Understanding the law ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List

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V. Find the information in the Internet on the following themes and make presentations in class.
1. The historic building of the RCJ (photos, video, documents, etc.).

2. The Court of Appeal (Criminal and Civil Divisions).

3. The merits and shortcomings of the British legal system.

Chapter II
The Law and its Importance
Vocabulary List

1. 
   set of rules – свод правил
   
2. 
   criminal ( n ) - преступник
   
3. 
   crime – преступление
   
4. 
   forbid – запрещать
   
5. 
   custom – обычай, традиция; обычное право
   
6. 
   injury – повреждение, увечье
   
7. 
   penalty – наказание
   
8. 
   obey – слушаться, подчиняться
   
9. 
   court of law – суд, действующий по нормам общего или статутного права
   
10. 
    amend – исправлять, вносить поправки, изменения
    
11. 
    laws of the land – государственные законы
    
12. 
    by-laws – постановления органов местной власти; уставные нормы
    
13. 
    violence – насилие
    
14. 
    ignorance of law – незнание закона
    
15. 
    guard ( v) – охранять
    
16. 
    ensure – гарантировать
    
17. 
    law-abiding – законопослушный
    

Vocabulary Notes
National Curriculum – Национальная Программа

Act of Parliament – Акт парламента; парламентский закон
Reading Comprehension

Exercises
I. Scanning

1. Read the text and divide it into some logical parts. Name the parts.

2. Find the places indicating:

- the factors which influence the rules people have always lived by.

- the examples of everyday activities which have to have their own sets of rules.

- three main kinds of rules they have in the UK.

- two types of laws.

3. Read the first part of the chapter and find out why it is necessary to respect rights and obey duties given by laws.

4. Read the second part and say if a day in school can illustrate the wide range of laws.
II. Skimming.

1. Look more closely through the text and decide what it is devoted to:

1. 
   the laws in our family and school;
   
2. 
   the laws in sports;
   
3. 
   the laws which govern our lives.
   

2. Look through the chapter and mark out one statement that was not true in the passage:

a. It is interesting to think about the law as it is not only concerned with crime and criminals.

b. The only way in which we can hope to live in peace and security is by having laws made by well-educated people.

с. If ordinary people respect and obey laws because they seem to be right and just they will expect others to be law-abiding citizens.
Vocabulary Work

Exercises
I. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
1. be influenced by nature; 2. natural environment of the society; 3. cater for the ideas of right and wrong; 4. become the custom; 5. provide a system of punishment; 6. the law throughout the whole land; 7. the laws that apply locally; 8. impose duties on somebody; 9. the right to safety;
10. ignorance of the law;11. totally unaffected by the law; 12. be laid down by somebody; 13. be brought before a court; 14. be concerned with; 15. provide guidelines.
II. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
1. инстинкт выживания; 2. вековые догмы, убеждения; 3. отвечать, соответствовать чьим-то нуждам; 4. правила, которым надо подчиняться; 5. происходить из обычаев; 6. заседать в суде; 7. вносить поправки; 8. привести к чему-либо, закончиться; 9. принять меры против чего-либо; 10. защитить кого-либо от причинения вреда; 11. иметь дело с чем-либо; 12. как установлено законом; 13. законы, относящиеся к чему-либо; 14. полагаться на закон; 15. ставить кого-то в худшие условия, дискриминировать.
Ш. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B)

A	B
1. live under rules	a. обеспечить руководство дорожным движением
2. be in force	b. адаптироваться к новым временам
3. adapt to new times	c. первостепенная задача закона
4. be morally wrong	d. требования безопасности
5. govern the traffic	е. проследить связь
6. be an excuse	f. быть неправильным с моральной точки зрения
7. basic freedoms	g. жить согласно правилам
8. safety requirements	h. служить оправданием
9. trace a thread	i. быть в силе
10.vital part of the law	j. основные права и свободы

IV. Guess the concept of the following definitions.

1. 
   The body of rules that governs any society.
   
2. 
   An act that is considered by statute or by common law to be a public wrong.
   
3. 
   A practice that has been followed as part of the law of a particular locality.
   
4. 
   A penalty imposed on a defendant convicted of a crime.
   
5. 
   A form of legislation made by local authorities.
   

V. Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word-combinations in which these words can be used.

1. 
   laws of the land; 2. order (v); 3. protect (v); 4. govern (v) ; 5. safety (n)
   

VI. Match the words on the left (A) with their definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents.

A	B
1. offence	a. connected with, permitted by the law
2. penalty	b. unlawful killing of a human being on purpose
3. jurisprudence	c. punishment for wrongdoing, for failure to obey rules
4. murder	d. impose a penalty on an offender
5. amend	e. the hurting of somebody’s feelings
6. legal	f. the study of law and legal philosophy
7. punish	g. basic privileges a person has as a human being
8. human rights	h. what one is obliged to do by morality, law
9. duty	i. become better, free of faults or errors
10. responsibility	j. legal or moral liability for carrying out a duty

VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian .

1. 
   The theory of law is based on the theory of natural law of 16-17 centuries which considered each individual to have certain natural rights.
   
2. 
   People do sometimes use the word “law” when they are talking about the rules by which most of us live.
   
3. 
   Any laws whether they are by-laws or laws of the land are aimed to improve our lives and protect us from the harm.
   
4. 
   People who respect and obey laws can expect others to obey them too by being law-abiding.
   
5. 
   The vital part of the law is that it must not allow prejudice to result in different treatment.
   

VIII. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.

of (2); for; down; under; by(2); over; against; with(2); about; in(4); before; throughout

_____________________________________________________________________________

1. 
   Any society has always lived ___the rules of one kind or another.
   
2. 
   These rules have been developed ___times to suit the society ___which people live.
   
3. 
   Sometimes new rules can be introduced ___traffic to make it more reasonable to drive and pass.
   
4. 
   ___all countries there are certain rules which are to be obeyed ___ everyone.
   
5. 
   Many rules which have gradually developed ___many years deal ___the way people communicate ___one another.
   
6. 
   Many rules have been laid ___ ___ us all ___ Parliament.
   
7. 
   If somebody breaks the law they may be brought ___ a court ___ law.
   
8. 
   All the rules that could result ___ the court decisions to take action ___ us if we have broken them are called laws.
   
9. 
   All people have duties to obey and when they do so, they automatically protect the rights ___ the people ___ them.
   
10. 
    The rules that we must not kill or rob are expected to be found ___ all countries ___ the world.
    

IX. Translate the sentences from Russian into English with the active vocabulary.

1. 
   Исторически, право определялось как свод правил и принципов действия, являющихся обязательными для людей в их отношениях друг с другом.
   
2. 
   В цивилизованном обществе, закон должен затрагивать почти каждую область нашей жизни.
   
3. 
   Законы должны быть правильными и справедливыми, и обычные люди должны уважать их и подчиняться им.
   
4. 
   В правовом обществе права и обязанности определяются законом.
   
5. 
   Мы все знаем, что может случиться, если мы нарушим закон.
   

Grammar Revision.

Exercises

1. 
   If any of us breaks the rules of the country we may be brought before a court of law.
   
2. 
   If all drivers obey the duty to drive within the speed limits, they will help all road users to travel in safety.
   
3. 
   If we think about our family and society we will know that there are things we are not allowed to do.
   
4. 
   If people respect and obey the laws they will expect others to do the same.
   
5. 
   If there are no rules in sports everyone will set off at different times and in different directions and stop at different places.
   

Speaking

Exercises
I. Read the extract, discuss it and give your definition of law.
Law, says the judge as he looks down his nose,

Speaking clearly and most severely,

Law as I have told you before,

Law is as you know I suppose,

Law is but let me explain it once more,

Law is The Law.

W. H. Auden, extract from Law is like Love.
II. Answer the questions about the text.

1. 
   Why has the question “What is law?” troubled people for many years?
   
2. 
   Why does any existing society need law?
   
3. 
   What would happen if people lived without laws?
   
4. 
   What do laws reflect?
   
5. 
   What influences the legal system?
   
6. 
   What purposes do we expect our legal system to achieve?
   

III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it.
IV. Discuss the issues.
1.”When Law ends, tyranny begins.” William Pit, Prime minister,1801.

2. Ignorance of the law can never be an excuse for breaking it.

3. The laws we have in force at any particular time reflect our thoughts and attitudes.

Chapter III
The Invisible Palace – Part I

“Judge-Made” Law – Common Law and Equity

Vocabulary List
1. lay/ set the foundations - заложить фундамент, положить начало

2. grievance - жалоба недовольство

bring before the court - подать жалобу

redress - удовлетворить жалобу

commmittee - конфликтная комиссия ( на производстве)

3. draw on smth. - заимствовать, черпать

4. statute law - статутное право, правo, выраженное в законодательных актах

5. preside over - председательствовать

6. law reports - сборник судебных решений

7. judge-made law – прецедентное право

8. common law - общее право

9. equity - право справедливости

10. fall foul of the law - поссориться с законом

11. make amends to smb. for smth - возмещать убытки

12. whipping - порка

13. legacy - наследство, наследие

14. technicalities – технические детали, формальности

15. petition - подавать прошение, ходатайство

16. give a remedy – предоставить средство правовой защиты

17. bargain - сделка, соглашение

close/conclude/make a - заключить сделку

break one’s side of the - нарушить договор

keep one’s side of the - выполнить свои обязательства по договору.

18. grant – предоставить, пожаловать что-либо

grant a motion - удовлетворить ходатайство

grant a pardon – даровать помилование

19. valid (adj.) - юридически действительный, имеющий силу

validity (n) – юридическая сила

20. judicature - отправлять правосудие (ср. administer, deliver, provide justice)

21. perjure – лжесвидетельствовать

22. probate - доказывание завещания

Probate Court – суд по делам о наследстве

23. revenue – государственные доходы

24. do smth under duress - действовать по принуждению

25. imminent danger - неминуемая опасность, угроза жизни.
Vocabulary Notes

Curia Regis - in former times the King’s Court of Justice
Assizes / the Assize system - ассизы, выездные сессии суда присяжных (создавались в каждом графстве не меньше 3 раз в год, дела слушались судьями Высокого суда правосудия)
Circuit system - система выездных судебных сессий.
The Plantagenets - Плантагенеты (королевская династия) от лат.planta genista –дрок - отец Генриха II, граф Анжуйский украшал свой шлем веткой дрока)
Court of the Exchequer - Суд Казначейства ( первоначально суд по налоговым делам. В 1875 стал отделением Высокого суда правосудия, а в 1881 слился с Судом королевской скамьи)
Court of Common Pleas - Суд общегражданских исков.
Court of Requests – Суд по ходатайствам, решал дела на основе права справедливости. Распущен в 1641 году.

Expressions and speech patterns:
1.add to the gradual build-up of the law - способствовать постепенному развитию закона

2.should the need arise - если возникнет необходимость

3.grasp the need to do smth. - осознать необходимость чего-либо

4.from time immemorial - с незапамятных времен

5.with the passage of time - со временем, с течением времени

6. drive a coach & four (horse) through the law – обойти закон, найти лазейку

7. on the ground of smth - по причине, на основании чего-либо

8. the reverse side of the legal coin - обратная сторона медали

9. “red tape” – волокита, бюрократизм

10. decide once and for all - решить раз и навсегда

11. put an end to smth. – положить чему-либо конец, покончить с ч –л

Reading Comprehension

Exercises
I. Scanning
1.Read the first part of Chapter 3 and say in how many logical parts it can be divided and what the main idea of each part is.

2.Name the countries where either English or Roman Law is the basis of the legal system.

3.Read about the Common Law and find out:

- how Royal Courts appeared and name 3 main courts in the Plantagenet reign.

- upon what the common law was originally based

- what reputation it has at present

II. Skimming

1. 
   Look more closely through the part “Equity” and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part :
   

1. 
   The court of equity was established because the King himself couldn’t cope with the volume of petitions presented to him
   
2. 
   The court of equity was established by the Lord Chancellor because he was the “ Keeper of the King’s Conscience”
   
3. 
   The court of equity was established so that everyone should receive fairness and justice.
   

2. 
   Look through the next two pages and mark one statement that was not true in the passage.
   

1. 
   The problem with the old Court of Chancery was that it depended entirely on
   

the Lord Chancellor’s personal ideas of justice.