Пособие по обучению практике устной и письменной речи (начальный этап) на английском языке Под ред. О. В. Серкиной
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Белгородский государственный университет Кафедра делового иностранного языка Let’s Talk and Write English Пособие по обучению практике устнойи письменной речи (начальный этап)на английском языкеПод ред. О.В.Серкиной Белгород 2007ББК 81.2 Англ. я73Печатается по решению Редакционно-издательского совета Белгородского государственного университетаАвторы составители: Серкина О.В., к.ф.н., доцент кафедры делового иностранного языка (отв. редактор), Е.А.Камышанченко, к.ф.н., доцент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Зайцева С.Н., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Колоколова И.В., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Малахова В.Л., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Бутылева Е.П., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Степаненко С.Н., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Тимофеева Т.Н., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Фирсова Ю.В., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Федотова О.В., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка, Чернякина Е.В., ассистент кафедры делового иностранного языка Рецензенты: Позднякова Е.М., д.ф.н., профессор, зав. каф. международной бизнес-коммуникации ТГУ им. Г.Р.Державина, Емельянова О.В., к.ф.н., доцент кафедры английского языка РГПУ им. А.И.Герцена. Let’sTalkandWriteEnglish. Пособие по обучению практике устной и письменной речи (начальный этап) на английском языке. // Под ред. Серкиной О.В. – Белгород: Изд-во БелГУ, 2006. – 411 с. Пособие предназначено для развития коммуникативных навыков высказывания на английском языке в рамках общей тематики для студентов 1-2 курсов, изучающих английский язык в качестве основного иностранного языка в высших учебных заведениях. В пособии использованы аутентичные тексты, диалоги и развивающие задания на коммуникативной основе. Данное пособие может использоваться на занятиях по устной речи, а также для обучения основным навыкам письма, в том числе основам делового письма. БК 81.2 Англ. я73 © Коллектив авторов, 2007 © Изд-во БелГУ, 2007 ОглавлениеПредисловие ………………………………………………………………………4 PART I. PEOPLE AROUND ME……………………………………………5 Unit 1. Who Am I? My Name.……………………………………………………5 Unit 2. People Around Me. My Family and Myself.………………………27 Unit 3. People Around Me. My Friends and Myself………………………48 Unit 4. People Around Me. My Countrymen and Myself. …..……...……65 PART II. THE PLACE I LIVE IN……………………………………….92 Unit 1. The Place I Live In. My Flat Or My House. …………………92 Unit 2. The place I live In. My City and My Village……………....130 Unit 3. The Place I live in. My Country. ……………………………..162 PART III. THE THINGS I LIKE AND DISLIKE ……………………185 Unit 1. The Things I like and Dislike. My Food. ….…………...........185 Unit 2. The things I like and Dislike. My Shopping ………………..226 Unit 3. The things I like and Dislike. My Travelling ……………259 Unit 4. The things I like and Dislike. My Health and Fitness…..296 Unit 5. The things I like and Dislike. Problems of My Environment…………………………………………324 Unit 6. The things I like and Dislike. My Occupation……………347 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………..389 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………..408 Предисловие Данное учебное пособие подготовлено на кафедре делового иностранного языка факультета романо-германской филологии Белгородского государственного университета. Данное пособие подготовлено на кафедре делового иностранного языка факультета романо-германской филологии Белгородского государственного университета. Оно является второй частью серии пособий по домашнему чтению «Let’sReadandTalkontheStory» и ориентировано на студентов экономического факультета (специальности «Мировая экономика», «Экономика и управление на предприятии (туризм и гостиничное хозяйство)»), а также студентов физико-математического факультета (специальность «Информатика с дополнительной специальностью иностранный язык»), изучающих английский как основной иностранный язык. Пособие соответствует основным программным требованиям, утверждённым учебно-методическим объединением по вышеперечисленным специальностям (См.: Каталог учебных программ. – Часть 4. – М.: ФА при Правительстве РФ, 1999). Цель данного пособия – способствовать формированию у студентов коммуникативных навыков иноязычного общения на основе аутентичного языкового и речевого материала. Благодаря наличию большого количества информации культурологического плана, пособие будет способствовать расширению страноведческого кругозора студентов. Основываясь на принципе антропоцентризма – ставя во главу угла студента с его сформировавшейся системой ценностей – пособие логично представлено в виде трех блоков, каждый из которых включает в себя разделы, последовательно развивающие главную тему блока: People Around Me (куда вошли разделы: Who Am I? My Name; My Family and Myself; My Friends and Myself; My Countrymen and Myself); The Place I Live In; (разделы: My Flat or My House; My City and My Village; My Country); The Things I Like and Dislike (разделы: My Food; My Shopping; My Travelling; My Health and Fitness; Problems of My Environment; My Occupation). Каждый их разделов включает в себя непосредственно задания по развитию лексических навыков (Building-up Your Vocabulary), навыков устного общения (Acquiring Communication Skills) и навыков письма (Writing). Пособие снабжено приложениями, которые можно успешно использовать как непосредственно на занятиях по английскому языку, так и для организации самостоятельной работы студентов. Последний раздел разработан с учетом последующего перехода студентов к изучению профессионального английского языка. Пособие может быть также использовано на занятиях по английскому языку со студентами других неязыковых факультетов, изучающими иностранный язык по расширенной сетке часов, и со студентами младших курсов языковых вузов. PART I. PEOPLE AROUND ME Unit 1. Who Am I? My Name.  What’s in a name? ThatWhich we call a rose By any other name Would smell as sweet. W. Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet Recommended grammar: Pronouns. Numerals. Verbs ”to be, to have”. Present Simple. Types of questions. BUILDING-UP YOUR VOCABULARY 1.1. Read the passage about using names in English-speaking countries, paying attention to how their traditions are different from those in Russia. The following table presents different variants of the English equivalents for the Russian:
While answering the question What is your name? one is expected to give his name in full. e.g. What is your name? – John D. Barter (D. here stands for the so-called middle name.) The two or more initials1 standing before a foreign name do not at all denote the name and patronymic name as in Russian. In Western Europe and America, children may be given more than one name and the number may vary. As a rule, the first of these names is chosen from among the numerous generally recognized names such as John, Mary, etc.; the second name (known as the middle name) is not actually a name from the point of view of the Russian language. The middle name may not only be a traditional name, but the mother’s maiden name, or the surname of any person honoured in the family or the godparent of the child. The middle name may also be any words, even the combination of sounds having no meaning whatsoever, but which, for some reason, appealed to the parents. In the US, as a rule, the Christian name is written in full, while the middle name is abbreviated or not written at all. Therefore, when making a person’s acquaintance one might ask, “What is your middle name?” The last link in the chain of names is the surname or last name. Examples:
Michael Faraday, John Galsworthy
Herbert George Wells, Robert Luis Stevenson
Andrew Jackson Tozer
Washington Irving
William Makepeace Thackeray
Rudyard Kipling
Cecil Eric George Reyford
Henry George Washington Clinton Sometimes, you can see the abbreviations after the name of a man: Donald McGee, Jr. This abbreviation is used after the name if a man has the same name as his father. The abbreviation Sr. stands for Senior and is used after the name of the father if he has the same name as his son, George Bush, Sr. If Sr. goes before the name, it means Sister and used with the names of nuns: Sr.Bernadette. The abbreviation the Rev. stands for the title Reverend which is a title of respect used before the name of a minister of a Christian church: the Rev. Jesse Jackson. 1.2. a) Read the text on some different uses of names and nicknames, paying attention to the bold-faced words and expressions. b) Write 5-7 questions based on the text. c) Summarize the text and present it to class. Just like Russians and other nations, the British use different kinds of names and titles for establishing and maintaining social relations. There are a lot of different reasons for choosing an adequate name or a title. The main reasons are as follows:
For example, if Mr., James Smith is checking in at a hotel where he has made advance reservations, he says: My name is James Smith, because he knows that this is the name the receptionist must look up. If he is introducing himself to a new neighbour and wishes to allow the neighbour to determine the level of friendship they can expect of each other, he says: I’m Jim Smith. If he is introducing himself to a small child, indicating an address form for him, he says: I’m Mr. Smith. If he is introducing himself in one of those modern settings which call for intimacy but not familiarity, he says: I’m Jim. In some cultures it is common to use titles when talking to people who are not family or friends. Sometimes these titles show the person’s profession. Or they tell us that he or she is older and should be honoured (=treated with respect). In general, North Americans are not very formal; they are casual. That is true with titles, too. In everyday life, titles are not used, except for Doctor (Dr.) for a medical doctor, and sometimes Professor (Prof.) for a university professor. Naturally, Mr. and Mrs., Miss, and the newer form Ms. (pronounced [miz] and used for any woman, married or not) are used, for example on the outside of the envelope when sending letters. However, the title Ms. is not a neutral word. To avoid using the wrong title, people in the U.S. usually politely ask which title to use, as they are being introduced. For instance, take the following conversation: Mr. Smith: Mr. Kershaw, I’d like to introduce you to Carol Duke. Mr. Kershaw: (as they shake hands) I am very pleased to meet you. Is it “Ms. Duke”? Mrs. Duke: “Mrs.” It’s my pleasure. It is not polite to use any of the above titles alone without the surname. So you say: Mr. Smith or Mrs. Jones. The only exception is “Miss”, which is widely used as a form of address to a woman-teacher by primary schoolchildren. The title ‘Dr.’ (Doctor) is used in academic or medical settings as title for those who received this highest degree from a university (Ph.D.=Doctor of Philosophy or M.D.= Doctor of Medicine, respectively). In most English-speaking countries, when introductions are made in a formal or professional setting, titles are generally used. In informal situations, people are often introduced on a first-name basis. And they often use first names right away (=immediately) after meeting. In fact, many times even a boss or older person will ask you to use his or her first name or even a nickname. Many North American names have nicknames. These are sometimes used by family and friends to show affection. Liz, Beth, and Betty are all common nicknames for the same name: Elizabeth. Often nicknames are shorter than full names, such as Hank for Henry, or Sue for Susan. Some people use their nicknames only with family and friends. Others use their nickname most of the time. Bill Clinton is never called William (his full name is William J. Clinton). Titles can be used more generally to mark the speaker’s relation to the person addressed. For example, Sir and Madam are vocatives (=a form of address to a person when speaking or writing), which mark respect or distance to a stranger. These are used to men and women by people performing a service for the public, e.g. some shopkeepers, policemen, a ticket collector, etc. But you’ll sound ridiculous if you use any of these vocatives yourself. However, don’t be surprised if someone uses one of them to you when you are on a stay in Britain. Other titles of respect and some professional titles can be used as vocatives: Ladies and gentlemen – formal opening of a speech My lord! – to a peer, a bishop, a British judge, etc. Your Excellency – to an ambassador, a minister or any senior official Mr. President – to a president Prime Minister – to the leader of the government Officer – to a policeman of any rank by everybody Father – to a priest Professor – to a university teacher at the highest level holding a chair of some branch of learning Waiter/waitress/ server/ porter/ nurse – to people who give you a service (the address “server” is more often used in the US now, instead of ‘waiter’ or ‘waitress’, as being more politically correct.) As for the forms of address to strangers, it should be said that they are restricted in English. “Sir” and especially “Madam” are too formal to be used in most situations, unless you are the person providing public services. Thus, to get the attention of a stranger you may often have to rely on “Excuse me?” or in American English (further - AmE) “Pardon?” Apart from that, in contrast there are some forms of familiar use of vocatives, such as: Daddy (dad), old man, you guys (very informal AmE), My dear, darling, love, sweetheart, etc. In Britain you may also hear love and dear used to anybody by shopkeepers in a very informal friendly way. People of older generations in modern Britain like to address younger people with ‘love’, which sounds unusual at first but sweet when you get used to it. 1.3. a) Explain the difference between these … i) a nickname ii) a pseudonym (=assumed name) iii) a maiden name iv) a stage name b) Think of any examples of using nicknames, pseudonyms, stage names or maiden names in Russia or other countries. c) Which four of these names are real names? Yves Saint-Laurent Meg Ryan Freddie Mercury Winona Ryder Sean Connery Claudia Schiffer Brad Pitt Gwyneth Paltrow 1.4. a) Read the text quickly, paying attention to the bold-faced words and expressions. Which statement (1-3) best describes what the text is about? b) Are you happy with your name? Explain why. 1. How parents choose names for their children. 2. The effect your name can have on your life. 3. Why some names are more attractive than others. The ‘Name Game” Winners “What’s in a name?” asked Shakespeare’s Juliet. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”, she concluded; in other words, the name of a person is irrelevant. However, research by psychologists suggests that our name can have a direct effect on our personal happiness. Having a popular name, it seems, can make other people think you are intelligent and attractive even before they have met you. This is because, according to psychologist Dr. Philip Erwin, people associate a particular name with a stereotyped image. However, having an unpopular name can have the opposite effect. “It can even affect your employment prospects,” says Dr. Erwin. “ Employers usually make up their mind within two minutes of a job interview. Part of that process is reading an applicant’s name on the CV (=curriculum vitae [BrE kә'rikjulәm 'vi:tai, AmE kә'rikjulәm 'vitә, 'viti, 'vaiti]), which may immediately create a negative stereotype in the employer’s mind.” As a result, according to Dr. Erwin, people with less attractive names tend to work harder to get on (=to succeed) in life. As part of his research, he rated the first names of 68 psychology students for attractiveness, and then compared their exam marks. He found that students with unpopular, old-fashioned names did significantly better (an average of more than 3% higher marks). This suggested that they were aware that they had unattractive names, and were working harder to overcome negative attitudes towards their names. Names considered to be ‘less attractive” were, for example, Norman, Ronald, and Albert for men, and Gillian, Pauline, and Agnes for women. ‘More attractive names’ were Stephen, David, Emma, and Charlotte. Actors and pop stars certainly seem to take this into account and it is quite common for them to change their name they were born with to a more “glamorous” one, for example, Cary Grant (born Archibald Pearce), and Bo Derek (born Mary Collins). In the last ten years there has been a definite tendency among British parents to choose unusual or famous names. In 2000 the most popular name for girls was Chloe, probably because of the character in the Australian soap opera Home and Away, and Phoebe ['fi:bi] entered the top 50 for the first time, almost certainly as a result of the hit US TV series Friends. The top boy’s name, Jack, which had previously been considered an unattractive, old-fashioned name, became dramatically more popular because of Leonardo DiCaprio’s Titanic hero, Jack Dawson. But the question is if these name will still be considered attractive when their owners grow up “When I was at school there was no one in my class with the same name as me,” says 24-year-old Farrah Stephens, who was named after the TV actress Farrah Fawcett-Majors. “By the time I was 15, everybody had forgotten about her, and I was left with this really stupid name. In the end I decided to use my middle name, Diana.” Clearly, the choice of a name for a child is a difficult decision to take. Dr. Erwin gives some practical advice: “Choose names for your children which they will be happy with in twenty years’ time, and choose a second name in case your child doesn’t like the first one.” 1.5. Read the text “The ‘Name Game’ Winners” again more slowly. Then decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). ___ 1. Your name doesn’t have any influence on how happy you are. ___ 2. Your name could prevent you from getting a job. ___ 3. People with unattractive names don’t normally work as hard as people with attractive ones. ___ 4. An actress called Agnes might want to change her name. ___ 5. British parents today tend to call their children after film or TV characters. ___ 6. Parents shouldn’t give children two names. 1.6. a) Scan the text and pick up all the reasons the parents have to bear in mind when choosing a name for their child. b) Do Russian parents face any of the problems mentioned in the text? c) Do Russian names have any stereotypes? Think of examples. !!! Types of reading !!! To skim, read the whole text quickly. Move your eyes back and forth over all the sentences, usually for getting the main idea of the text. When you skim, you move through the whole reading. Don’t stop at difficult words! Skip them. You scan for small bits of information, like facts and details, and stop when you find them. From Adam to Zara Personal names serve to distinguish one individual from another. Since man first began walking the earth, each individual has had a distinctive name. Creating a totally original name for a child is traditional in many cultures; however, in the American culture the normal practice is to choose a pre-existing name. Any mother or father can say that selecting the right name is not an easy task. There are many factors to consider before naming a child. They include namesakes, ethnic origins, gender, popularity, sounds/rhythms, pronunciation, religion, spelling, stereotypes, meaning, and initials. Namesakes can lead to confusion even when followed by a Jr. or III. This is a result of taking the name of a parent and choosing to give a child the exact name. Parents often vary the middle name of a son who carries his father's first name and call the son by a middle name, but the potential for confusion still exists. Namesakes can often lead to unhappy choices for children's names. For example, Mildred is an appropriate name for great-aunt Mildred, but for some reason it does not seem fitting for a young child. It is wiser to name a child a name that you would choose on its own merits and not just to compliment a loved one. Many parents today are beginning to name children names that are popular in other parts of the world. When choosing a name that is of a different ethnic background or that is foreign-sounding, the parent should consider whether the name will be a burden on the child because it may be frequently mispronounced or misspelled. It is always wise to stay away from names with accent marks (`) because the child may constantly be asked to explain it. Some parents today find it important to keep with religious traditions, naming their children as the church wishes. Roman Catholics traditionally choose saints' names, sometimes using Mary as a first name for each daughter and pairing it with different middle names, like Mary Catherine and Mary Margaret. It is a common practice for Jewish families to name their children after deceased family members. It is not uncommon to find children with names suitable for either gender. Many parents are disregarding the sex of their baby and choosing unisex names such as Robin, Pat, Chris, Lee, and Erin. When choosing names, parents often consider how a name will sound and its rhythm. Alliteration, as in Tina Turner or Pat Paulson, is fine, but rhymes, like Jack Black or Wanda Fonda, invite teasing. It is also best to stay away from unconventional spellings because that tends to confuse people. For example, consider the effect of changing the last few letters of a name: Cathy, Cathie, Cathey, or Cathee. Most names carry with them a general idea of what the person with that name should be like. In other words, they create stereotypes. Many names call to mind physical or personality traits that often stem from a well-known namesake, real or fictional. For example, Abe is often referred to as someone who is honest, while Adolph refers to someone who is cruel. Rachel generally brings to mind someone who is beautiful, while Albert usually is thought of as someone who is fat. An image of a name will often affect its owner's self-image, as well as the way he or she is perceived by others. Names have literal meanings. When searching for a name, many people choose names that mean something significant to them. For example, David means "beloved," while Jennifer means "white" or "fair." Before settling on a name for a child, one should consider the initials. Adam Scott Smith is a nice name, but it would be a little embarrassing to have ASS stamped on luggage. One should consider the child before deciding on a name which the child has to live with for a lifetime. From Adam ("man of red earth") to Zara ("brightness of dawn"), a name can reflect roots, tradition, originality, stereotyping, association, astrology, and many other factors. There are over 13,000 names, nicknames, and variations to choose from, but, in the end, we are who we are, and a name is just that. A name. p 1.7. a) Some common names appear in idiomatic expressions. Put each of the following items in its correct place in the sentences below. b) Think of the Russian equivalents to these expressions. Do you know any other ‘name-related’ expressions in Russian? eeping Tom smart Alec Jack of all trades doubting Thomas bobby Tom, Dick or Harry keeping up with the Joneses robbing Peter to pay Paul I don't know him from Adam before you could say Jack Robinson (a) A British policeman is sometimes called a ‘______’. The name comes from Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the first London police force. (b) It is often said of someone who can do many different things that he is a____. (c) Someone who spies on other people, especially by looking through their windows, is called a______. (d) Oh, don’t take any notice of him. He thinks he knows everything. He’s just a____. (e) He’s a real snob. He’s only interested in people who are rich or famous. He won’t talk to any______. (f) When the Wright brothers invented the first aeroplane which actually flew, there was many a ______ who said that air-travel would never be commercially successful. (g) No, I’m sure I’ve never met him. He’s a complete stranger. Really,______. (h) The couple next door is very conscious of their social position. They've got a new car, a modern kitchen, and trendy new clothes. They don’t really need them. They’re just______. (i) It’s ridiculous to borrow from your uncle to settle your debt to your cousin. That’s just______. (j) One man insulted another and suddenly,______, they were involved in a violent fight. ACQUIRING COMMUNICATION SKILLS 1.8. Complete the spoken phrases at the end of each sentence below with a word or phrase from the following list. In some cases two or more items could be used. If no particular form of address is normally used, write nothing. Some words from the list are used more than once, and some are not used in any of the phrases. EXAMPLE: 1. Department store assistant to a woman customer: - Can I help you, ... ? ANSWER: madam 2. A parent to their child: What are you doing, ......? ANSWER: honey, dear, love, darling. The words to be used: grandma, officer, viewers, gentleman, Ladies and gentlemen, Sir, caller, Your Majesty, madam, men, listeners, men and women, Mister, my friend, Granny, daddy, granddad, dear, darling, love, dad, mate, grandpa, mummy a) Child to his mother: Can I go out, ...? b) Telephone operator: Please, hold the line, ... . c) Television presenter to people watching at home: Welcome to the Saturday Night Show, ... . d) Child to his grandfather: Thank you for the present, ... . e) Someone to a bank clerk or librarian: Can you help me, ... ? f) Someone making a formal speech to the audience: I'll try to be brief, ... . g) Polite shop-assistant to a male customer: Can I help you, ...? h) Someone to the Queen: Good evening, ... . i) Customer to a shop-assistant: Can I try on this coat, ...? j) Wife to her husband: You look tired, ... . k) Radio presenter to people at home: Now we have a surprise for you, ... . l) Workman to a man passing by: What's the time, ... ? m) Policeman to a man who asks for help: Yes, ... . n) Policeman to a woman who asks for help: Yes, ... . o) Someone to a policeman: Excuse me, ... . p) Child to his grandmother: Here are your glasses, ... . q) Woman shop-keeper in a small, friendly shop to a customer: What would you like, ...? r) Soldier to his commanding officer: Can I go, ... ? s) Commanding officer to his soldiers: I want more effort, ... . t) Child to his father: Goodnight, ... . u) Someone to a stranger in the street: Excuse me, … . 1.9. You are visiting Britain on an exchange programme. Say how you would address each of the following. Make up short dialogues with a |