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РАЗДЕЛ 3 Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses) Упражнение 12 А. Пользуясь таблицей, определите время действия, описанного в придаточном предложении: "до", "одновременно" или "после" действия, описанного в главном предложении. СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Б  . Переведите предложения. Leonardo da Vinci [h:a'na:do de 'vintji:] (1452— 1519) suggested that blood left the heart by the arteries and returned by the veins. Erasistratus [.era'sistratas] (3rd century B.C.) taught that nerves were hollow and acted by transmitting vital spirit. Vesalius [vi'seili:as] (1514— 1564) found anatomy more or less where Galen ['geilsn] (A.D. 130-200) had left it. He told his students that they would learn anatomy only by doing their own dissections, not from books or lectures. Haller [Ъа:1э] (1708— 1777) proved that some nerve fibres carried impulses from the central nervous system which stimulated the muscles, while others carried sensory impulses to the brain. Jenner ['dзеner] (1749— 1823) took up a popular belief that people who had had cow-pox were safe from smallpox. He hoped that there would be no more smallpox all over the world. Schwann [jwa:n] (1810— 1882) made the important discovery that animals were composed of living cells. He showed that the fundamental unit was not the tissue, but the cells that composed it. 24 Pasteur [pa:s'ta:] (1822—1895) proved that fermentation depended on living microbes. He showed that fermentation, putrefaction and infection were all due to contamination by microbes. Andral faendrel] calculated the proportions in which the major elements of blood existed in health and in illness, and described circumstances which changed the quantitative relationship of these elements to each other. Тексты для тренировочного и контрольного перевода (к разделу 3) In 1876 Ross (1857 — 1932) made up his mind that he would master his medical course and qualify for an interesting job in India. He learned that millions of India's people were dying from malaria. In 1897 Ross proved that malaria was transmitted by mosquito bites. He discovered that when a mosquito bit a person it did not only suck his blood, but also injected the fluid containing the malaria parasite. In later years Ross was known as "Malaria Ross", the man who showed how malaria was carried and how it could be prevented. Banting (1891 — 1941) began to think that possibly the Islets of Langerhans had in them something which was valuable to the human body. Doctors had long teen studying diabetes. They knew that the pancreas had some influence on the way which sugar was used in the human body. But none of them thought that the islets of Langerhans were the really important part of the pancreas. Banting went to the University of Toronto. Dr. Maclead told him about the work that had been done on this problem of pancreas and said that during the summer part of the laboratory would be unused and Banting would be allowed to have ten dogs for his work. He would also have a student to help him. In 1922 Banting and Best isolated insulin. РАЗДЕЛ 4 Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) Упражнееие 13 А. Найдите ядро каждого предложения, где составное сказуемое включает модальный глагол и инфинитив в активной или пассивной форме без частицы to. Б. Переведите предложения. Food must undergo certain changes before it can be of any service to the cell. The cell may be best pictured as a self-sufficient chemical factory. Spleen is soft and cannot be felt on abdominal examination when normal in size, consistency and position. Organ such as the heart must be transplanted as soon after death of donor as possible; skin, corneas, bone and some blood fractions, however, can be stored. People with back trouble should not lift heavy weights. The body could not cope with an excess of blood sugar. The eye muscles, or the nerves which supply them, may be affected by disorders which arise later in life. Any person who is taking corticosteroid drugs or who has previously had a severe reaction to the same vaccine should not be vaccinated. Healthy bones cannot be built without calcium salts, and the body cannot utilize these salts in the absence of vitamin D. Blood donors must meet certain requirements of age, health and weight. All physicians find that there can be no end to their education — they must keep up with new developments. The movement of food in the large intestine can be followed by giving a patient a meal of some opaque substance, such as barium sulphate and taking a series of X-ray photographs afterwards. 13. What characteristics must good surgeon have? Surgeons need good eye-hand coordination, manual dexterity, and the physical stamina. A wide variety of other systems may be damaged by the rheumatoid process. Backache can result from bad posture, a soft bed or muscle strain, but it can also be caused by rheumatism, typhoid fever and osteoarthritis. The disinfectant must be diluted in four parts of water before it can be used on the skin. The ointment should only be used externally. Anaemia, from whatever cause, if of sufficient severity and duration may cause heart failure. 26 Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 4) The bony structures must be regarded as active store-houses of mineral matter. When the need arises the body can draw upon bones for constituents like lime and phosphates. Under certain conditions the bones indeed may give up so much of their mineral matter that they become soft and can no longer function as an effective framework. Each organ system of the body may be attacked by a number of diseases. These diseases have certain things in common no matter which organ is affected. Other symptoms and signs may be particular to the individual organ. The central nervous system may be attacked by the same diseases as other organs. Because the nervous system controls the working of the body in so many ways, diseases may affect not only a part of the system but also another part of the body. By itself, a virus is a lifeless particle that cannot reproduce. But inside a living cell, a virus becomes an active organism that can multiply hundreds of times. Most viruses can be seen only with electron microscope. Virologists demonstrated in the early 1900's that viruses could cause cancer in animals. Pain in the abdomen may be caused by a variety of conditions. Within the abdomen there are vital organs of the body which can be the source of pain when something goes wrong. In addition, pain may be "referred" to the abdomen from organs elsewhere in the body, for example, pneumonia may sometimes cause abdominal pain, as may a heart attack. In fact, locating the cause of pain in the abdomen may be a difficult job for the physician. The muscular wall, or septum, which runs down the centre of the heart divides it into two sides: the right heart and the left heart. There is no connection between the two sides. Each side must perform different work. Thus, the heart may be called a dual pump. It must receive the venous blood and send it into the lungs for fresh oxygen. This is done by the right side of the heart. The left side must receive blood from the lungs and pump it out into the body. The patient who is taking nitroglycerin should keep the medication at hand at all times. It should be kept in a tightly closed, dark, glass container, free from heat and moisture. The drug is not addicting and there is no limit to the number that may be taken in a 24-hour period; however, no more than three tablets should be taken at 5 minute intervals during an attack. If no relief is obtained 15 minutes after the third tablet is taken, the physician should be notified immediately. Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 4) 1. Heart attack is diagnosed most readily by means of an electrocardiograph. This machine records patterns of electrical activity of the heart and can detect changes in activity that are associated specifically with heart attack. Once they have been hospitalized, heart-attack victims can be helped in a number of ways. For example, in some cases further damage to the heart can be prevented by dissolving the clot that caused the attack. Injections of substances, such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator are used for this purpose. In many hospitals heart-attack victims are routinely admitted to specialized coronary care units. In these units the electrical rhythm of the heart is monitored continuously, and arrythmias (abnormal rhythms) can be treated promptly. If the heartbeat rate falls too low, a temporary pacemaker may help. The pacemaker is inserted into a vein and moved to the right ventricle, where its electrical impulses stimulate the heart to beat more quickly. Similarly, catheters for monitoring blood pressure may be inserted into a vein. 2. Another method of artificial respiration which has now found favour is known as "mouth-to-mouth respiration". The principle on which this method is based is that expired air from the resuscitator's lungs is breathed into the patient's lungs. It is important that there should be an air-tight seal between the two mouths and that the patient's nostrils should be closed by the resuscitator's hand. The patient's head should be held back and care should be taken to ensure that the patient's tongue does not obstruct the air-way. The resuscitator must also guard against the use of excessive force because this might propel sea water or vomit back into the patient's lungs. He should bear in mind that although he himself will have to breathe more deeply than is his custom he must not overdo this. If he does he might easily faint himself.  ЧАСТЬ 2 Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)ДЕФИНИЦИИ: Participle (причастие) — неличная форма глагола, которая обладает как признаками глагола, так и свойствами прилагательного и наречия. Gerund (герундий) — неличная форма глагола, которая обладает как признаками глагола так и некоторыми признаками существительного. Infinitive (инфинитив) — неопределённая форма глагола, которая отвечает на вопросы "что делать?", "что сделать?". ФУНКЦИИ НЕЛИЧНЫХ ФОРМ ГЛАГОЛА В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ Обозначения: 0 — выполняет функцию 0 — входит в состав
РАЗДЕЛ 5 Причастие (The Participle) 5.1 Причастие I в функции определения  Упражнение 14А. Найдите причастие I (Ving), выполняющее функцию определения, которое может стоять как до, так и после определяемого существительного. П  ример: Pulsating heart is a pump distributing to the brain and all other parts of the body important substances.Б . Переведите предложения с причастием I в функции определения, которое в русском языке соответствует причастию действительного залога.Например: pulsating heart - пульсирующее сердце The lining membrane of the lung secretes mucus. Aspirin can have an irritating effect on the lining of the stomach. The working muscle needs more oxygen and gives off more carbon dioxide than the resting muscle. The liver is the major detoxicating organ in the body. The fluid escaping from blood soon clots. Blood arriving in the lungs from the body has a high concentration of carbon dioxide in it. The white blood cells include a variety of cells differing in structure, shape and functions. Sodium is a major factor determining blood volume and blood pressure. No evidence supporting this hypothesis has yet been described. Chyme entering the duodenum is acid in reaction because it has been mixed with the acid gastric juice. Certain diseases occuring in various tissues have been recognized as potentially dangerous because of the occasional development of cancer on this background. The processes taking place in the large intestine are due mostly to the millions of bacteria living there. Inflammation involving the mucosal and smooth muscle layers of the respiratory tract plays a major role in the development of acute asthmatic bronchospasm. In addition to the digestive glands existing in the walls of the canal there are two large glandular organs lying outside it and pouring their secretion into it by their ducts; these are the liver and the pancreas. As the smallest units retaining the fundamental properties of live, cells are the "atoms" of the living world. 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||