Understanding the law ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List
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IV. Guess the concept of the following definitions. 1. Officially charge sb. with a crime in a court of law. 2. The person in a court of law who is accused of committing a crime, or is being sued by another person. 3. A person who has been found guilty of a crime and sent to prison. 4. The duty (of the prosecution) to prove the case. 5. The duty to make the jury sure of a person’s guilt. V. Give definitions of the following words and word combinations. 1. appellant; 2. associate; 3. conspiracy; 4. Magistrates’ court; 5. probation. VI. Match the words and word combinations on the left (A) with their definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents. A. B. 1. accused a. the act of finding sb. guilty of a crime based on evidence that may be false 2. assault b. a written statement accusing sb. of a crime 3. criminal record c. the crime of killing sb. illegally but not deliberately 4. unsafe conviction d. the fact of having committed crimes in the past 5. create by statute e. say in a court of law that sb. is to receive a particular punishment 6. discover a plan f. the charge for an offence written in a document 7. indictment g. find out some information about (plan) 8. information h. be written in a law 9. manslaughter i. the person who is on trial for committing a crime 10. sentence j. the crime of attacking smb. physically VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. 1. Almost all criminal offences are those in which the State prosecutes someone who is alleged to have committed a crime. 2. The conspirators were convicted and executed because all conspiracies to commit crimes are liable to be punished in the same way as the crimes themselves. 3. An indictment lists charges against the defendant to enable him to know what he is said to have done. 4. The Court of Appeal may sometimes agree to hear further evidence to help to decide if the conviction is safe. 5. If the appellant was wrongly convicted, the conviction would be regarded as unsafe, and the appeal will be allowed. 6. Summary offences involve motoring offences, minor thefts, assaults, criminal damage, prostitution, drunk and disorderly behavior in a public place. 7. In minor road traffic cases the defendant may be given the option of pleading guilty by post. 8. A defendant may feel that he will have a better chance of being acquitted if his case is heard by a jury. 9. There are cases where the jury will also be expected to decide whether the defendant’s behavior was reasonable in the circumstances. 10. In criminal cases a defendant who is convicted but not sent to prison may be fined, placed on probation or ordered to perform community service. VIII. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
IMELDA MARCOS ACQUITTED A court in New York has _________ Mrs. Imelda Marcos - the widow of former President Marcos of the Philippines _________ of fraud and racketeering. The _________ related to _________ that Mrs. Marcos stole more than $200million from Philippines treasury and used some of it to buy four buildings in New York, as well as jewellery and works of arts. The Saudi arms dealer and businessman, Mr. Adnan Khashoggi, was _________ on _________ of helping her by obstructing justice. In Manila, President Aquino expressed disappointment at the _________ (10) of Mrs. Marcos, and said the ban on her return would remain in effect. However, she added that at the appropriate time, Mrs. Marcos would have to stand _________ in a Philippines court. IX. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box. to (2); before; for (2); in (9); into; if; from; by (2); with (4); of (4). 1. Before trial a defendant will be charged __ an offence. 2. A defendant’s trial will usually result __ a verdict __ either guilty or not guilty. 3. An indictment will contain only charges __ offences which may be tried __ the Crown Court __ a judge and jury. 4. Appeals __ convictions __ the Crown Court go __ the Court of Appeal. 5. Usually a person charged __ a summary offence will have to appear __ magistrates __ person. 6. A sentence __ imprisonment or disqualification may be passed only __ a defendant’s absence. 7. __ these cases a defendant may choose to be tried __ a judge and a jury __ the Crown Court. 8. I admit striking him __ a baseball bat and he was attacking me __ a knife, but I was acting __ self-defence. 9. I should be convicted __ manslaughter and not murder because I was provoked __ losing my self-control. 10. __ the fine is less than 200$ the court may order that __ default __ paying it the defendant will go __ prison __ seven days. X. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English 1. Существуют сотни различных уголовных преступлений, почти все они предусмотрены законодательными актами. Однако все еще осталось несколько видов преступлений, первоначально предусмотренных общим правом, наказание за эти преступления осуществляется согласно общему праву. 2. В уголовном процессе сторона обвинения предъявляет иск обвиняемому и должна доказать правоту своего обвинения в суде. В свою очередь обвиняемый не должен доказывать свою невиновность. 3. Апелляционные суды решают вопросы о справедливости приговоров, вынесенных при первоначальном рассмотрении дела. Если они приходят к выводу, что приговор не отвечает действующим законам, то апелляционный суд признает приговор недействительным, или требует повторного слушания дела. 4. Почти во всех уголовных процессах государство выступает в качестве обвинителя (преследует в судебном порядке лицо, которое, как утверждается, совершило преступление). Это означает, что обвинение ведется от лица всего общества в целом, а не от отдельного индивидуума. 5. Менее серьезные преступления по решению парламента рассматриваются мировыми судьями. Это так называемые преступления, преследуемые в порядке суммарного производства. Grammar Revision Exercises I. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form а word that fits in the space in the same line. Read the story. Can you think of any more examples of crimes that may go unrecorded? Why is this and what is the effect?
Speaking Exercises I. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Explain why. 1. Only the Crown Court can try indictable offences. 2. These days the Court of Appeal can order a re-trial of any case. 3. In case of a summary offence а sentence will be passed in а defendant’s absence. 4. All criminal cases are tried by а jury. 5. If two people agree to commit murder, and the police are informed about the plotting, the plotters can be arrested immediately before the crime is committed. II. Answer the question about the text. 1. How do all criminal cases start in English courts? 2. What is the prosecution’s duty in criminal trial? 3. How is the process of hearing a criminal case held? 4. Which criminal cases can be tried in the magistrate’s court? Give examples. 5. How does “The Gunpowder plot” reflect the power of law in trying a criminal conspiracy? 6. What requirements is an indictment to satisfy? 7. What are the functions of the Court of Appeal? What does it decide? 8. How has the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 changed the work of the Court of Appeal? 9. What is a summary offence? How is it presented? 10. How are the cases of summary offence heard? What is the role of the magistrates in such trials? 11. Where may a person convicted by the magistrates appeal? 12. What is an “either-way” offence? 13. What is meant by the reasonable-man crime? 14. How are orders in criminal cases enforced? III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it. IV. Working in pairs find the information on the following themes. 1. The description of a criminal trial. 2. The duties of the parts in criminal trials. 3. Offences that are called indictable and summary ones; the way they are dealt with. V. Discuss the following issues. 1. Comment on the functions of а Crown court and the role of а judge in it. 2. Speak on the legal capacity of the House of Lords. Which law institutions perform the same functions in your country? 3. Comment on the work of the Court of Appeal in Britain and in Russia. Civil Cases Vocabulary List 1. litigation – тяжба, судебный спор civil litigation – судебный процесс по гражданскому делу criminal litigation – судебный процесс по уголовному делу 2. сlaim – иск, заявление права, претензия counterclaim (cross-claim) – встречное требование, иск claim for damages – иск о возмещении убытков claim form – форма искового заявления bring a claim against sb. – предъявлять иск кому-л. claimant – истец 3. damage – ущерб, убыток; (pl) возмещение убытков pay damages – оплатить убытки 4. remedy (n) – судебной, правовой защиты 5. writ (n) – судебный приказ а writ of summons – приказ о вызове в суд а writ of habeas corpus – судебный приказ о доставлении в суд лица, содержащегося под стражей для выяснения правомерности содержания его под стражей . 6. judgment – судебное решение, приговор default judgment – судебное решение в пользу истца вследствие неявки ответчика summary judgment – решение, вынесенное в порядке упрощенного (суммарного) судопроизводства 7. provision – условие, постановление, положение provision of law – норма права 8. applicant/ petitioner – проситель, заявитель 9. respondent – ответчик (особ. в бракоразводном процессе) 10. contract – договор, контракт binding contract – юридически обязательный договор breach of contract – нарушение договора enforceable contract – договор, имеющий исковую силу; могущий быть принудительно осуществленным в судебном порядке contract law – договорное право 11. negligent – допущенный по небрежности negligence – небрежность culpable negligence – небрежность, которую можно поставить в вину, преступная небрежность contributory negligence – небрежность, вина потерпевшего; встречная вина 12. nuisance – помеха, неудобство; нарушение покоя maintain nuisance – причинять неудобство private nuisance – источник опасности для лица или группы лиц public nuisance - источник опасности для всех окружающих 13. defame – порочить, позорить defamatory – позорящий, дискредитирующий defamation – диффамация defamation of character - дискредитация 14. sue – преследовать по суду, предъявлять иск или обвинение 15. tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение alleged tort – вменяемый деликт personal tort – деликт против личности private tort – частноправовой деликт 16. consideration – встречное удовлетворение 17. duress – принуждение duress by menaces – принуждение посредством угроз duress of goods – незаконный арест имущества 18. trespass – причинение вреда; противоправное нарушение владения с причинением вреда trespass to goods – нарушение владения движимостью с причинением вреда trespass to land – нарушение владения недвижимостью с причинением вреда trespass to the person – причинение личного вреда 19. injunction – судебный запрет 20. conveyance – передача правового титула, акт о передаче правового титула (преим. на недвижимость) fraudulent conveyance – отчуждение имущества, направленное к обману кредиторов 21. probate – доказательство подлинности завещания probate of wills – утверждение завещаний 22. trust – доверительная собственность trustee – лицо, распоряжающееся имуществом на началах доверительной собственности 23. settler – лицо, совершающее акт распоряжения имуществом в пользу кого-л. 24. beneficiary – лицо, в интересах которого осуществляется доверительная собственность 25. custody – опека, попечительство; контроль; задержание, лишение свободы custody of juries – изоляция присяжных custody of law – лишение свободы по закону 26. maintenance – содержание; алименты 27. adoption – усыновление, удочерение 28. wardship – опека; попечительство 29. contempt – неуважение, оскорбление contempt of court – неуважение к суду Vocabulary notes 1. The Chancery Court – канцлерский суд 2. Lord Justice of Appeal – судья апелляционного суда 3. The Queen’s Bench Division – отделение королевской скамьи 4. The Chancery Division – канцлерское отделение 5. The Family Division – отделение по семейным делам 6. The Commercial Court – коммерческий суд (коллегия судей для рассмотрения торговых дел в отделении королевской скамьи Англии) Reading Comprehension Exercises I. Scanning Scan the text and finish the sentences using the facts from it. 1. Now the CPR have introduced the system when…. 2. Family cases are rather different…. 3. To prove something on а balance of probabilities means…. 4. The three ‘tracks’ all civil cases are allocated to are…. 5. When one of the party to а contract claims that the other has broken it….. 6. For the contract to be enforceable … 7. Trespass to the person means that…. 8. In some cases involving allegations of negligence or nuisance, the court…. 9. The Chancery Division covers а number of highly technical areas of the law such as…. 10. The work of the Family Division is concerned with…. II. Skimming Skim through the part where it is said who civil cases are tried by and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part. 1. All civil cases are always tried by judges and juries. 2. Almost all civil cases are tried by judges alone but for the actions concerning the liberty of the subject and his reputation which juries try. 3. Juries try the majority of civil cases themselves. Skim through the part about defamation and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part. 1. Things said in Parliament and in a court of law can be made the subject of an action for defamation. 2. Merely swearing at someone can form the basis for a claim for defamation. 3. Slander and especially libel, which would tend to lower a person’s reputation, are the basis for a claim for defamation. Vocabulary Work Exercises I. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text. 1. legal remedy; 2. on an equal footing; 3. expert witness; 4. default judgement; 5. summary judgement; 6. small claims track; 7. fast track; 8. assault and wrongful imprisonment; 9. commercial and admiralty cases; 10. contract law; 11. pay damages; 12. obtain a warrant; 13. ancillary relief; 14. supervision order; 15. contempt to court; 16. committal to prison |