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НазваниеСтефан Дж. Гийанэй Голодный мозг. Как перехитрить инстинкты, которые заставляют нас переедать
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5.
Экономика пищеварения
87 «2.6 миллионов лет назад»: R. G. Klein, The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural
Origins, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 1024.
88 с «до 30 килограммов»: F. Marlowe, The Hadza: Hunter- Gatherers of Tanzania (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2010), 336.
90 «Брайан Вуд и другие»: Ibid.
92. «людям, ведущим первобытнообщинный образ жизни»: Ibid.; B. Winterhalder and E. A.
Smith, Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecol ogy at Twenty- Five, Evolutionary
Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 51–72; K. Hill, H.
Kaplan, K. Hawkes, and A. M. Hurtado, Foraging Decisions Among Aché Hunter-Gatherers: New Data and Implications for Optimal Foraging Models, Ethology and Social Biology 8, no. 1 (1987):
1–36; E. A. Smith, R. L. Bettinger, C. A. Bishop, V. Blundell, E. Cashdan, M. J. Casimir, et al.,
Anthropological Applications of Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review, Current Anthropology
24, no. 5 (December 1, 1983): 625–51.
92 «на его поиски и обработку»: Winterhalder and Smith, Analyzing Adaptive Strategies; Hill,
Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions”; Smith, Bettinger, Bishop, Blundell, Cashdan,
Casimir, et al., Anthropological Applications.”
92 «поведение охотников и собирателей»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History; Marlowe, The
Hadza; Winterhalder and Smith Analyzing Adaptive Strategies; Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado,
Foraging Decisions; K. Hawkes, K. Hill, and J. F. O’Connell, “Why Hunters Gather: Optimal Foraging and the Aché of Eastern Paraguay, American Ethnologist 9, no. 2 (May 1, 1982): 379–98; B. M. Wood and F. W. Marlowe, Toward a Real ity- Based Understanding of Hadza Men’s Work: A Response to
Hawkes et al., Human Nature (Hawthorne, NY) 25, no. 4 (December 2014): 620–30.
92 «почти нет калорий»: Lee, The!Kung San; Marlowe, The Hadza; Hawkes, Hill, and O’Connell,
Why Hunters Gather.
92 с «необходимость перемещений»: Winterhalder and Smith, Analyzing Adaptive Strategies;
Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions; Smith, Bettinger, Bishop, Blundell, Cashdan,
Casimir, et al., Anthropological Applications.
93 «до хорошего улья»: F. W. Marlowe, J. C. Berbesque, B. Wood, A. Crittenden, C. Porter, and A. Mabulla, Honey, Hadza, Hunter- Gatherers, and Human Evolution, Journal of Human Evolution
71 (2014): 119–28.
93 «влиять на ее ценность»: Marlowe and Berbesque, Tubers as Fallback Foods; Hill, Kaplan,
Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions.
94 «Аче, племя охотников и собирателей»: Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging
Decisions.
94 «риска свалиться на землю»: Ibid.
95 «не полнеют с возрастом»: Marlowe, The Hadza
95
«наблюдается проблема ожирения»: R. G.
Bribiescas,
Serum
Leptin
Levels and Anthropometric Correlates in Ache Amerindians of Eastern Paraguay, American Journal of Physical
Anthropology 115, no. 4 (August 2001): 297–303.
95 с «принимая во внимание»: H. Pontzer, D. A. Raichlen, B. M. Wood, A. Z. P. Mabulla, S. B.
Racette, and F. W. Marlowe, Hunter- Gatherer Energetics and Human Obesity,” PLOS ONE 7, no.
7 (2012): e40503.

172 96 «требовать больше энергии»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History; K. Hawkes, J. F.
O’Connell, K. Hill, and E. L. Charnov, How Much Is Enough? Hunters and Limited Needs, Ethology and Social Biology 6, no. 1 (1985): 3–15.
96 с «схожие с ним системы питания»: L. Cordain, J. B. Miller, S. B. Eaton, N. Mann, S. H. Holt, and J. D. Speth, Plant- Animal Subsistence Ratios and Macronutrient Energy Estimations in Worldwide
Hunter- Gatherer Diets, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 3 (March 2000): 682–92.
97 «практически не нужно»: L. S. Lieberman, Evolutionary and Anthropological Perspectives on
Optimal Foraging in Obesogenic Environments, Appetite 47, no. 1 (July 2006): 3–9.
97 с «охотников, собирателей и земледельцев»: M. N. Cohen, Paleopathology at the Origins of
Agriculture (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984), 644.
98 «несколько раз в день»: Rising, Alger, Boyce, Sea gle, Ferraro, Fontvieille, et al., Food Intake;
Larson, Tataranni, Ferraro, and Ravussin, Ad Libitum Food Intake; Larson, Rising, Ferraro, and Ravussin, Spontaneous Overfeeding.
98 «шкаф, который находится на расстоянии двух метров»: B. Wansink, Environmental Factors
That Increase the Food Intake and Consumption Volume of Unknowing Consumers, Annual Review of
Nutrition 24 (2004): 455–79; B. Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New
York: Bantam, 2010).
98 «в поиске и переедании манго»: Wansink, Mindless Eating
99 «дохода до 10 процентов»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service – Food Availability
99 «неуклонно росли в размерах»: M. J. Elias, Food in the United States, 1890–1945 (Santa
Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press / ABC–CLIO, 2009).
100 «удобной пищи: фастфуда»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service – Food Availability.
100 «максимально повысить на них потребительский спрос»: Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.
101 «осуществление выбора»: C. Padoa- Schioppa and J. A. Assad, Neurons in Orbitofrontal
Cortex Encode Economic Value, Nature 441, no. 7090 (May 11, 2006): 223–26.
103 «ценности, который находится в мозге»: P. Glimcher, Understanding the Hows and Whys of
Decision- Making: From Expected Utility to Divisive Normalization, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on
Quantitative Biology, January 30, 2015; C. Padoa- Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A
Good-Based Model, Annual Review of Neuroscience 34 (2011): 333–59.
103 «ценность возможных вариантов выбора»: Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, Neurons in
Orbitofrontal Cortex.
103. «усилия, которые нужно потратить на его получение»: Padoa-Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice; A. P. Raghuraman and C. Padoa- Schioppa, Integration of Multiple Determinants in the Neuronal Computation of Economic Values, Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 35 (August 27,
2014): 11583–603; S. W. Kennerley, A. F. Dahmubed, A. H. Lara, and J. D. Wallis, Neurons in the
Frontal Lobe Encode the Value of Multiple Decision Variables, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (June 2009): 1162–78.
103 «вентромедиальная префронтальная кора»: Padoa- Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic
Choice; T. A. Hare, W. Schultz, C. F. Camerer, J. P. O’Doherty, and A. Rangel, Transformation of Stimulus Value Signals into Motor Commands During Simple Choice, Proceedings of the National
Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 108, no. 44 (November 1, 2011): 18120–25; A.
Rangel, Regulation of Dietary Choice by the Decision- Making Circuitry, Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 12 (December 2013): 1717–24.
105 «согласуется с результатами наблюдений»: Hare, Schultz, Camerer, O’Doherty, and Rangel,
Transformation of Stimulus; X. Cai and C. Padoa- Schioppa, Contributions of Orbitofrontal and Lateral
Prefrontal Cortices to Economic Choice and the Good-to-Action Transformation, Neuron 81, no. 5 (March 5, 2014): 1140–51.
106 «немедленного подсчета ценности»: E. A. West, J. T. DesJardin, K. Gale, and L. Malkova,
Transient Inactivation of Orbitofrontal Cortex Blocks Reinforcer Devaluation in Macaques, Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 42 (October 19, 2011): 15128–35; M. Gallagher, R. W. McMahan, and G.
Schoenbaum, Orbitofrontal Cortex and Repre sen ta tion of Incentive Value in Associative Learning,
Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 15 (August 1, 1999): 6610–4; A. Tsuchida, B. B. Doll, and L. K.
Fellows, Beyond Reversal: A Critical Role for Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Flexible Learning from
Probabilistic Feedback, Journal of Neuroscience: The Offi cial Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
30, no. 50 (December 15, 2010): 16868–75.

173 106 «с поврежденной ОФК»: Clarke, Robbins, and Roberts, Lesions of the Medial Striatum; J. S.
Snowden, D. Neary, and D. M. A. Mann, Frontotemporal Dementia, British Journal of Psychiatry
180 (February 2002): 140–43.
106 «систематически переедают»: J. D. Woolley, M.-L. Gorno- Tempini, W. W. Seeley, K.
Rankin, S. S. Lee, B. R. Matthews, et al., Binge Eating Is Associated with Right Orbitofrontal-
Insular-Striatal Atrophy in Frontotemporal Dementia, Neurology 69, no. 14 (October 2, 2007): 1424–33.
106 «не достигает ОФК»: Ibid.
106 с «к схожим расстройствам»: H. F. Clarke, T. W. Robbins, and A. C. Roberts, Lesions of the
Medial Striatum in Monkeys Produce Perseverative Impairments During Reversal Learning Similar to
Those Produced by Lesions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 43 (October 22,
2008): 10972–82.
107 «дофамин химическим путем»: Q. Y. Zhou and R. D. Palmiter, Dopamine- Defi cient Mice
Are Severely Hypoactive, Adipsic, and Aphagic, Cell 83, no. 7 (December 29, 1995): 1197–209.
107 «трудиться ради вознаграждения»: J. D. Salamone and M. Correa, The Mysterious
Motivational Functions of Mesolimbic Dopamine, Neuron 76, no. 3 (November 8, 2012): 470–85.
107 «очень небольшое или неопределенное»: M. C. Wardle, M. T. Treadway, L. M. Mayo, D. H.
Zald, and H. de Wit, Amping Up Effort: Effects of d- Amphetamine on Human Effort- Based Decision-
Making, Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 46 (November 16, 2011): 16597–602.
108 «зефирины через пятнадцать минут»: W. Mischel and E. B. Ebbesen, Attention in Delay of Gratifi cation, Journal of Personality and Social Psy chol ogy 16, no. 2 (1970): 329–37.
109 «обсчитывая самих себя»: Mischel and Ebbesen, Attention in Delay of Gratifi cation; W.
Mischel, E. B. Ebbesen, and A. Raskoff Zeiss, Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratifi cation, Journal of Personality and Social Psy chol ogy 21, no. 2 (February 1972): 204–18.
109 «через тридцать лет обладали более стройной фигурой»: T. R. Schlam, N. L. Wilson, Y.
Shoda, W. Mischel, and O. Ayduk, Preschoolers’ Delay of Gratifi cation Predicts Their Body Mass
30 Years Later, Journal of Pediatrics 162, no. 1 (January 2013): 90–93.
109 «подвержены развитию ожирения»: D. P. Jarmolowicz, J. B. C. Cherry, D. D. Reed, J. M.
Bruce, J. M. Crespi, J. L. Lusk, et al., Robust Relation Between Temporal Discounting Rates and Body
Mass, Appetite 78 (July 2014): 63–67; L. H. Epstein, N. Jankowiak, K. D. Fletcher, K. A. Carr, C.
Nederkoorn, H. Raynor, et al., Women Who Are Motivated to Eat and Discount the Future Are More
Obese, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 22, no. 6 (June 2014): 1394–99.
109 «задолженности по кредитным картам»: Audrain- McGovern, Rodriguez, Epstein, Cuevas,
Rod gers, and Wileyto, Does Delay Discounting; N. M. Petry, Delay Discounting of Money and Alcohol in Actively Using Alcoholics, Currently Abstinent Alcoholics, and Controls,
Psychopharmacology
(Berlin)
153, no. 3 (March 1,
2001):
243–50; S. F.
Coffey, G. D.
Gudleski, M. E. Saladin, and K. T. Brady, Impulsivity and Rapid Discounting of Delayed Hy po thet i cal Rewards in Cocaine- Dependent Individuals, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 11, no. 1 (2003):
18–25;
J. MacKillop,
M. T.
Amlung, L. R.
Few, L. A.
Ray, L. H.
Sweet, and M. R. Munafò, Delayed Reward Discounting and Addictive Be hav ior: A MetaAnaly sis,
Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 216, no. 3 (March 4, 2011): 305–21; S. M. Alessi and N. M. Petry,
Pathological Gambling Severity Is Associated with Impulsivity in a Delay Discounting Procedure,
Behavioural Pro cesses 64, no. 3 (October 31, 2003): 345–54; S. Meier and C. Sprenger, Pres ent-
Biased Preferences and Credit Card Borrowing, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 193–210.
110 «себя завтрашнего»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History.
110 с «риск появления зависимости»: J. Audrain- McGovern, D. Rodriguez, L. H. Epstein, J.
Cuevas, K. Rod gers, and E. P. Wileyto, Does Delay Discounting Play an Etiological Role in Smoking or Is It a Consequence of Smoking? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 103, no. 3 (August 1, 2009):
99–106.
111 эпизодическое размышление о будущем: C. M. Atance and D. K. O’Neill, Episodic Future
Thinking, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 533–39.
111 «во время принятия решения»: J. Peters and C. Büchel, Episodic Future Thinking Reduces
Reward Delay Discounting Through an Enhancement of PrefrontalMediotemporal Interactions, Neuron
66, no. 1 (April 15, 2010): 138–48.

174 111 «на детей, страдающих ожирением» T. O. Daniel, C. M. Stanton, and L. H. Epstein, The
Future Is Now: Reducing Impulsivity and Energy Intake Using Episodic Future Thinking, Psychological
Science 24, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 2339–42; T. O. Daniel, M. Said, C. M. Stanton, and L. H.
Epstein, Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Delay Discounting and Energy Intake in Children, Eating
Be hav iors 18 (August 2015): 20–24.
6.
Фактор сытости
113 «необыкновенное сильное ожирение»: B. Mohr, Hypertrophie der Hypophysis cerebri und dadurch bedingter Druck auf die Hirngrundfl ashe, insbesondere auf die Sehverven, das Chiasma derselben und den linkseitigen Hirnschenkel, Wochenschrift Ges Heilkunde 6 (1840): 565–71; B. Mohr,
Neuropathology Communication from Dr. Mohr, Privat Docent in Würzburg. 1840, Obesity Research 1, no. 4 (July 1993): 334–35.
114 «ранее описал Мор»: A. Frohlich, Dr. Alfred Frohlich stellt einen fall von tumor der hypophyse ohne akromegalie vor, Wien Klin Rundsch 15 (1902): 883–86, 906–908.
114 «получили название синдром Фрёлиха»: B. M. King, The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of the
Ventromedial Hypothalamus in the Regulation of Feeding Be hav ior and Body Weight, Physiology and Be hav ior 87, no. 2 (February 28, 2006): 221–44.
115 «опубликования работы Фрёлиха»: Ibid.
115 «гипофиз не был поврежден»: J. Erdheim, Uber Hypophysenganggeschwulste und
Hirncholestcatome, Akad Wiss Wien 113 (1904): 537–726.
115 «эксперименты над собаками и крысами»: P. Bailey and F. Bremer, Experimental Diabetes
Insipidus, Archives of Internal Medicine 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1921): 773–803; P. Smith,
The Disabilities Caused by Hypophysectomy and Their Repair: The Tuberal (Hypothalamic) Syndrome in the Rat, Journal of the American Medical Association 88, no. 3 (January 15, 1927): 158–61; P. E.
Smith, Hypophysectomy and a Replacement Therapy in the Rat, American Journal of Anatomy 45, no. 2 (March 1, 1930): 205–73; A. W. Hetherington, Obesity in the Rat Following the Injection of Chromic Acid into the Hypophysis, Endocrinology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1940): 264–68.
115 «Вентромедиальное ядро гипоталамуса»: A. Hetherington, The Relation of Vari ous
Hypothalamic Lesions to Adiposity and Other Phenomena in the Rat, American Journal of Physiology
133 (1941): 326–27; A. W. Hetherington, The Production of Hypothalamic Obesity in Rats Already
Displaying Chronic Hypopituitarism, American Journal of Physiology 140, no. 1 (1943): 89–92.
115 «В начале сороковых годов»: J. R. Brobeck, J. Tepperman, and C. N. H. Long, Experimental
Hypothalamic Hyperphagia in the Albino Rat, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 15, no. 6 (July
1943): 831–53.
117 «чрезмерного потребления пищи»: Ibid.
117 с «развития ожирения у крыс»: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection.
118 «оказалась самцом»: E. R. Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry,
1st trade paper ed. (New York: Grove Press, 2003), 304.
118 «спонтанная генетическая мутация»: A. M. Ingalls, M. M. Dickie, and G. D. Snell, Obese, a
New Mutation in the House Mouse, Journal of Heredity 41, no. 12 (December 1950): 317–18.
118 «совсем как человек с избыточным весом»: G. A. Bray and D. A. York, Hypothalamic and Ge ne tic Obesity in Experimental Animals: An Autonomic and Endocrine Hypothesis,
Physiological Reviews 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1979): 719–809.
118 «крыса Жирдяй»: L. M. Zucker and T. F. Zucker, Fatty, a New Mutation in the Rat, Journal of Heredity 52, no. 6 (1961): 275–78.
118 «непомерный аппетит»: B. Ga, The Zucker- Fatty Rat: A Review, Federation Proceedings 36, no. 2 (February 1977): 148–53.
119 «крыса-близнец не подвергалась хирургическому вмешательству»: G. R. Hervey,
The Effects of Lesions in the Hypothalamus in Parabiotic Rats, Journal of Physiology 145, no. 2 (March 3, 1959): 336–52.
120 «теорию Гордона Кеннеди»: G. C. Kennedy, The Role of Depot Fat in the Hypothalamic
Control of Food Intake in the Rat, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
140, no. 901 (January 15, 1953): 578–92.
120 «контролировать аппетит и сдерживать адипозность»: Hervey, The Effects of Lesions.

175 121 «вес был стабильным»: D. L. Coleman, Effects of Parabiosis of Obese with Diabetes and Normal Mice, Diabetologia 9, no. 4 (August 1973): 294–98.
122 «перестал набирать жировую массу»: R. B. Harris and R. J. Martin, Specifi c Depletion of Body Fat in Parabiotic Partners of Tube- Fed Obese Rats, American Journal of Physiology 247, no. 2 pt. 2 (August 1984): R380–R386.
122 «здоровой мышью»: R. B. Harris and R. J. Martin, Site of Action of Putative Lipostatic Factor:
Food Intake and Peripheral Pentose Shunt Activity, American Journal of Physiology 259, no. 1 pt.
2 (July 1990): R45–R52.
122 «ивестные в то время»: Harris and Martin, Specifi c Depletion of Body Fat.
122с «контрольных особей»: R. B. S. Harris, Is Leptin the Parabiotic Satiety Factor? Past and Pres ent Interpretations, Appetite 61, no. 1 (February 2013): 111–18.
123 «в накапливании жира»: T. Rennie, Obesity as a Manifestation of Personality Disturbance,
Diseases of the Central Ner vous System 1 (1940): 238.
123 «в течение короткого времени»: R. Neumann, Experimentelle Beitrage zur Lehre von dem taglichen Nahrungsbedarf des Menschen unter besonderer Berucksich tigung der notwendigen
Eiweissmenge,” Arch Für Hyg 45 (1902): 1–87.
123 «годы Второй мировой войны»: A. Keys, J. Brožek, A. Henschel, O. Mickelsen, and H.
Longstreet Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation, 2 vols. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1950), 1385.
124 «четыре-шесть месяцев»: E. A. Sims, R. F. Goldman, C. M. Gluck, E. S. Horton, P. C.
Kelleher, and D. W. Rowe, Experimental Obesity in Man, Transactions of the Association of American
Physicians 81 (1968): 153–70.
124 «норму взрослого мужчины»: E. A. Sims and E. S. Horton, Endocrine and Metabolic
Adaptation to Obesity and Starvation, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, no. 12 (December 1,
1968): 1455–70.
125 «роль в проекте»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
125 «в журнале Nature»: Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J. M.
Friedman, Positional Cloning of the Mouse Obese Gene and Its Human Homologue, Nature 372, no. 6505 (December 1, 1994): 425–32.
125 «патент на лептин»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
126 «как и ожидалось»: J. L. Halaas, K. S. Gajiwala, M. Maffei, S. L. Cohen, B. T. Chait, D.
Rabinowitz, et al., Weight- Reducing Effects of the Plasma Protein Encoded by the Obese Gene,
Science 269, no. 5233 (July 28, 1995): 543–46; L. A. Campfi eld, F. J. Smith, Y. Guisez, R. Devos, and P. Burn, Recombinant Mouse OB Protein: Evidence for a Peripheral Signal Linking Adiposity and Central Neural Networks, Science 269, no. 5223 (July 28, 1995): 546–49.
126 «из Кембриджского университета»: C. T. Montague, I. S. Farooqi, J. P. Whitehead, M. A.
Soos, H. Rau, N. J. Wareham, et al., Congenital Leptin Defi ciency Is Associated with Severe Early-
Onset Obesity in Humans, Nature 387, no. 6636 (June 26, 1997): 903–908.
127 «отличались ненасытным аппетитом»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
127 «деактивирует ген лептина»: Montague, Farooqi, Whitehead, Soos, Rau, Wareham, et al.,
Congenital Leptin Defi ciency.
127 «огромное количество калорий»: I. S. Farooqi and S. O’Rahilly, Leptin: A Pivotal Regulator of Human Energy Homeostasis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2009):
980S–984S.
127 «высококалорийной пищи с сильными подкрепляющими свойствами»: Ibid.
128 «находят в морозилке»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
128 «одержимость едой»: Keys, Brožek, Henschel, Mickelsen, and Longstreet Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation.
129 «как у стройных»: R. L. Leibel and J. Hirsch, Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced-
Obese Patients, Metabolism 33, no. 2 (February 1984): 164–70 129 «после похудения чувствуют»: M. Rosenbaum, R. Goldsmith, D. Bloomfi eld, A.
Magnano, L. Weimer, S. Heymsfi eld, et al., Low-Dose Leptin Reverses Skeletal Muscle, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Maintenance of Reduced Weight, Journal of Clinical Investigation
115, no. 12 (December 2005): 3579–86.

176 129 «высококалорийной пищей, обещающей достойное вознаграждение»: M. Rosenbaum, M.
Sy, K. Pavlovich, R. L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch, Leptin Reverses Weight Loss— Induced Changes in Regional Neural Activity Responses to Visual Food Stimuli, Journal of Clinical Investigation 118, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 2583–91; H. R. Kissileff, J. C. Thornton, M. I. Torres, K. Pavlovich, L. S. Mayer,
V. Kalari, et al., Leptin Reverses Declines in Satiation in Weight- Reduced Obese Humans, American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 2 (February 2012): 309–17.
129 «образное высказывание»: J. M. Friedman, A War on Obesity, Not the Obese, Science 299, no. 5608 (February 7, 2003): 856–58.
130 «до похудения»: Rosenbaum, Goldsmith, Bloomfi eld, Magnano, Weimer, Heymsfi eld, et al.,
Low-Dose Leptin; Rosenbaum, Sy, Pavlovich, Leibel, and Hirsch, Leptin Reverses Weight
Loss—Induced Changes; Kissileff, Thornton, Torres, Pavlovich, Mayer, Kalari, et al., Leptin Reverses
Declines.
131 «на пищевые раздражители пришла в норму»: I. S. Farooqi, E. Bullmore, J. Keogh, J.
Gillard, S. O’Rahilly, and P. C. Fletcher, Leptin Regulates Striatal Regions and Human Eating Be hav ior, Science 317, no. 5843 (September 7, 2007): 1355.
131 «не отличались от обычных детей»: I. S. Farooqi, G. Matarese, G. M. Lord, J. M. Keogh, E.
Lawrence, C. Agwu, et al., Benefi cial Effects of Leptin on Obesity, T Cell Hyporesponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine/Metabolic Dysfunction of Human Congenital Leptin Defi ciency, Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2002): 1093–103.
131 «высокой концентрацией лептина»: R. V. Considine, M. K. Sinha, M. L. Heiman, A.
Kriauciunas, T. W. Stephens, M. R. Nyce, et al., Serum Immunoreactive Leptin Concentrations in Normal- weight and Obese Humans, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 334, no. 5 (February 1996):
292–95.
131 «нормальный уровень лептина»: S. B. Heymsfi eld, A. S. Greenberg, K. Fujioka, R. M.
Dixon, R. Kushner, T. Hunt, et al., Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults:
A Randomized, Controlled, Dose- Escalation Trial, Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (October 27, 1999): 1568–75.
132 «лучше, чем у других»: Y. Ravussin, R. L. Leibel, and A. W. Ferrante Jr., A Missing Link in Body Weight Homeostasis: The Catabolic Signal of the Overfed State, Cell Metabolism 20, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 565–72.
134 «небольшой порции пищи»: S. Carnell and J. Wardle, Appetite and Adiposity in Children:
Evidence for a Behavioral Susceptibility Theory of Obesity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, no. 1 (July 2008): 22–29.
135. «низкоуглеводные диеты»: Group DPPR, 10-Year Follow-Up of Diabetes Incidence and Weight
Loss in the Diabetes
Prevention
Program
Outcomes
Study,
Lancet
374, no. 9702 (November 20, 2009): 1677–86; I. Shai, D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin, D. R. Shahar, S.
Witkow, I. Greenberg, et al., Weight Loss with a LowCarbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low- Fat Diet,
New Eng land Journal of Medicine 359, no. 3 (July 17, 2008): 229–41.
135 «сдавало гипоталамусу захваченные у ожирения позиции»: Biggest Loser Winner Admits
She’s Gained Back All the Weight, Mail Online, 2016, cited April 22, 2016, http:// www. dailymail. co. uk / femail / article – 3550257 / I – feel – like – failure – Biggest – Loser – winner – dropped – 112lbs – shares – shame – embarrassment – admitting – gained – nearly – weight – lost. html.
135 «мы все снова стали жирными»: Former Biggest Loser Contestants Admit ‘We Are All Fat
Again!’ Mail Online, 2015, cited April 22, 2016, http:// www. dailymail. co. uk / femail / article –
2927207 / We – fat – Former – Biggest – Loser – contestants – admit – controversial – regained – weight – endure – lasting – health – issues. html.
136 «в современной реальности»: Stokes, Using Maximum Weight; Stokes and Preston, Revealing the Burden of Obesity Using Weight Histories; S. S. Du Plessis, S. Cabler, D. A. McAlister,
E. Sabanegh, and A. Agarwal, The Effect of Obesity on Sperm Disorders and Male Infertility, Nature
Reviews Urology 7, no. 3 (March 2010): 153–61; C. J. Brewer and A. H. Balen, The Adverse Effects of Obesity on Conception and Implantation, Reproduction (Cambridge, Eng land) 140, no. 3 (September
2010): 347–64.
136 «над крысами»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn- Meynell, Defense of Body Weight Against
Chronic Caloric Restriction in Obesity- Prone and – Resistant Rats, American Journal of Physiology—
Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 1 (January 2000): R231–R237

177 137 «влияние трех разных типов диет»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn-Meynell, Defense of Body
Weight Depends on Dietary Composition and Palatability in Rats with DietInduced Obesity, American
Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 282, no. 1 (January
2002): R46–R54.
138 «через трубочку»: Hashim and Van Itallie, Studies in Normal and Obese Subjects; Campbell,
Hashim and Van Itallie, Studies of Food- Intake Regulation.
138 «расширила результаты предыдущего опыта»: Cabanac and Rabe, Infl uence of a
Monotonous Food.
140 «полноты тела с течением времени»: K. H. Schmitz, D. R. Jacobs, A. S. Leon, P. J. Schreiner, and B. Sternfeld, Physical Activity and Body Weight: Associations over Ten Years in the CARDIA
Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24, no. 11 (November 2000): 1475–87; A. J. Littman, A. R. Kristal, and E. White, Effects of Physical Activity Intensity, Frequency, and Activity Type on 10- Y Weight
Change in Middle- Aged Men and Women, International Journal of Obesity 29, no. 5 (January 11,
2005): 524–33.
140 «и питались по той же диете»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn- Meynell, Chronic Exercise
Lowers the Defended Body Weight Gain and Adiposity in Diet- Induced Obese Rats, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004):
R771–R778.
140 «противостоят набору лишней массы»: C. Bouchard, A. Tchernof, and A. Tremblay,
Predictors of Body Composition and Body Energy Changes in Response to Chronic Overfeeding,
International Journal of Obesity 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 236–42.
140 «почему-то не худеет»: W. C. Miller, D. M. Koceja, and E. J. Hamilton, A Meta-Analysis of the Past 25 Years of Weight Loss Research Using Diet, Exercise or Diet Plus Exercise Intervention,
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 21, no. 10 (October 1997): 941–47.
140 «соблюдение этих рекомендаций»: C. A. Slentz, B. D. Duscha, J. L. Johnson, K.
Ketchum, L. B. Aiken, G. P. Samsa, et al., Effects of the Amount of Exercise on Body Weight, Body
Composition, and Mea sures of Central Obesity: STRRIDE— A Randomized Controlled Study,
Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 1 (January 12, 2004): 31–39; N. A. King, M. Hopkins,
P. Caudwell, R. J. Stubbs, and J. E. Blundell, Individual Variability Following 12 Weeks of Supervised
Exercise: Identifi cation and Characterization of Compensation for Exercise- Induced Weight Loss,
International
Journal of Obesity
32, no. 1 (January
2008):
177–84; J. E.
Donnelly,
J. J.
Honas, B. K. Smith, M. S. Mayo, C. A. Gibson, D. K. Sullivan, et al., Aerobic Exercise Alone Results in Clinically Signifi cant Weight Loss for Men and Women: Midwest Exercise Trial 2, Obesity (Silver
Spring, MD) 21, no. 3 (March 2013): E219–E228.
141 «в течение двенадцати недель»: King, Hopkins, Caudwell, Stubbs, and Blundell, Individual
Variability Following 12 Weeks.
142 «за год»: M. Hession, C. Rolland, U. Kulkarni, A. Wise, and J. Broom, Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of LowCarbohydrate vs. Low- Fat/Low- Calorie Diets in the Management of Obesity and Its Comorbidities, Obesity Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 36–50.
142 «подтверждением этих слов»: S. M. Nickols- Richardson, M. D. Coleman, J. J. Volpe, and K. W. Hosig, Perceived Hunger Is Lower and Weight Loss Is Greater in Overweight Premenopausal
Women Consuming a Low- Carbohydrate/HighProtein vs. High- Carbohydrate/Low- Fat Diet, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105, no. 9 (September 2005): 1433–37.
142 «объем потребляемых ими калорий снижается»: B. J. Brehm, S. E. Spang, B. L. Lattin, R. J.
Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. A. D’Alessio, The Role of Energy Expenditure in the Differential Weight
Loss in Obese Women on Low-Fat and Low-Carbohydrate Diets, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 1475–82.
142 «оказывают влияние на липостатическую систему»: E. R. Ropelle, J. R. Pauli, M. F. A.
Fernandes, S. A. Rocco, R. M. Marin, J. Morari, et al., A Central Role for Neuronal AMPActivated
Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in High- Protein Diet—
Induced Weight Loss, Diabetes 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 594–605.
143 «эффективность данного метода»: D. S. Weigle, P. A. Breen, C. C. Matthys, H. S. Callahan,
K. E. Meeuws, V. R. Burden, et al., A High- Protein Diet Induces Sustained Reductions in Appetite, Ad

178
Libitum Caloric Intake, and Body Weight Despite Compensatory Changes in Diurnal Plasma Leptin and Ghrelin Concentrations, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, no. 1 (July 2005): 41–48.
143 «часто возникает в ответ»: M. S. Westerterp- Plantenga, S. G. Lemmens, and K. R.
Westerterp, “Dietary Protein— Its Role in Satiety, Energetics, Weight Loss and Health,” British Journal of Nutrition 108, supplement S2 (August 2012): S105–S112.
143 «диета с пониженным содержанием углеводов»: S. Soenen, A. G. Bonomi, S. G. T.
Lemmens, J. Scholte, M. A. Thijssen, F. van Berkum, et al., Relatively High- Protein or ‘Low- Carb’
Energy- Restricted Diets for Body Weight Loss and Body Weight Maintenance? Physiology and Be hav ior 107, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 374–80.
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