Практикум по английскому языку. Практикум Под редакцией И. Ю. Марковиной Москва "билингва" 2002 Марковина И. Ю., Громова Г. Е
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Упражнение 5А. Определите, какую функцию в предложении выполняют выделенные слова и какой частью речи они являются. Выпишите эти слова и поставьте обозначения: n - для существительного v - для глагола. Найдите в словаре значения этих слов, ориентируясь на их принадлежность к той или иной части речи. Б. Переведите предложения. 1. a) The skeleton is all the bones that make up a body. b) Water can have in its chemical make-up some substances harmful to a man. a) Many enzymes have different forms in different organs, b) Cartilage forms the major part of bone in the very young. a) The body changes carbohydrates into fats and stores them in that form, b) These lymphocytes undergo certain changes in the thymus. a) Leucocytosis means an increase in the normal number of leucocytes in the blood. b) The blood is the chief means of transport within the body. 5. a) An enzyme does not control the direction of the reaction. b) Smooth muscles in blood vessels provide control over the distribution of blood and help regulate blood pressure. a) Growth in height occurs as a result of maturation of the skeleton, b) Hormonal deficiencies usually result in metabolic disturbances. a) The announcement of the germ theory initiated the study of bacteria as causes of some diseases. b) At the beginning of systole contraction of the cardiac muscle causes a steep rise in pressure inside the chamber. 8. a) The cranium is the house where the brain resides. b) The 29 vertebrae house in their central hollows the spinal cord. 9. a) Blood vessels course through every layer of bone and carry nutritive elements, oxygen, and other products. b) The onset, course, and duration of a fever vary with the cause. 10. a) Adults laugh an average of only 15 times per day, while children laugh an average 400 times daily. b) The biological clock in human beings times our periods of sleep and wakefulness and many body activities. 11. a) The heart functions as an effective pump. b) The blood is a fluid tissue with many different functions. 12. a) A hormone travels through the bloodstream and exerts influence on cells, tissues, and organs. b) Many factors influence the activity with which drugs operate.  Упражнение 6А. Пользуясь таблицей на стр.14, иллюстрирующей образование времён английского глагола в действительном залоге, найдите сказуемое в каждом предложении и дайте его полную характеристику: лицо, число время группа П  ример: has contributed - 3 лицо, ед. числонастоящее время (Present) группа Perfect Б  . Переведите предложения.
T  he X-ray has contributed greatly to our knowledge of the physiology of thedigestive canal. In the future people will live longer than today. Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. Cellular responses center around the activities of T-lymphocytes. Lymph is constantly moving around the body but the lymphatic system has no central pump equivalent to the heart. The internal ear houses the organs essential for hearing and equilibrium. More and more men have been entering the nursing profession. Lack of sufficient insulin results in diabetes. Antibiotic drugs have greatly improved the treatment of abscesses. People vary in their reaction to different antigens. Doctors have been operating on fetuses since the early 1980s. The use of X-rays equipment in hospitals began in the late 1890s. Human activities are now causing damage to the ozone layer. From the dawn of humanity, people have been using plants to cure their illnesses. The gums cushion the teeth, while the jawbone firmly anchors the roots. The size of the thoracic cavity is constantly varying with the movement of ribs and the diaphragm. Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 1) Muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body: it accounts for some two fifths of the body weight. Even at rest a muscle is not completely flabby. Continuous activity of the nerve cells maintains a slight tension or tone, which causes no movement. Several hereditary diseases affect the growth and function of muscles. The two principal layers of the skin are the dermis with a rich network of blood vessels and nerves, and the epidermis, a protective outer layer without blood vessels. The skin is more than a waterproof jacket for the body. It is an active and versatile organ of sensation and of adaptation to the environment. Connective tissues create the internal framework of the body. The connective tissue system supports and connects internal organs, forms bones and the walls of blood vessels, attaches muscles to bones, and replaces tissues of other types after injury. Fasciae are connective tissue layers that support and surround organs. A layer of fascia is an effective barrier against the spread of infection through the tissues. The spleen is a fibrous sponge full of blood and lymphoid tissue. The ribs and diaphragm generally protect the spleen from injury. It is an important element of the reticulo-endothelial system, a community of cells that engulf and destroy foreign matter, such as bacteria. When micro-organisms and their poisons are circulating in the blood, the spleen generally enlarges. Man has two kidneys, one at each side of the backbone between the thick muscles of the back and the abdomen. The kidney has several functions. It excretes waste material and water. It also helps to regulate the acidity of the body fluids. The discovery of albumin in the urine usually indicates a faulty working of the kid neys. Proteins are essential ingredients of all living matter. They make up about 12 per cent of the weight of the human body. A molecule of protein is a chain of several hundred amino-acid molecules. The biological properties of a protein depend on the exact sequence of different amino-acids in the chain (primary structure), their orientation (secondary structure) and the shape of the chain as a whole (tertiary structure). Small differences make for totally different proteins. Water accounts for about 60 per cent of a man's body weight and 50 per cent of a woman's. The difference is due to the average woman's larger proportion of fat, which contains no water. The plasma of the blood contains rather more than 3 litres, and the tissue fluid about 12 litres. Together, these 15 litres make up the extracellular fluid. Although the balance between blood, tissue fluid and cells remain almost constant there is a rapid and continuous exchange of water between them. Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 1) 1. The liver is a solid organ of dark-brown colour and the largest gland in the human body. It occupies the right-hand upper position of the abdominal cavity. About four-fifths of the organ lies to the right of the middle line of the body. The liver rests upon various abdominal organs, the right kidney and suprarenal gland, the large intestine, the duodenum, and the stomach. Liver tissue consists of thousands of tiny lobules. The liver has many functions vital to the body. Of the liver's many digestive functions the production of bile and storage of glucose are particularly important. The bile not only performs important functions in the process of digestion, but also serves as a vehicle for the excretion of waste products from the body. The liver has a double blood supply. The portal vein brings venous blood from the stomach, the intestines, and the spleen. The hepatic artery brings arterial blood. These two bring about 40 ounces (1,200 milliliters) of blood to the liver every minute. The two lungs are a pair of elastic organs of respiration. They supply the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood. The lungs extend from the collarbone to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity. They normally lie free within the pleural cavities of the thorax except for the attachment by their roots to the trachea and the heart by the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels respectively. The two lungs are not quite mirror images of each other. The right lung, which is the slightly larger of the two, has three lobes (upper, middle and lower) and the left lung has only two lobes (upper and lower). Air enters each lung through a large tube, or bronchus, which divides and subdivides into a network of countless tubules, bronchioles. These tiny tubules lead to alveoli. The : wall of an alveolus is a single layer of a cell. Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs. They form the respiratory surfaces and allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out of the lungs. The spongy mass of the lungs contain some 600,000,000 alveoli. We inspire more than 25,000 times a day and during this time inhale around 16 kg of air. In 1928 a British microbiologist, Frederick Griffith, was trying to develop a vac cine against pneumonia. He was working with two different strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. One strain was pathogenic, the other was nonpathogenic. When Griffith injected dead cells of the pathogenic strain of S. pneumoniae into a mouse, the mouse survived, because the dead bacteria were unable to establish an infection in the mouse. However, when he injected a mouse with living cells of the nonpathogenic strain together with dead bacteria (neither of them could cause disease alone) the mouse died. Griffith reasoned that genetic material from the dead bacteria had somehow entered the living nonpathogens and transformed them into the pathogenic bacteria, Griffith had, in fact, observed the movement of hereditary material from one cell to another. The chemical that transmitted the hereditary information, which included , instructions on how to cause infection, leaked from the dead pathogens and entered the living bacteria and caused the transformation of a nonpathogen to a 16 pathogen. Other scientists then began to investigate the specific substance. They were looking for the molecular basis of heredity. However, it remained a puzzle until 1944. 4. Scientific pathology really began in 1761 with the publication of Morgagni's collection of case histories in which doctors related patients' symptoms to disorders of particular organs. Under the influence of scientists, such as Hunter, pathology came to rely more and more on facts and less on philosophical speculations. The flood of pathological discovery in the 19th century came largely from microscopical examination. Pathology has come to deal with smaller and smaller units from a vague concept of the whole person to the study of particular organs, then tissues, then cells, and finally, molecules. Pathologists are now beginning to study disturbances of chemical reactions which determine the processes of disease. In the past, postmortem studies were the only possible way of learning about the nature of disease, and they are still very important for both research and teaching. But they reveal disease at a state where it is beyond the help of medicine. Thus pathologists described in great deal what had gone wrong with a patients's anatomy, but it had little to say about his physiology. РАЗДЕЛ 2 Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) Упражнение 7 А. Пользуясь таблицей, иллюстрирующей образование страдательного залога времён английского глагола, найдите сказуемое в каждом предложении и дайте его полную характеристику: лицо, число время группа 4)залог П  ример: is assisted3 лицо, ед. число настоящее время (Present) группа Indefinite страдательный залог (Passive) Б . Переведите предложения.
The surgeon is assisted by a large staff. A date for the operation has been set. The results of the operation will not be known for some weeks. They have been warned of the possible complications. The drug is being monitored for possible side-effects. The first heart sound is followed after a short pause by the second. Local inflammation is followed by various reactions in other parts of the body. Quinine was formerly used to treat the fever symptoms of malaria, but it is not often used now because of its side-effects. Normal fibrous tissue is replaced by adipose tissue when more food is eaten than is necessary. 18 The cells on the surface of the skin are constantly being replaced by new cells. Patients are sometimes given placebo tablets and begin to feel better because they believe that they had been given real drugs. Over 70 works have been ascribed to Hippocrates [hi'pokrs'ti:z] (around 400 B.C.) and he is traditionally regarded as "the father of medicine". Celsus ['selsas] (1st century A.D.) is particularly remembered for his account of the signs of inflammation. Herophilus [hi:'ro:fal9s] (335 — 280 B.C.), the founder of anatomy was followed and his observations were extended by his pupil Erasistratus [.ere'sistratas] (310 — 250 B.C.), who was the founder of physiology. Упражнение 8 А. Соедините две части предложений, согласуя их по смыслу и грамматически, то есть сказуемое (в правой колонке) должно соответствовать подлежащему (в левой колонке) в лице и числе. The 206 bony elements Bone formation The inner core of bones The cranial bones of a newborn child The spinal column The ends of long bones The bones of the face is dependent upon a proper supply of calcium and phosphorus to the bone tissue. are arranged round the openings for eyes, nose and mouth. is made up of bony vertebrae. are not completely joined. are covered by a thin layer of cartilage. f) is composed of hematopoietic tissue. g) are held in place by tough fibrous bands — ligaments. Упражнение 9 А. Перепишите текст так, чтобы выделенные курсивом слова, которые выполняют функцию дополнения, стали в предложениях подлежащими, а сказуемое - в соответствующей форме страдательного залога. Б. Переведите написанный вами текст с учётом того, что пассивная конструкция английского глагола может передаваться на русский язык их активными эквивалентами. Например: Пища измельчается зубами. Зубы измельчают пищу. The teeth crush the food and the saliva moistens it. The muscular walls of the stomach break it down still further, while the gastric lining secretes juices to continue the process. The liver and pancreas secrete juices into the upper section of the smaller intestine, and these convert the food so that the body can assimilate it. In the intestine, tiny projections cover the walls, and these absorb the nourishment from the food. Here the body absorbs most of the liquid from the undigested food, and excretes the remainder as waste. Упражнение 10 А. Определите время и залог сказуемого в каждом предложении. Б. Переведите предложения. The skeleton makes up about 18 per cent of the weight of the human body and is made up of a little more than 200 individual bones. Living organisms are affected by and affect the non-living world strongly. Blood has been investigated intensively from the early days of biochemistry. The lymph is continually being drained away from all over the body by a large number of small lymph vessels. The outlook for patients with hypertension has improved markedly in recent years with the development of antihypertensive drugs. Some organs are rapidly affected if the patient lacks oxygen for even a short time. An upper respiratory infection of the nose and throat is usually followed by middle ear infections. Several metabolic problems that affect many systems influence the growth and the development of the skeletal system. The organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continually being recycled and renewed through the process of remodeling. The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable achievements in cardiovascular medicine and surgery. Shock occurs when the metabolic needs of cells are not being met because of inadeguate blood flow. This view is now being challenged. Epidemiologists are now looking for evidence that the virus is being passed from person to person. Before this century, experiments with transfusion often failed, with disastrous re suits, owing to the fact that blood groups had not yet been discovered. The chemistry of the brain is little understood but the evidence at least shows that many mental disturbances are associated with and perhaps due to interference with certain chemicals. Acid rain is being blamed for rapid decay of old limestone buildings. In the most severe forms of acute gastritis there is ulceration of the mucosa, perforation of the stomach wall and peritonitis. Where there has been extensive tissue damage, healing is by fibrosis, which reduces elasticity and peristalsis. No good explanation of the mechanism of this phenomenon has ever been advanced. Упражнение 11 В соответствии с содержанием предложений употребите глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в действительном или страдательном залоге. Most vitamins ... (require) only in extremely small amounts, and each vitamin ... (be) present in many different foods. Synthetic and natural vitamins usually ... (have) the same biological value. Some vitamins ... (occur) in inactive forms that... (not influence) chemical reactions. Hopkins and Funk ... (develop) the vitamin theory of deficiency diseases. As each new vitamin ... (discover) it ... (give) a letter. Vitamin A ... (keep) the skin healthy and ... (help) produce mucous secretions that ... (build) resistance to infection. In vitamin A deficiency the epithelial tissues of many organs ... (affect). Vitamin В deficiency ... (accompany) by poor growth, dermatitis, anemia, kidney and adrenal lesions. Several coenzymes of vitamin B12 ... (exist). There ... (be) several forms of vitamin D. Little ... (know) of the metabolic role of vitamin D. In vitamin D deficiency there ... (be) a failure of deposition of calcium salts in the cartilaginous matrix of the bones. The body ... (require) only small amounts of vitamin D Which ... (provide) by a balanced diet and normal exposure to sunlight. Intestinal bacteria ... (manufacture) vitamin К in the body, and so deficiencies of this vitamin rarely ... (result from) a poor diet. Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 2) The relation of microbes to disease was fully established by Robert Koch (1843 — 1910) Much of his work on bacteria was done while he was a general practitioner in Prussia. Koch showed that specific human diseases are caused by specific microorganisms. Most of the bacteria were identified by Koch or one of his many pupils. The immune system was not recognized as a separate system until recently .Although evidence of immune protection was known in ancient times, the first inkling of how immunity is caused came in 1884, when macrophages were first observed. Since then, many different components of the system have been found. Digestion comprises all the processes by which nutrients are liberated from food, broken down into their chemical components by the action of enzymes and 21 absorbed by the body. In the foregut the food is taken in by means of the lips, teeth and tongue, chewed, lubricated with saliva and swallowed in single bits. From the stomach, the chyme passes into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. Much material is still undigested. Proteins have not been completely broken down, starches are still being converted into simple sugars, and fats remain in large globules. In the small intestine the process of digestion is completed by the action of the bile, which is secreted by the liver and released by the gall bladder, and by the action of various enzymes. The body is continuously exposed to damage by viruses, bacteria, toxins and chemicals, and foreign proteins of plant origin. These insults are received by the skin, the respiratory system, and the digestive system. The skin suffers far more injuries than the rest of the body. This organ is looked upon as an important means that protects the tissues against mechanical, chemical and bacterial injuries, Where protection against mechanical injury is particularly called for, the skin develops thickness, as on the sole of the foot, and on the palms of the hand. Most of the leukocytes, but not all, are manufactured in bone marrow along with erythrocytes. They are formed in large quantities. The number of leukocytes in the blood will rise or fall in response to certain abnormal conditions. A rise is called leukocytosis and a fall is leukopenia. Before the discovery of antibiotics, severe leukopenia was usually fatal. Senile erythrocytes are phagocytosed and broken down in the reticular connective tissue of the bone marrow and the spleen. Iron from the hemoglobin is temporarily stored in the phagocytes of the reticular connective tissue as hemosiderin, which in turn is broken down to ferritin, a molecular combination of six atoms of iron, Ferritin is carried through the blood stream to the bone marrow. Here it is taken* up by the reticular cells which eventually release it to the erythroblasts. The thymus gland was given its name by Galen in the second century AD because of its resemblance to a bunch of thyme flowers. The thymus gland is now established as a vital part of the immunological system. Until 1960 the function of the thymus was completely unknown. Certain relationship have been found between the thymus and the transmissibility of leukemia in experimental animals. A great deal has been written about the relationship of thymus enlargement to sudden death in infants, particularly during anesthesia. Thromboplastin is widely distributed in the body and is held securely in the tissues and the platelets of the blood. It is the "trigger" mechanism which initiates the clotting process. When there is a wound thromboplastin is liberated from the tissues and the clotting process begins promptly. Excessive bleeding due to a deficiency of thromboplastin is observed in patients with hemophilia. 10. Surgery of the brain has been performed since prehistoric times. Examinations of the skulls which had been operated upon give ample evidence that some who underwent such operations survived them for considerable periods of time. In fact such early operations were apparently carried out in all parts of the world, yet much evidence of them has been found in the North and Central America. Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 2) Medicine and pharmacology are two sciences which have changed a great deal in recent times. Long ago, medicine was a guessing game. Medical care was given by doctors, pharmacists, and even barbers! All of them experimented freely on their patients, who often died as a result. Early pharmacists depended on plant remedies which had been developed over the centuries. One popular remedy during the Middle Ages was poppy juice, which contains opium (a narcotic). Other remedies were animal fat and even crocodile blood, which was considered a "cure" for poor eyesight. Other common practices were dangerous and sometimes fatal. For instance, drilling a hole in the patient's skull. Perhaps this was done to treat head wounds or to relieve pressure inside the head. People whose diseases were "incurable" often looked for help from the spirit world, astrology, and magic. Astrology, which was valued as a method of diagnosis, was even taught in many medical schools. Medicine has become a reliable science only in recent times. Even now, however, it still involves a certain amount of experimentation. Evidence shows that the heartbeat originates in the S-A node and that alterations in heart rate are governed by this node. Hence it has been named the "pacemaker" of the heart. In a normal heart, when the contraction wave has spread through the atria it stimulates the bundle of His which conveys the impulse to the ventricles. By this means the ventricles are ready to contract just when they have been filled. Conduction in the bundle of His takes about 1/6 second. There is no other path for the impulse, because the muscle fibres of the atria and ventricles do not communicate. Degeneration of the bundle fibres impairs or prevents conduction, and some or all of the impulses fail to reach the ventricles. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||