Голодный_мозг_Как_перехитрить_инстинкты. Стефан Дж. Гийанэй Голодный мозг. Как перехитрить инстинкты, которые заставляют нас переедать
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3. Формула искушения 42 «в своей работе 2004 года»: R. A. Wise, Dopamine, Learning, and Motivation, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 6 (June 2004): 483–94. 43 «вероятность повторения»: E. L. Thorndike, The Ele ments of Psy chol ogy (New York: A. G. Seiler, 1905), 394. 44 «обедать там снова»: I. L. Bern stein and M. M. Webster, Learned Taste Aversions in Humans, Physiology and Be hav ior 25, no. 3 (September 1980): 363–66. 45 «чем раз в секунду»: I. B. Witten, E. E. Steinberg, S. Y. Lee, T. J. Davidson, K. A. Zalocusky, M. Brodsky, et al., Recombinase- Driver Rat Lines: Tools, Techniques, and Optoge ne tic Application to Dopamine- Mediated Reinforcement, Neuron 72, no. 5 (December 8, 2011): 721–33. 46 «будут задействованы в будущем»: J. N. Reynolds, B. I. Hyland, and J. R. Wickens, “A Cellular Mechanism of Reward- Related Learning, Nature 413, no. 6851 (September 6, 2001): 67–70. 46 «ваше «хорошее» поведение»: Wise, Dopamine, Learning and Motivation. 46 «при одном звуке колокольчика»: И.П. Павлов, Г.В. Анреп «Условный рефлекс»\ I. P. Pavlov and G. V. Anrep, Conditioned Refl exes (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2012), 448. 47 «при участии людей также подтверждают»: Ibid. 47 «возникновение приятных ощущений»: S. Peciña, K. S. Smith, and K. C. Berridge, Hedonic Hot Spots in the Brain, Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry 12, no. 6 (December 2006): 500–11; K. C. Berridge, ‘Liking’ and Wanting Food Rewards: Brain Substrates and Roles in Eating Disorders, Physiology and Be hav ior 97, no. 5 (July 14, 2009): 537–50. 48 «с ароматизатором винограда»: A. Sclafani and J. W. Nissenbaum, Robust Conditioned Flavor Preference Produced by Intragastric Starch Infusion in Rats, American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 4 (October 1988): R672– R675. 48 «в желудки»: G. Elizalde and A. Sclafani, Starch-Based Conditioned Flavor Preferences in Rats: Infl uence of Taste, Calories, and CS- US Delay, Appetite 11, no. 3 (December): 179–200; A. Sclafani and K. Ackroff, Glucose- and Fructose- Conditioned Flavor Preferences in Rats: Taste versus Postingestive Conditioning, Physiology and Be hav ior 56, no. 2 (August 1994): 399–405. 48 «в тонком кишечнике»: K. Ackroff, Y.– M. Yiin, A. Sclafani, Post- Oral Infusion Sites That Support Glucose- Conditioned Flavor Preferences in Rats, Physiology and Be hav ior 99, no. 3 (March 3, 2010): 402–11. 48 «выбросу дофамина»: I. E. de Araujo, J. G. Ferreira, L. A. Tellez, X. Ren, and C. W. Yeckel, The Gut— Brain Dopamine Axis: A Regulatory System for Caloric Intake, Physiology and Be hav ior 106, no. 3 (June 6, 2012): 394–99. 48 с «сигнал передается»: A. Sclafani, K. Ackroff, and G. J. Schwartz, Selective Effects of Vagal Deafferentation and Celiac- Superior Mesenteric Ganglionectomy on the Reinforcing and Satiating Action of Intestinal Nutrients, Physiology and Be hav ior 78, no. 2 (February 2003): 285–94. 49 «условным вкусовым предпочтениям»: A. V. Azzara, R. J. Bodnar, A. R. Delamater, and A. Sclafani, D1 but Not D2 Dopamine Receptor Antagonism Blocks the Acquisition of a Flavor Preference Conditioned by Intragastric Carbohydrate Infusions, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Be hav ior 68, no. 4 (April 2001): 709–20. 49 «помощью жиров и белков»: C. Pérez, F. Lucas, and A. Sclafani, Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Condition Similar Flavor Preferences in Rats Using an Oral- Delay Procedure, Physiology and Be hav ior 57, no. 3 (March 1995): 549–54. 49 «возникновения вкусового предпочтения»: A. Ackroff and A. Sclatani, Energy Density and Macronutrient Composition Determine Flavor Preference Conditioned by Intragastric Infusions of Mixed Diets, Physiology and Be hav ior 89, no. 2 (September 2006): 250–60. 49 «вместе они закрепляют поведенческий шаблон»: Sclafani and Ackroff, Glucose- and FructoseConditioned Flavor. 167 50 «отыскать калории»: C. Arnould and A. Ågmo, The Importance of the Stomach for Conditioned Place Preference Produced by Drinking Sucrose in Rats, Psychobiology 27, no, 4 (December 1999): 541–46. 50 «вводиться непосредственно в желудок»: K. Ackroff and A. Sclafani, “Flavor Preferences Conditioned by Post-Oral Infusion of Monosodium Glutamate in Rats,” Physiology and Be hav ior 104, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 488–94. 50 «к пищевому отравлению, вызывают отвращение»: Berridge, ‘Liking and Wanting Food Rewards; A. Sclafani, A. V. Azzara, K. Touzani, P. S. Grigson, and R. Norgren, “Parabrachial Nucleus Lesions Block Taste and Attenuate Flavor Preference and Aversion Conditioning in Rats, Behavioral Neuroscience 115, no. 4 (August 2001): 920–33; A. Dewan, R. Pacifi co, R. Zhan, D. Rinberg, and T. Bozza, Non- Redundant Coding of Aversive Odours in the Main Olfactory Pathway, Nature 498 (April 28, 2013): 486–89. 51 «семьдесят пять миллионов лет назад»: Berridge, ‘Liking and Wanting Food Rewards. 51 «привели к пищевому отравлению»: Bern stein and Webster, Learned Taste Aversions; M. R. Yeomans, N. J. Gould, S. Mobini,J. Prescott, Acquired Flavor Ac cep tance and Intake Facilitated by Monosodium Glutamate in Humans, Physiology and Be hav ior 94, nos. 4,5 (March 18, 2008): 958–66. 51 «у людей»: S. L. Johnson, L. McPhee, and L. L. Birch, Conditioned Preferences: Young Children Prefer Flavors Associated with High Dietary Fat, Physiology and Be hav ior 50, no. 6 (December 1991): 1245–51; D. L. Kern, L. McPhee, J. Fisher, S. Johnson, and L. L. Birch, The Postingestive Consequences of Fat Condition Preferences for Flavors Associated with High Dietary Fat, Physiology and Be hav ior 54, no. 1 (July 1993): 71–76; D. A. Booth, P. Mather, and J. Fuller, Starch Content of Ordinary Foods Associatively Conditions Human Appetite and Satiation, Indexed by Intake and Eating Pleasantness of StarchPaired Flavours, Appetite 3, no. 2 (June 1982): 163–84. 51 с «как это делают люди»: R. R. Sakai, W. B. Fine, A. N. Epstein, and S. P. Frankmann, Salt Appetite Is Enhanced by One Prior Episode of Sodium Depletion in the Rat, Behavioral Neuroscience 101, no. 5 (1987): 724–31. 52 «мы поговорим позже»: Lee, The!Kung San; A. M. Hurtado and K. Hill, Ache Life History: The Ecol ogy and Demography of a Foraging People (New York: Aldine Transaction, 1996), 561. 53 «зависимость схожим образом»: S. Ferré, K. Fuxe, B. Fredholm, M. Morelli, and P. Popoli, Adenosine— Dopamine Receptor— Receptor Interactions as an Integrative Mechanism in the Basal Ganglia, Trends in Neurosciences 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 482–87. 54 «негативные последствия для организма и синдромом отмены»: A. N. Gearhardt, W. R. Corbin, and K. D. Brownell, Preliminary Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale, Appetite 52, no. 2 (April 2009): 430–36. 54 «обнаружилась пищевая аддикция»: Ibid. 54 «злоупотреблять продуктами»: A. Meule, How Prevalent Is Food Addiction? Frontiers in Psychiatry 2 (November 2011): 61. 54 «думают по этому поводу Гирхардт и Браунелл»: Gearhardt, Corbin, and Brownell, “Yale Food Addiction Scale.” 56 «родственный ему кофеин»: H. J. Smit and R. J. Blackburn, Reinforcing Effects of Caffeine and Theobromine as Found in Choco late, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 181, no. 1 (August 1, 2005): 101–106. 56 «привязанность чаще проявляется у женщин»: A. J. Hill and L. Heaton- Brown, The Experience of Food Craving: A Prospective Investigation in Healthy Women, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38, no. 8 (November 1994): 801–14. 58 «которые считаем аппетитными»: M. R. Yeomans, “Palatability and the Micro- structure of Feeding in Humans: The Appetizer Effect, Appetite 27, no. 2 (October 1996): 119–33; C. de Graaf, L. S. de Jong, and A. C. Lambers, Palatability Affects Satiation but Not Satiety, Physiology and Be hav ior 66, no. 4 (June 1999): 681–88; M. O. Monneuse, F. Bellisle, J. Louis- Sylvestre, Responses to an Intense Sweetener in Humans: Immediate Preferences and Delayed Effects on Intake, Physiology and Be hav ior 49, no. 2 (February 1991): 325–30; E. M. Bobroff and H. R. Kissileff, Effects of Changes in Palatability on Food Intake and the Cumulative Food Intake Curve of Man, Appetite 7, no. 1 (March 1986): 85–96. 58 «описывает пищу как «пресную»: J. M. de Castro, Eating Be hav ior: Lessons from the Real World of Humans, Nutrition (Los Angeles) 16, no. 10 (October 2000): 800–13. 168 58 «случайным образом дает ответ на этот вопрос»: S. A. Hashim, T. B. van Itallie, Studies in Normal and Obese Subjects with a Monitored Food Dispensing Device, Annals of the New York Acad emy of Sciences 131, no. 1 (1965): 654–61. 60 «устранению проблемы, связанной с ожирением»: Ibid.; R. G. Campbell, S. A. Hashim, and T. B. van Itallie, Studies of Food- Intake Regulation in Man, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 285, no. 25 (1971): 1402–407; M. Cabanac and E. F. Rabe, Infl uence of a Monotonous Food on Body Weight Regulation in Humans, Physiology and Be hav ior 17, no. 4 (October 1976): 675–78. 61 «в течение месяца»: S. K. Kon and A. Klein, The Value of Whole Potato in Human Nutrition, Biochemical Journal 22, no. 1 (1928): 258–60; M. S. Rose and L. F. Cooper, The Biological Effi ciency of Potato Nitrogen, Journal of Biological Chemistry 30 (1917): 201–204. 61 «сохранить свой вес неизменным»: C. Voigt, 20 Potatoes a Day, http:// www.20potatoesaday.com / 61 «килограммы таяли на глазах»: EAT MOAR TATERS! 2012, http:// www.marksdailyapple.com / forum / thread67137.html. 62 «самых далеких предков – медуз»: M. C. Johnson and K. L. Wuensch, An Investigation of Habituation in the Jellyfi sh Aurelia aurita, Behavioral and Neural Biology 61, no. 1 (1994): 54–59. 62 «экспериментов при участии младенцев»: H. S. Bashinski, J. S. Werner, and J. W. Rudy, Determinants of Infant Visual Fixation: Evidence for a Two- Process Theory, Journal of Experimental Child Psy chol ogy 39, no. 3 (June 1985): 580–98. 62 «подали на обед»: B. J. Rolls, E. T. Rolls, E. A. Rowe, and K. Sweeney, Sensory Specifi c Satiety in Man, Physiology and Be hav ior 27, no. 1 (July 1981): 137–42. 63 «большое разнообразие пищи»: B. J. Rolls, P. M. van Duijvenvoorde, and E. A. Rowe, Variety in the Diet Enhances Intake in a Meal and Contributes to the Development of Obesity in the Rat, Physiology and Be hav ior 31, no. 1 (July 1983): 21–27; H. A. Raynor and L. H. Epstein, Dietary Variety, Energy Regulation, and Obesity, Psychological Bulletin 127, no. 3 (May 2001): 325–41; R. J. Stubbs, A. M. Johnstone, N. Mazlan, S. E. Mbaiwa, and S. Ferris, Effect of Altering the Variety of Sensorially Distinct Foods, of the Same Macronutrient Content, on Food Intake and Body Weight in Men, Eu ro pean Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 1 (January 2001): 19–28; B. J. Rolls, E. A. Rowe, E. T. Rolls, B. Kingston, A. Megson, and R. Gunary, Variety in a Meal Enhances Food Intake in Man, Physiology and Be hav ior 26, no. 2 (February 1981): 215–21. 64 «пробило на хавчик»: R. W. Foltin, M. W. Fischman, and M. F. Byrne, Effects of Smoked Marijuana on Food Intake and Body Weight of Humans Living in a Residential Laboratory, Appetite 11, no. 1 (August 1988): 1–14. 64 «получение пищевого вознаграждения»: G. Jager and R. F. Witkamp, “The Endocannabinoid System and Appetite: Relevance for Food Reward,” Nutrition Research Reviews (June 16, 2014): 1–14. 64 «марихуаны связано с повышенным интересом к пище»: R. W. Foltin, J. V. Brady, and M. W. Fischman, Behavioral Analy sis of Marijuana Effects on Food Intake in Humans, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Be hav ior 25, no. 3 (September 1986): 577–82; E. L. Abel, Effects of Marihuana on the Solution of Anagrams, Memory and Appetite,” Nature 231, no. 5100 (May 1971): 260–61; E. G. Williams and C. K. Himmelsbach, Studies on Marihuana and Pyrahexyl Compound, Public Health Reports 61 (July 19, 1946): 1059–83. 64 с серьезными побочными явлениями»: R. Christensen, P. K. Kristensen, E. M. Bartels, H. Bliddal, and A. Astrup, Effi cacy and Safety of the Weight- Loss Drug Rimonabant: A Meta- Analy sis of Randomised Trials, Lancet 370, no. 9600 (November 17, 2007): 1706–13; L. van Gaal, X. Pi-Sunyer, J.-P. Després, C. McCarthy, and A. Scheen, Effi cacy and Safety of Rimonabant for Improvement of Multiple Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight/Obese Patients: Pooled 1-Year Data from the Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) Program, Diabetes Care 31, suppl. 2 (February 2008): S229–40; L. F. van Gaal, A. M. Rissanen, A. J. Scheen, O. Ziegler, and S. Rössner, Effects of the Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Blocker Rimonabant on Weight Reduction and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight Patients: 1-Year Experience from the RIO-Europe Study, Lancet 365, no. 9468 (April 22, 2005): 1389–97. 64 «тревоги и возникновения суицидальных мыслей»: Van Gaal, Pi- Sunyer, Després, McCarthy, and Scheen, Effi cacy and Safety of Rimonabant. 66 «людей с нормальным весом»: B. E. Saelens and L. H. Epstein, Reinforcing Value of Food in Obese and Non-Obese Women, Appetite 27, no. 1 (August 1996): 41–50. 169 66 «голода у всех детей одинаков»: J. L. Temple, C. M. Legierski, A. M. Giacomelli, S.– J. Salvy, and L. H. Epstein, Overweight Children Find Food More Reinforcing and Consume More Energy Than Do Nonoverweight Children, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1121–27. 66 «и в лаборатории, и дома»: Ibid.; L. H. Epstein, K. A. Carr, H. Lin, K. D. Fletcher, and J. N. Roemmich, Usual Energy Intake Mediates the Relationship Between Food Reinforcement and BMI, Obesity 20, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1815–19; L. H. Epstein, J. L. Temple, B. J. Neaderhiser, R. J. Salis, R. W. Erbe, and J. J. Leddy, Food Reinforcement, the Dopamine D2 Receptor Genotype, and Energy Intake in Obese and Nonobese Humans, Behavioral Neuroscience 121, no. 5 (October 2007): 877–86. 66 «остальных возрастных групп»: C. Hill, J. Saxton, L. Webber, J. Blundell, and J. Wardle, The Relative Reinforcing Value of Food Predicts Weight Gain in a Longitudinal Study of 7–10- Y-Old Children, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 276–81; K. A. Carr, H. Lin, K. D. Fletcher, and L. H. Epstein, Food Reinforcement, Dietary Disinhibition and Weight Gain in Nonobese Adults, Obesity 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 254–59. 66 «не более 250 грамм»: Carr, Lin, Fletcher, and Epstein, Food Reinforcement, Dietary Disinhibition. 68 «подвержены перееданию»: B. Y. Rollins, K. K. Dearing, and L. H. Epstein, Delay Discounting Moderates the Effect of Food Reinforcement on Energy Intake among Non- Obese Women, Appetite 55, no. 3 (December 2010): 420–25; B. M. Appelhans, K. Woolf, S. L. Pagoto, K. L. Schneider, M. C. Whited, and R. Liebman, Inhibiting Food Reward: Delay Discounting, Food Reward Sensitivity, and Palatable Food Intake in Overweight and Obese Women, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 11 (November 2011): 2175–82. 68 «и чрезмерному увеличению массы тела»: Carr, Lin, Fletcher, and Epstein, Food Reinforcement, Dietary Disinhibition; C. Nederkoorn, K. Houben, W. Hofmann, A. Roefs, and A. Jansen, Control Yourself or Just Eat What You Like? Weight Gain over a Year Is Predicted by an Interactive Effect of Response Inhibition and Implicit Preference for Snack Foods, Health Psy chol ogy: Offi cial Journal of the Division of Health Psy chol ogy of the American Psychological Association 29, no. 4 (July 2010): 389–93. 4. Соединенные штаты пищевого подкрепления 70 «болезни сердца, диабета, ожирения»: Lieberman, The Story of the Human Body; Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease. 70 «добывания пищи, приготовления и ее употребления»: Lee, The!Kung San. 70 «только 14 видов растений»: Ibid. 70 «печень пользуется у них особым почетом»: Ibid. 70 «жареными орехами кешью или миндалем»: Ibid. 71 «Ли описывает следующими словами»: Ibid. 72 «в окрестностях»: Ibid. 72 «не вызывали у них особенного энтузиазма»: Ibid. 72 «в годы репродуктивной активности, а затем худеют»: Ibid. 72 «с 1964 года»: N. A. Chagnon and E. O. Wilson, Yanomamö: The Last Days of Eden: The Celebrated Anthropologist’s Pioneer Work among a Now- Imperiled Amazon Tribe (San Diego: Jovanovich, 1992). 72 «касается и приготовления мяса»: Ibid 73 «сохраняется удивительно низким»: J. J. Mancilha- Carvalho, R. de Oliveira, R. J. Esposito, Blood Pressure and Electrolyte Excretion in the Yanomamo Indians, an Isolated Population, Journal of Human Hypertension 3, no. 5 (October 1989): 309–14. 73 «достаточному запасу продовольствия»: Ibid. 73 «в любой сезон и в любой местности»: Lee, The!Kung San. 74 «способов обработки пищи»: S. Williams, Food in the United States, 1820s–1890, 1st ed. (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2006), 264; M. J. Elias, Food in the United States, 1890–1945 (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press/ABC–CLIO, 2009). 74 «пользовались до 1920 года»: Ibid; Chagnon and Wilson, Yanomamö. 170 75 «в 1980 их было 15 000»: Food Marketing Institute, Supermarket Facts, 2013, http:// www.fmi.org/research – resources / supermarket – facts. 75 «трудно оставить незамеченной»: USDA, Major Trends in U.S. Food Supply, 1909–99, FoodReview 21, no. 1 (2000): 8–15; USDA, USDA Economic Research Service— Food Availability. 75 «другую половину – оставляем в кафе»: USDA, “USDA Economic Research Service—Food Availability. 77 «стоимость на бутилированные сладкие газированные напитки»: Elias, Food in the United States 77 «холодная, освежающая бутылка»: Ibid. 77 «с 1822 года по 2005»: USDA, “USDA Economic Research Service—Food Availability”; Statistical Abstract of the United States (US Government Printing Offi ce, 1907), 763; Statistical Abstract of the United States (US Government Printing Offi ce, 1920), 892. 80 «две тысячи лет назад»: R. I. Curtis, “Umami and the Foods of Classical Antiquity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 3 (September 2009): 712S–718S. 80 «высокую концентрацию глутамата»: K. Kurihara, Glutamate: From Discovery as a Food Flavor to Role as a Basic Taste (Umami), American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 3 (September 2009): 719S–722S. 80 «состоящие из десятков элементов»: Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; D. A. Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009). 80 «приводят к перееданию»: P. J. Rogers, N. J. Richardson, and N. A. Elliman, Overnight Caffeine Abstinence and Negative Reinforcement of Preference for Caffeine- Containing Drinks, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 120, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 457–62; C. L. Cunningham and J. S. Niehus, Flavor Preference Conditioning by Oral Self- Administration of Ethanol, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 134, no. 3 (December 1, 1997): 293–302. 80 с «не смогли поддержать эту идею»: R. S. Geha, A. Beiser, C. Ren, R. Patterson, P. A. Greenberger, L. C. Grammer, et al., “Review of Alleged Reaction to Monosodium Glutamate and Outcome of a Multicenter Double- Blind Placebo- Controlled Study, Journal of Nutrition 130, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1058S–1062S. 80 с «мозге не повышается до такой степени»: R. Walker and J. R. Lupien, The Safety Evaluation of Monosodium Glutamate, Journal of Nutrition 130, 4S suppl. (April 2000): 1049S–52S. 81 «постоянно клиента»: E. Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All- American Meal (Boston: Mari ner Books / Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2012); M. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (New York: Random House, 2013). 82 «версия настоящих»: O. Koehler and A. Zagarus, Beiträge zum Brutverhalten des Halsbandregepfeifers (Charadrius h. hiaticula L.), Beitr Zur Fortpfl anzungsbiologie Vögel 13 (1937): 1–9. 82 «их собственного тела»: N. Tinbergen, The Study of Instinct (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991), 256. 82 «естественную ситуацию»: Ibid. 83 «обычного птенца»: W. Wickler, Mimicry in Plants and Animals (New York: McGrawHill, 1968), 260. 83 «эксплуатируют врожденные пищевые предпочтения»: US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Ser vices, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (US Government Printing Offi ce, 2010). 84 «источником соли для американцев»: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital Signs: Food Categories Contributing the Most to Sodium Consumption – United States, 2007–2008, cited June 24, 2014, http:// www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm6105a3. htm? s _ cid = mm6105a3 _ w. 85 «более 4 миллиардов долларов»: D. Bailin, G. Goldman, and P. Phartiyal, Sugar- Coating Science: How the Food Industry Misleads Consumers on Sugar (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014). 85 «миллиарда долларов на изучение проблемы ожирения в 2012 году»: Nationals Institutes of Health, NIH Categorical Spending—NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT), cited March 11, 2016, https:// report. nih. gov / categorical _ spending. aspx. 171 85 «которые они видели в рекламе»: National Research Council, Food Marketing to Children and Youth. 85 «роликов в течение года»: C. R. Dembek, J. L. Harris, and M. B. Schwartz, Where Children and Adolescents View Food and Beverage Ads on TV: Exposure by Channel and Program (New Haven, CT: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, 2013). 85 «всего 4300 роликов в течение года»: National Research Council, Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2006). 85 «чаще всего и появляются в рекламе»: Bailin, Goldman, and Phartiyal, Sugar- Coating Science; Dembek, Harris, and Schwartz, Where Children and Adolescents View Food; National Research Council, Food Marketing to Children and Youth. |