. In first-class restaurants they have separate menus for wine and food (Here’s the menu.). Don’t be surprised if you don’t find a cloakroom in the restaurant. Most restaurants, and, of course, cafes and pubs, don’t have them. Customers usually put their coats on the back of their chairs or elsewhere. First, you order your drinks: Are you ready to order your drinks? – A gin and tonic for me, please. What would you like to drink? – Scotch on the rocks, please. Which wine would you like, sir? Which would you recommend? – We have Chablis 1994. – Sounds good to me. If you have ordered a bottle of wine, the waiter will bring one and first pour a little bit of wine into your glass. You should taste it, and if you find the wine good (which is most often the case), you should say “Yes” or just nod approvingly. Only then will the waiter fill your glass. A few minutes after handing a menu to each customer, the waiter comes back: Are you ready to order? – I think we are. What would you like to have for starters?/ What would you like to start with? – I’d like to have green salads, please./ The same for me, please. / I think I’ll start with soup/melon. What would you like to have for the main course? - I’ll have steak and new potatoes./ I’m at a loss. I don’t know what to order. Can you recommend something to me? Why not start with the shrimp cocktail, if you like sea food.–It’s fine with me. At a restaurant the last course usually called ‘pudding’, ‘sweet’ or ‘dessert’ shouldn’t be ordered together with the starters and the main course. This is usually done later. If you order tea and coffee together with the starters, the waiter will bring it at the beginning of the meal. That’s why if you want to finish your meal with tea or coffee, order it later. Do you want any sweet? – A cup of coffee and cheese to finish with, please. How about pudding? – Chocolate pudding for me, please.  Dinner at full service restaurants can vary from $20 (including tax) in a less expensive restaurant, to $80 and more in an expensive restaurant. It is expected that customers will finish eating and leave a full service restaurant within an hour or an hour and a half. Could I pay now? - Here’s your bill, sir. Could I have the bill? – Here you are, madam.The bill, please. – Here it is, sir. In case something goes wrong you can say: I’m sorry but we have been waiting for half an hour. or Sorry, but we did order 40 minutes ago. or Sorry, but I asked for strawberry ice-cream, not chocolate. Tipping In general, to express satisfaction with service, it is expected that customers will give wait staff at full service restaurants a tip of 10-15% of the bill for full meals if service is not already included. Don’t pay twice for the service: you should add 10-15 % only if there’s a stamped “Service is not included” on the menu or at the bottom of the bill. A small token is added if you are just having coffee or tea. Sometimes, wine stewards are also given a tip of 15% of the bill. It is also customary to give bartenders a 10 to 15% tip. Also, small tips are usually given to coat check attendants (50 cents to one dollar), restroom attendants (about 50 cents) and car park attendants (also, about 50 cents). It is not customary to tip in fast food restaurants. Customers are expected to dispose of the waste from their meals and stack their trays. Water and Ice Water from public sources is meant to be used for human consumption. In general, most people in the U.S. drink tap water, drinking bottled water for the sake of taste. There are certain places, however, such as Washington, D.C., New York, Los Angeles and other large cities where it is recommended to filter water before drinking. A 1.2. Study the vocabulary used to describe food and eating habits. Practice saying all the words of French origin. Consult a dictionary. ny cold beverage you order at a cafe, fast food or regular style restaurant will be served to you with ice unless you request otherwise. Alcoholic drinks can be served on the rocks. General expressions: to start with, to make one’s order/ to order, to take one’s order, to be on/ keep to a diet, to pay a bill, to tip, to serve/ wait on, to lay (to spread) the table, to clear the table, to recommend, to prefer, to try/ to taste; full course /three-course dinner, hors-d’oeuvres [o:’de:vr], table d’hote [‘ta:bl’dәut] (items/ dishes), a la carte [,a: la: ‘ka:t] (dishes/ items), buffet/ smorgasbord, portion, specialty, serving, bar, selection, restaurant, snack bar, food court, café, cafeteria, canteen, refectory (in British colleges), menu, head waiter, service, waiter (waitress)/ server, service charge, ash-tray, napkin, bill; Hors d’oeuvres/ appetizers: mushrooms, julienne, jellied fish (in aspic), caviar, crab cocktail, salad, sardine salad, mushrooms in sour cream; Starters: broth, chicken broth, soup, cabbage (ox-tail, noodle, pea, tomato, fish, onion) soup, purée, minestrone, thick soup, cream of mushrooms; Main courses: Fish dishes: boiled beluga, spitted sturgeon, halibut in white sauce, pike-perch in white wine, stuffed fish; Meat dishes: mutton, beef stroganoff, rare beef, beefsteak, beef, goulash, assorted roast, meats, kidney pie, Yorkshire pudding, Chicken Kiev, liver, kidneys, pork, veal, hamburger, pork chop, tongue, ham, roast mutton, hotchpotch, cutlet, pâté, minced meat, sausage frankfurters/ wieners (AmE); Poultry/ game/ fowl: goose, turkey, chicken, duck, pheasant, chick, Kentucky fried chicken, roast chicken/ turkey/ goose/ duck; Grain and milk dishes: porridge, oatmeal, cereal, pasta, corn-flakes, kefir, half-milk, yogurt, milk, butter, cream, sour cream, cheese, Swiss/Dutch cheese, cottage cheese, cream cheese, curds; Trimmings/ side dish/ garnish: vegetables and potatoes, new potatoes, mashed (boiled, fried, baked, roast, jacket) potatoes, rice, green peas, cabbage, cauliflower, egg-plants /aubergine, French fries, eggs (soft-boiled, hard-boiled, scrambled), omelet; Meat: beef, kidney, liver , venison, veal, pork, mutton, lamb, fillet; Fish: cod, hake, plaice, mackerel, herring, sardine, trout, salmon, eel, pike, sole, halibut, tuna, catfish, pike-perch, carp, Baltic herring, Baltic sprat, sturgeon; Seafood: prawns, clam, shrimp, crab, lobster, crayfish, squid, mussels, oysters; Vegetables: artichoke, green pea, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, potato, onion, carrot, tomato, radish, bean, (a clove of) garlic, spinach, leek, zucchini, (bell) pepper, (a spear of) asparagus, corn (on the cob); Fruit: apricot, peach, pineapple, banana, grape, cherry, black cherry, pomegranate, grapefruit, tangerine, lemon, orange, pear, plum, apple, fig, avocado, mango, passion fruit, date, raisin, prune; Berries: (note that in English when saying about eating berries you use plural nouns, singular nouns mean ‘one berry’) strawberries, cranberries, gooseberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, currants, watermelon, melon; Nuts: peanut, pecan, walnut, almond, hazel nut, pistachio nut; Bread: roll, croissant, bagel, sandwich, canapé, a loaf of bread, bun, dough, batter; Dessert: ice-cream, sundae, crème brûlée, pastry, sherbet, whipped cream, custard, doughnut, muffin, fudge, cup cake, scone, sponge cake, cookie, biscuit, cheesecake, jam, jelly/ jello (AmE), cake (it usually needs some filling, icing or topping), strawberry or apple tart, pudding, waffle flan, shortcake, pancake, gingerbread, crepe, maple syrup; Soft drinks/ beverages: lemonade, mineral water (still, fizzy), soda water, cider, Coca-Cola/Coke, tonic, juice; Strong drinks/ spirits: aperitif, dry or sweet wine, white or red wine, champagne, whisky (AmE whiskey), Scotch (whisky), cognac, brandy, vodka, rum, liqueur, gin, beer, moonshine; Cocktails: screwdriver (vodka and orange juice), grasshopper (pepper mint liquor, vodka and cream), whisky sour (whisky and lemon juice), Bloody Mary (vodka and tomato juice), Manhattan (dry vermouth, sweet vermouth and corn whisky); swizzle (rum and lemon juice); Highball (whisky and soda on rocks); Hot beverages: cocoa, regular coffee (with milk), instant coffee, black coffee, decaffeinated coffee, Irish coffee (with ice-cream), tea (with lemon or milk), herbal tea, hot chocolate; Seasonings/ relishes/ dressings, spices and herbs: sauce, ketchup/ catsup, mayonnaise, salad-dressing, (olive, sunflower) oil, lemon juice, dip, spices, vinegar, gravy, mustard, pepper, sugar, salt, cinnamon, vanilla, nutmeg, ginger, curry, dill, parsley, rosemary, thyme, chives, oregano, sage; Flavours and tastes: good, tasty, tasteless/ insipid, bland (neutral in flavour), bitter, sweet, hot/ spicy, sour, salty, sugary, sickly, savoury/ appetizing, unsalted; Ways of cooking - verbs: boil, fry, grill, roast, bake, skewer, knead, mix, sprinkle, dice, mash, pour, spread, peel, squeeze, roll, grate, crush, whisk, slice, carve, sift/ sieve, shop, dip, drain/ strain; Ways of cooking - adjectives: raw, fresh, fried, roasted, canned, smoked, stuffed with, boiled, roasted, stewed, grilled, marinated; Q 1.3. a) Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passages. uality of food: greasy, underdone/ undercooked, rare, medium-rare, medium, well-done, overdone/ overcooked, tough/ stodgy, tender, done to a turn, more-ish (inf. you want to eat more), nourishing, cloying. a) recipe fast food eat out dish bill cookery books menu take-away waiter snack tip ingredients I’m a terrible cook. I’ve tried hard, but it’s no use. I’ve got lots of (a) ______, I choose a (b) ______ I want to cook, I read the (c) ______, I prepare all the necessary (d) ______ and follow the instructions. But the result is terrible, and I just have a sandwich or some other quick (e) ______. So I often (f) ______. I don’t like grand restaurants. It’s not because they are expense, it’s just that I don’t feel at ease in them. First the (g) ______ gives me a (h) ______ which I can’t understand because it’s complicated and has lots of foreign words. At the end of the meal when I pay the (i) ______, I never know how much to leave as a (j)______. I prefer (k)______places, like hamburger shops where you pay at once and sit down and eat straightaway. And I like (l) ______ places, where you buy a meal in a special container and take it home. b) chew lick polish off swallow gnaw consume peck at gorge digest bolt
b) Answer the following questions. 1) How do people eat ice-cream cones? 2) How do hungry people eat? 3) How do very greedy people eat? 4) How do people eat if they are not very hungry? 5) How do dogs eat? 6) What is a good, healthy way to eat meat? 7) What is an unhealthy way to eat, and why? t 1.4. Put one of the following words in each space in the sentences below. o at down of for out in up
v 1.5. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage. egetarian crockery main course starter diet side dish entertaining napkin washing up dessert sink cutlery Maureen often gives dinner parties at home. She loves (a) ______. She lays the table: puts the (b) ______ in the right places, sets out the plates and puts a clean white (c) ______ at each place. For the meal itself, she usually gives her guests some kind of (d) ______ first, for example soup or melon. Next comes the (e) ___, which is usually meat (unless some of her guests are (f) _____ or if they’re on a special (g) ______) with a (h) ______ of salad. For (i) ______ it’s usually fruit or ice-cream, and then coffee. When everyone has gone home, she must think about doing the (j) ______, as in the kitchen the (k) ______ is full of dirty (l) ______. C 1.6. Many people in the United States snack (eat between meals). Do you? What snack food would be most difficult for you to live without?
omfort Food Cravings [1] Do you crave for crunchies when you get the munchies? Cheer yourself up with chocolate? Chill out with ice cream? A recent survey of Americans’ eating habits shows that people snack for the sake of their spirits as well as for their stomachs. [2] Why do you choose the foods you do? The answer involves a lot more than appetite. “For us, humans, eating is never a ‘purely biological’ activity,” observes Sidney Mintz, author of Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom. [3] Foods from “the four basic snack food groups” — bready, crunchy, creamy, and chewy — fill different sensory and emotional needs, according to Julie Kembel, author of Winning the Weight and Wellness Game. [4] Crunch is the secret to chips’ soaring popularity, points out Kembel. “We tend to store tension in our jaws, so when we eat something crunchy, we tense and relax our jaws, relieving some of that ache.” Chewy foods with carbohydrates, like bagels or licorice, help you slow down and unwind. Bready foods, like puddings, pasta, and porridge, create a feeling of fullness that makes you feel more secure. Finally, creamy foods — luscious objects of sensory delight — are “our way of ... indulging ourselves,” adds Kembel. [5] When you're feeling down or distressed, you probably yearn for more than a mouthful of something nutritious or delicious. However, there’s a definite gender difference in choosing comfort foods. Nearly half of the women surveyed (49 %) prefer chocolate, while ice cream soothes the souls and stomachs of about four in 10 men (43 %). From a nutritional standpoint, these foods have a lot in common. “Chocolate and ice cream are similar in fat and sugar composition and in biological effects,” notes Debra Waterhouse, author of Why Women Need Chocolate. “Both release brain chemicals — serotonin and endorphins — that make us feel better.” P b) Find a word or phrase in the reading that means the same. aragraph 1: feelings of hunger (slang); make yourself feel happier; make yourself more relaxed (slang); eat a small meal in between regular meals Paragraph 2: a feeling of hunger Paragraph 3: related to the senses of touch, taste, and feel Paragraph 4: increasing quickly; strain; delicious; allowing a special pleasure Paragraph 5: d c) Complete the statements about “Comfort Food Cravings.” Circle the number of the best answer. The answers may not be directly stated in the reading. You may have to infer the meaning. epressed; have a strong desire for; healthy to eat; male or female; calms; point of view; brain chemicals. 1. Someone who is hungry for something crunchy is probably_____. a. tense b. relaxed c. self-indulgent 2. If you have had a busy day and need to calm down, you may find ____ food satisfying. a. crunchy b. chewy c. bready 3. Ice cream and chocolate comfort people because of ____. a. gender differences b. chemical reactions c. nutrition 4. If you told the experts quoted in this story that you had a craving, they would probably say,_____. a. “Why are you hungry? Didn't you have lunch?” b. “I wonder why you feel this craving right now.” c. “Chocolate always makes everyone feel better.” 5. A man who is feeling unhappy may crave for _____. a. ice ream b. chocolate c. bready foods 6. This article is true for_____. a. people all over the world b. people in North America c. people in the U.S. 7. A craving for food is ____ need. a. an emotional b. a biological c. both an emotional and a biological 1.7. Unfortunately, some people have a craving for alcohol. Read this passage and put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place. What is your attitude to alcohol? sociable sip soft drinks sober alcoholics spirits tipsy teetotallers drunk hangover Drinking habits vary. Some people don’t drink alcohol at all, just (a) ______ like fruit juice. They are called (b) ______. Others like to (c) ______a glass of wine slowly, just to be (d) ______. Others like to drink glass after glass of beer, or possibly (e) ______ such as whisky, brandy or vodka. Soon they become (f) ____ and if they continue, they’ll get (g) ______ and wake up the next morning with a bad (h) ______. Some people are dependent on alcohol. They can’t do without it. They are (i) _____. One thing is certain. If you drive, you shouldn’t drink. Stay (j)____. 1.8. Read the article about the language used to label food products. Do Russian producers use any special language to describe the better quality of their produce? Study some labels on foreign food. What words have you found? Make a short report on your findings to class. We are What We Eat As a food label is often nothing more than an advert to tempt you to buy the product, you should pay particular attention to the choice of words used. Always watch out for the word ‘flavour’, as this may mean that the product contains synthetic (= made from artificial substances), ingredients. Chocolate-flavoured topping, for example, will not contain chocolate – so read carefully. Many manufacturers also use a range of meaningless descriptions. Feel-good words, such as ‘wholesome’ (= good for you, physically or morally) ‘farmhouse’, ‘original’ and ‘traditional’ do not mean anything. Other words such as ‘farm fresh’ and ‘country fresh’ also intentionally blur the true nature of a product’s source. ‘Fresh egg pasta’, for example, means that the pasta was indeed made with real and not powdered eggs, but maybe months ago. Words that you can trust are ‘organic’, ‘wholemeal’ (=containing all the natural substances in the grain with nothing removed), ‘natural mineral water’, ‘fair trade’(= refers to products such as coffee, tea or chocolate marketed in such a way that the small farmers in developing countries who produce them get the profits rather than large multinational companies), ‘free-range’(= relating to farm animals that are not kept in cages) and the ‘V’- vegetarian symbol. Consumer pressure over GM (= genetically modified, i.e. the genes (DNA) of a natural product have been altered in some way) foods has led to better labeling, but loopholes (= ways of getting round regulations usually because they have not been written in a precise enough way) still exist. GM product derivatives (=things produced from), such as starches, sugars, fats and oils where no genetically modified protein or DNA material still remains, still go unlabelled in many products such as cereal bars, fish fingers, jellies, and vegetable burgers. Take particular care over low-fat and low-sugar products. Guidelines state that ‘low-fat’ foods must not have more than 5 per cent fat, while ‘reduced fat’ means that the total fat content is 25 per cent less than the standard versions of the same product. The terms ‘light’ or ‘lite’ are meaningless since they could refer to texture, fat content, sugar content or even colour. 1.9. a) Read the passage containing some food idioms and try to retell the text using non-idiomatic English. Is it easy? Are there any idioms for similar situations in Russian? b) Answer the questions that follow the text. A Real LemonThe used car I bought for three hundred dollars was a lemon. My friends said I was nuts to believe the baloney the seller gave. The seller said that the car was like new, with only ten thousand miles on it. She called it reliable transportation at a very low price. She said she was really selling it for peanuts. Starting the engine of the car was a piece of cake. I just turned the key – no problem. However, soon I was in a pickle: the brakes didn’t work! The owner of the Cadillac I hit went bananas when he saw the damage to the front of his car. He started shouting at me and wouldn’t stop. Now I have to pay him two thousand dollars to repair his car. But my friend Nina was a peach. She took my car to the garbage dump so that I didn’t have to see it again. Questions: 1. Can something that is a lemon work well? Have you ever bought such a lemon? 2. Is something that is a piece of cake easy to do or hard to do? Name some things that are a piece of cake for you to do? 3. When someone goes bananas, what happens to the person? c) Match the sentences (1-11) with the idioms (a-k). 1. The baby is the apple of her grandfather’s eye.2. His speech about the importance of helping the poor is baloney. He wouldn’t even give his best friend a dime. 3. Our basketball team really creamed its opponent. Our team won by a score of 120 to 60. 4. On our return home, we found the front door open, and we suspected that something fishy was going on. 5. She went bananas when she heard she had won first prize in the talent contest. 6. Bill was in a pickle. After filling his car with gas, he couldn’t find the money to pay. 7. The new tape player I bought was a lemon, and I’m going to take it back to the store to exchange for a new one. 8. Tony must be nuts to pay a hundred dollars for a shirt. 9. When I was sick last week, Susan visited me and bought groceries for me. She’s a peach. 10. Rose buys used clothes at second hand stores, and she gets nice-looking clothes for peanuts. 11. The math test was a piece of cake for Erik. He is very good at doing math problems. a. ___ in trouble b. ___ something that is very easy to do c. ___ something that doesn’t work, usually an electrical appliance or mechanical item d. ___ to totally beat someone in a game e. ___ something that one loves and cherishes f. ___ a very small amount of money g. ___ nonsense h. ___ suspicious, not right or honest i. ___ to go crazy j. ___ very crazy k.___ very sweet, kind (of a person) d) Explain the meaning of the words and expression in bold and make up your sentences to illustrate their use. 1. I have a sweet tooth and can never say ‘no’ to cakes and biscuits. 2. I won’t have dessert, thanks. You’re lucky being so slim; but I’m afraid I have to count the calories. I have to be a bit calorie-conscious these days. 3. I like to eat the meal with something savoury, like cheese. 4. Ben’s a bit of fussy eater. 5. No, thanks, I won’t have wine. I’m teetotal. 6. Before I book the restaurant, do you have any particular dietary requirements? (quite a formal language) 7. I won’t have any more wine, thanks. I don’t want to overdo it. 1.10. Put each of the following colloquial words or phrases in its correct place in the sentences below. Discuss their meanings in class. Translate the sentences into Russian. the salt of the earth cup of tea peanuts no picnic a butter-fingers a vegetable the cream nuts a piece of cake full of beans in a jam sour grapes
1.11. a) Complete the colloquial similes below with the correct items from the list below. Translate the sentences into Russian. b) Find more similes in the Appendix and translate them in Russian. hot potato cucumber hot cakes two peas in a pod water beetroot toast sardines pancake (a) He never panics in a difficult situation. He stays as cool as a ______. (b) She was very embarrassed. She went as red as a ______. (c) No, we aren’t cold. Your flat’s very warm. We’re as warm as ______. (d) There are no hills or slopes for miles around. It’s as flat as a ______. (e) They're identical twins, as like as ______. (f) As soon as his future employers heard he had a criminal record, they dropped him like a ______. (g) That singer's new record is in great demand. It's selling like ______. (h) In the rush-hour buses, people are packed like ______. (i) She's very extravagant. She spends money like ______. 1.12. Find the words in the box below with the same meaning as the dictionary definitions (1-11) . A sample sentence with the word removed has been given to help you. 1. Units of measurement of energy in food. Example: She's counting ____________ to try and lose weight. 2. A compound which is an essential part of living cells, one of the elements in food which you need to keep the human body working properly. Example: Eggs are a rich source of . 3. A chemical substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Example: Bread, potatoes and rice are good sources of . 4. A liquid substance from plants or animals which can be used for cooking. Example: Fry the meat and drain off the . 5. Matter in food which cannot be digested and passes out of the body. Example: A diet that doesn't contain enough______ can cause intestinal problems. 6. A fatty substance found in fats and oils, also produced by the liver and forming an essential part of all cells. Example: If you eat too much, it can be deposited on the walls of arteries, causing them to become blocked. 7. Essential substance which is not synthesized by the body but is found in food and is needed for health and growth. Example: He doesn't eat enough fruit and suffers fromC deficiency. 8. Substance which is found in food, but which can also be dug out of the earth. Example: What is the content of spinach? 9. Too heavy, often as a result of eating too much. Example: The doctor says I'm and must go on a diet. 10. The result of not having enough to eat, or the result of eating too much of the wrong sort of food. Example: Many of the children in the refugee camp were . 11. Receiving food. (Example: We are developing a scheme to improve in the poorer areas.)  1.13. Match sentences (1-10) with a second sentence (a-j). Use the key words in bold to help you. 1. A lot of people are allergic to nuts. 2. Many people do not trust genetically modified foods. 3. Organic vegetables are more expensive but are better for you. 4. We refuse to eat battery chickens. 5. We prefer to eat free range meats. 6. The harvest has been very bad this year. 7. Following the floods in Mozambique, there was a terrible scarcityof food. 8. There has been an outbreak of salmonella and other food poisoning in Perth. 9. Too many people don’t eat a balanced diet. 10. Fast food is very popular.
1.14. Complete this article with one of the words or expressions from the previous activities. You may need to change some of the word forms. Most children enjoy eating (1)________, but scientific tests have shown us that burgers and pizzas can lack some (2) __________ and (3) ___________, which are essential for health and growth, while simultaneously containing large amounts of (4) __________and (5) __________which can result in obesity and heart problems. Many children end up suffering from (6) ________, since they eat too much of the wrong sort of food. In fact, in many areas of the developed world, a lot of children show similar symptoms to those in poorer developing countries, where (7) _________ of food causes thousands of deaths from starvation, especially in the wake of natural disasters which ruin crops and in some cases totally destroy the annual (8) __________. Dieticians tell us that we must eat a (9) ________, as it is essential we consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. They tell us that we should all eat more (10) __________, which cannot be digested by the body, and fewer foods which are high in (11)__________, as this can block the walls of arteries and lead to heart problems. This is good advice, of course, but our lifestyles often make this difficult. Many of the ready-prepared foods we buy from supermarkets are high in (12) _________, giving us more energy than we actually need. (13)__________foods are appearing on our supermarket shelves, even though nobody is really sure if altering the composition of food cells is safe. We have the option, of course, of buying (14) __________ foods, but naturally-cultivated fruits and vegetables are expensive. And to make matters worse, we are continually hearing about outbreaks of (15) __________ and (16) _________ which put us off eating certain foods, as nobody wants to spend time in hospital suffering from (17)___________. 1.15. Some meat is given a different name from the animal it comes from. What animals do the following meats come from? (a) pork (c) veal (e) beef (b) mutton (d) bacon (f) ham (g) venison 1.16. Match each verb on the left below with the food item it is most often associated with on the right. 1) (a) to pluck cheese (b) to crack an orange (c) to grate a chicken (d) to knead a nut (e) to peel a rabbit (f) to skin a joint of meat (g) to slice dough (h) to carve a loaf 2) (a) to mince cream (b) to shell meat (c) to toss a hard-boiled egg (d) to whip eggs (e) to stuff a cake (f) to mash a chicken (g) to beat a pancake (h) to ice potatoes 1.17. Explain the difference between the words or phrases in each of the following pairs. (a) starving and parched (g) uneatable and inedible (b) a snack and a square meal (h) a beer-bottle and a bottle of beer (c) stale and mouldy (i) a starter and a dessert (d) peckish and ravenous (j) a restaurant and a café (e) a buffet and a banquet (k) a chef and a caterer (f) overcooked, undercooked and raw (l) a café and a canteen ACQUIRING COMMUNICATION SKILLS 1.18. Read the text about the meals in Great Britain and compare them with the meals in the US (Ex. 1.1.). How different are they? Compare the meals in the US and Great Britain with those of Russia. Discuss your ideas with a partner in a dialogue. Meals in England The English are very particular about their meals and strictly keep to their meal times. Breakfast is from any time until 8 o’clock in the morning, lunch is between 12 and 2 p.m., afternoon tea is between 4 and 5 p.m., and dinner is between 7 and 9 p.m. The first meal of the day is breakfast. It’s often a quick meal, because the parents have to get away to their work, and the children have to go to school. The breakfast dishes are cornflakes or porridge with milk or cream and sugar, or with milk and salt. For a change, you can have fried eggs, bacon, fried sausages, boiled eggs or fish. For breakfast, English people also have marmalade with buttered toasts, rolls, tea or coffee, which they drink hot, usually with sugar and with some milk. English tea is so strong that pouring it out into a cup together with a little milk you get a brownish liquid looking like weak coffee with milk. Most English put milk in their coffee, too – this is known as “white coffee”. When dining out, waiters will ask you if you want your coffee “black or white” rather than “with or without milk”. At lunch time, the Englishmen usually have cold meat and salad or fish often with potatoes or other vegetables, fish and chips, sausages and a sweet dish (an apple pie, a hot milk pudding, cold fruit salad, or ice-cream). Those who work have their lunch in a café or a restaurant, a cafeteria or a factory canteen. It never happens that they miss a meal or put it off until a more convenient time. From four to five, they have a very light meal called afternoon tea. You can hardly call it a meal. It’s rather an occasion in the late afternoon at which they have a cup of tea and a cake or a biscuit. Or it may be a light meal of bread, butter and jam, cakes and tea; or it may be a heavier meal of those things with a dish of meat or eggs. In this case it is said that they have the so-called “high tea”. It’s a meal taken between 5 and 6 p.m. if a dinner is not taken in the evening. Usually it’s a more substantial meal than afternoon tea. The most important meal of the day is dinner. Dinner is eaten in the middle of the day or in the evening. If it’s eaten in the evening, the second meal of the day is lunch. If dinner is taken in the middle of the day, supper is the evening meal. Usually dinner is much like lunch. But sometimes when the English have guests, dinner is the biggest meal and they may have some roast beef, roast chicken, boiled or roast potatoes, vegetables and fruit. Soup is a side dish. At the end of the dinner a sweet pudding may come. At dinner, as well as at lunch and supper, Englishmen drink plenty of water. After dinner many people drink a cup of coffee. They pour the coffee out of a coffee-pot into small coffee-cups. (To say the truth, almost every meal in England finishes with coffee, cheese and butter.) 1.19. They say “On the Continent people have good food; in England people have good table manners”. Scan the text and comment on the above saying. How can you explain the peculiar British attitude to food? Do the Russians have any special attitude to food that makes them recognizable? Use the italicized words and expression to discuss peculiar attitudes to food around the globe. |