Vocabulary Notes
Young persons
children - 1) progeny; offspring of parentage; unborn or recently born human being; at common law one who had not attained the age of fourteen years, though the meaning now varies in different statutes [BLD]; 2) as a technical term, in legal instruments, “child” was always construed to mean a legitimate, as opposed to an illegitimate, child [JDEL]; 3) for the purpose of the Children Act 1989, a person under the age of 18. In criminal matters a child relates to an offender under the age of 14 (see Children and Young Persons Act 1969) [OCLD]. - (термин суда по семейным делам) 1) ребёнок, согласно Акту о детях 1989 г., человек, не достигший 18 лет; как специальный термин в юридических документах “child” всегда толковался как законный ребёнок, противопоставляясь незаконному ребёнку; 2) нерождённый или недавно рождённый человеческий ребёнок; 3) потомство; отпрыск по происхождению; 4) в общем/традиционном некодифицированном праве Великобритании тот, кто не достиг 14 лет, хотя сейчас значение варьируется в различных положениях; 5) по уголовным делам ребёнком считается нарушитель, не достигший 14 лет.
first offender - someone who has been officially judged to be guilty of a crime for the first time [CALD]; one convicted of an offense for the first time [MW] - несовершеннолетний, впервые совершивший правонарушение
infant - [Lat. infans, one who cannot speak] a person under eighteen years of age… A person who is not full of age may be described as a minor instead of as an infant… In the terminology formerly employed in probate practice, an infant was a person under the age of seven years, as opposed to a minor, who was a person between the age of seven and twenty-one years… [JDEL, с. 967-969] - (термин гражданского права) (лат. infans «тот, кто не может говорить») человек, не достигший 18 лет; в предыдущей терминологии в практике официального утверждения завещания судом “aninfant” был человеком, не достигшим 7 лет, а “aminor” называли человека в возрасте между 7 и 21 годом; несовершеннолетний
juvenile - a young person who has not yet attained the age at which he or she should be treated as an adult for purposes of criminal law. In some states, this age is seventeen. Under the federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, a “juvenile” is a person who has not attained his eighteenth birthday… [BLD, с. 867] - (термин суда по уголовным делам) юный человек, не достигший возраста, в котором к нему или к ней будут относиться как ко взрослому в рамках уголовного права; в некоторых штатах этот возраст наступает в 17 лет; согласно федеральному Акту о подростковой преступности, a “juvenile” («подросток») – это человек, которому ещё не исполнилось 18 лет; малолетний
juvenile delinquent /dɪ'lɪŋkwənt/ - a child or young person who behaves in a criminal way; synonym young offender [LEC]; a young person who commits crimes [CALD] - малолетний преступник; несовершеннолетний преступник; несовершеннолетний делинквент
minor - An infant or person who is under the age of legal competence. A term derived from the civil law, which described a person under a certain age as less than so many years. In most states, a person is no longer a minor after reaching the age of 18 (though state laws might still prohibit certain acts until reaching a greater age; e.g. purchase of liquor) [BLD, с. 997] - (термин гражданского права) малолетний; ребёнок как человек, не достигший возраста юридической компетенции; термин, взятый из гражданского права, описывал человека, не достигшего определённого возраста «меньше, чем столько-то лет»; во многих штатах “a person” больше не расценивается как a minor («несовершеннолетний») после достижения 18 лет; несовершеннолетний, малолетний
under-18s noun - не достигшие 18
young defendant - The party sued in a civil lawsuit or the party charged with a crime in a criminal prosecution. In some types of cases (such as a divorce) a defendant may be called a respondent [dictionary.law.com]; the person against whom a lawsuit is filed [NPELD]; the party against whom a criminal or civil action is brought [research.lawyers.com/glossary] - (термин гражданского и уголовного права; термин Суда Короны) малолетний ответчик, малолетний подсудимый, малолетний обвиняемый
young offender - a young criminal, esp. a first offender, also called youthful offender, youth offender [dictionaryreference.com]; a criminal in Britain who is not an adult according to the law [LEC] - преступник юного возраста; малолетний правонарушитель; преступник, который, согласно праву, ещё не является взрослым, но уже больше и не ребёнок (описательный, а технико-юридический термин); термин, применяемый в Великобритании к преступникам старше 14 лет [АРЮС, с. 303]
young person - (термин уголовного права) несовершеннолетний, несовершеннолетняя (до 18 лет)
Other notes
the Children Act (1989) - An Act to reform the law relating to children; to provide for local authority services for children in need and others; to amend the law with respect to children’s homes, community homes, voluntary homes and voluntary organizations; to make provision with respect to fostering, child minding and day care for young children and adoption; and for connected purposes [16th November 1989] - [www.opsi.gov.uk] Законодательный Акт 1989 г.по реформе детского права
the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 - An Act to make provision for preventing crime and disorder; to create certain racially-aggravated offences; to abolish the rebuttable presumption that a child is doli incapax and to make provision as to the effect of a child’s failure to give evidence at his trial; to abolish the death penalty for treason and piracy; to make changes to the criminal justice system; to make further provision for dealing with offenders; to make further provision with respect to remands and committals for trial and the release and recall of prisoners; to amend Chapter I of Part II of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 and to repeal Chapter I of Part III of the Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997; to make amendments designed to facilitate, or otherwise desirable in connection with, the consolidation of certain enactments; and for connected purposes [31st July 1998] [www.opsi.gov.uk]. - Законодательный акт о преступлениях и беспорядках 1998 г. – акт по предотвращению преступной деятельности и беспорядков
the Adoption and Children Act (2002) - An Act to restate and amend the law relating to adoption; to make further amendments of the law relating to children; to amend section 93 of the Local Government Act 2000; and for connected purposes [7th November 2002] [www.opsi.gov.uk] - Законодательный акт по вопросам детей и их усыновлению/удочерению. Акт от 7 ноября 2002 г., в котором был переформулирован и улучшен закон, связанный с усыновлением/удочерением
a Practice Direction (February 2000) (Trial of Children and Young Persons in the Crown Court) - 1. This Practice Direction applies to trials of children and young persons in the Crown Court. Effect should be given to it forthwith. In it children and young persons are together called "young defendants".; 2. The steps which should be taken to comply with this Practice Direction should be judged, in any given case, taking account of the age, maturity and development (intellectual and emotional) of the young defendant on trial and all other circumstances of the case.; The overriding principle 3. Some young defendants accused of committing serious crimes may be very young and very immature when standing trial in the Crown Court. The purpose of such trial is to determine guilt (if that is in issue) and decide the appropriate sentence if the young defendant pleads guilty or is convicted… [www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/cms/926.htm]. - Практическое руководство/инструкция (от 16 февраля 2000 г.)
a Special Guardianship order - The Adoption and Children Act 2002 introduces a completely new court order, Special Guardianship, intended to provide another option for legal permanence for children who cannot grow up with their birth families. A Special Guardianship Order gives the special guardian legal parental responsibility for the child which is expected to last until the child is 18. But unlike Adoption Orders, these orders do not remove parental responsibility from the child’s birth parents, although their ability to exercise it is extremely limited… [www.baaf.org.uk (British Association for Adoption & Fostering]. - Распоряжение о специальном опекунстве (или специальной опеке) введёно Законодательным актом по вопросам детей и их усыновлению/удочерению от 2002 г. и является совершенно новым судебным распоряжением, нацеленным на предоставление другой возможности для правовой стабильности для детей, которые не могут расти в их родных семьях.
the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) - The Crown Prosecution Service was set up in 1986 to prosecute criminal cases investigated by the police in England and Wales. The CPS was created by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. The CPS exists to ensure that wrongdoers are brought to justice, victims of crime are supported and that people feel safer in their communities. In undertaking this role, the CPS: advises the police on cases for possible prosecution; reviews cases submitted by the police for prosecution; where the decision is to prosecute, determines the charge in all but minor cases; prepares cases for court; presents those cases at court… [www.cps.gov.uk]. - Служба уголовного преследования (правительственное ведомство, основанное в 1885 г. для обеспечения работы директора государственного обвинения; в компетенцию ведомства входят ведение дел по любым уголовным преступлениям за исключением тех, которые попадают под юрисдикцию Бюро по борьбе с мошенничеством в особо крупных размерах).
the Child and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) - CAFCASS was set up on 1st April 2001 under the provisions of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act which brought together the family court services previously provided by the Family Court Welfare Service, the Guardian ad Litem Service and the Children’s Division of the Official Solicitor’s Office. They work within the strategic objectives agreed by their sponsor department and contribute to wider government objectives relating to children. CAFCASS is independent of the courts, social services, education and health authorities and all similar agencies. [www.cafcass.gov.uk]. - Служба судебной консультации поддержки по вопросам детей и семьи CAFCASS была основана 1 апреля 2001 г. и является независимой от судов, системы социального обеспечения, властей по вопросам образования и здравоохранения и других подобных агентств.
the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) - On 8 July 1884, The London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was established. Lord Shaftesbury was appointed as president and the Reverend Benjamin Waugh and Reverend Edward Rudolf as joint honorary secretaries. At the 1889 annual general meeting the Society changed its name to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Queen Victoria became Patron and Waugh was appointed as director. The NSPCC was founded in 1884 and its vision is still to end cruelty to children in the UK. The NSPCC has helped more than 10 million children in the UK… [www.nspcc.org.uk]. - Национальное общество по предотвращению жестокости к детям или Национальное общество защиты детей от жестокого обращения 8 июля 1884 г. было основано TheLondonSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoChildren. На ежегодном общем собрании 1889 г. Общество поменяло название на TheNationalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoChildren. Основной целью Общества до сих пор является прекращение причинения насилия детям.
the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) - The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is a comprehensive, internationally binding agreement on the rights of children, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989. It incorporates children’s: civil and political rights (like their treatment under the law); social, economic and cultural rights (like an adequate standard of living); and protection rights (from abuse and exploitation). A child is defined in the UNCRC as a person under the age of 18 years [www.childrensrights.ie]. - Конвенция Организации Объединённых Наций по правам ребёнка. Это всеобъемлющее, международное обязательное соглашение по правам детей, принятое Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН в 1989 г. Она объединяет права детей по: гражданским и политическим вопросам (например, как с ними обращаются в соответствии с законом); социальным, экономическим и культурным вопросам (например, отвечающий требованиям стандарт жизни), и правовой защите (от жестокого обращения и эксплуатации). Согласно данной Конвенции, ребёнком является лицо моложе 18 лет.
Youth Justice System. The Supervision Order - The following order only applies to those young people who committed an offence before 30 November 2009. It has been replaced by, and is now part of, the Youth Rehabilitation Order. A Supervision Order can last up to three years. A range of conditions can be attached to a Supervision Order when the sentence is used for more serious offences. These are called 'specified activities' and can last for up to 90 days. Examples of 'specified activities' might be participation in Intensive Supervision and Surveillance (ISS), drug treatment (for young people aged 16+), curfews or residence requirements, which might require a young person to live in local authority accommodation for the period of the sentence… [www.yjb.gov.uk/engb/yjs/SentencesOrdersandAgreements].
Reading Comprehension
Exercises
Scanning
Look through the first two pages of the Chapter and illustrate the correlation of 7 terms naming young people up to the age of 18 and the names of the courts.
Scan the part YOUNG PERSONS ACCUSED OF CRIME. Describe the changes that were brought by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and illustrate the role of parents or appropriate adults in the cautioning and prosecution procedures.
Read quickly the part YOUNG PERSONS AS VICTIMS OF CRIME and describe the exact procedure of protecting by the law a child who has been the victim of crime, who has been harmed physically, sexually, or emotionally.
Look through the part CHILDREN AND THE FAMILY and name the components of the Children Act 1989 by which the courts are guided in the best interests of the child (general principles, range of options for dealing with the ranges of cases).
Scan the part ADOPTION and name useful additions or amendments that the Adoption and Children Act 2002 implemented for improving the performance of the adoption service.
Skimming
Look more thoroughly through the first part of the chapter and decide what it is devoted to.
the enumeration of certain things that children cannot do
the enumeration of legal prohibitions for children until they acquire full legal status
the rights and responsibilities of children
Look more closely through the end of the Chapter and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part.
“UN Convention on the rights of the child” reflects the interaction of official groups (the police, doctors, schools and the courts), government and the State with children.
In “UN Convention on the rights of the child” the obligations of the society to children are describe in detail.
In “UN Convention on the rights of the child” the rights of the child are detailed.
Vocabulary Work
Exercises
1. refer to as infants/minors/children; 2. serve on a jury; 3. be sued; 4. get involved with the courts; 5. ensure sth/that; 6. be presumed to do sth; 7. do wrong; 8. abolish; 9. be legally responsible for sth; 10. have one’s future life blighted; 11. amount to inhuman and degrading treatment; 12. flaw; 13. it may well be that; 14. spell out; 15. a landmark judgment; 16. corporal punishment.
Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
1. совершеннолетие; 2. за исключением предметов первой необходимости; 3. составлять завещание; 4. отказать в справедливом судебном разбирательстве; 5. вмешиваться в систему правосудия; 6. установить вину; 7. подвергать несовершеннолетнего подсудимого запугиванию, унижению и страданиям; 8. бессрочный судебный запрет; 9. в противоречии со статьей Европейской Конвенции; 10. поставить вне закона/запретить телесное наказание детей; 11. объявлять незаконным, запрещать, объявлять (кого-л.) вне закона; 12. завоевать доверие ребёнка; 13. логичность/последовательность/связность информации/доклада/отчета; 14. руководствоваться насущными интересами ребёнка; 15. уровень жизни; 16. развиваться в полной мере.
Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B).
A B
1. the age of majority a. решающий принцип/закон
2. child abuse/ill-treatment b. задержание/заключение под стражу
3. binding contract c. бессрочный судебный запрет
4. overriding principle d. последовательность информации
5. detention e. поворотное решение суда
6. supervision order f. юридически обязывающий договор
7. community sentence g. совершеннолетие
8. permanent injunction h. приказ об осуществлении надзора
9. landmark judgment i. жестокое обращение с детьми
10. the consistency of the account j. наказание в виде исправительных (общественных)
работ
Guess the concept of the following definitions.
A statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done sth wrong or illegal.
A spoken official warning given by the police to someone who has been arrested or who has done sth wrong that is not a serious crime.
An order given by a court which tells someone not to do sth.
An official written agreement that must be obeyed because it is accepted in law.
The general health, happiness and safety of a person or a group; well-being; practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people that need it.
Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word-combinations in which these words can be used.
minor (n); 2. juvenile (n); 3. welfare (n); 4. abuse (n, v); 5. confidence (n)
Match the words on the left (A) with their definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents.
A B
1. adoption a. causing people to feel that they have no value
2. binding b. one of the most important events, changes, or discoveries that
influences someone or sth
3. consent c. an illegal action or a crime
4. degrading d. the act of legally taking a child to be looked after as your own
5. intimidation e. more important than anything else
6. landmark f. permission or agreement
7. majority g. a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit
any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
8. offence h. (especially of an agreement) which cannot be legally
avoided or stopped
9. paramount i. the age when you legally become an adult
10. probation j. frightening or threatening someone into making them do
what you want
Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal against her two-year sentence.
Hebrew aguna (“deserted woman”) in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements.
Prior to the 1970s the term child abuse normally referred to only physical mistreatment, but since then its application has expanded to include, in addition to inordinate physical violence, unjustifiable verbal abuse; the failure to furnish proper shelter, nourishment, medical treatment, or emotional support; incest and other cases of sexual molestation or rape; and the use of children in prostitution or pornography.
Corporal punishments include flogging, beating, branding, mutilation, blinding, and the use of the stock and pillory. In a broad sense, the term also denotes the physical disciplining of children in the schools and at home.
In 1491, despite Austrian and English opposition, the Beaujeus concluded the marriage of Charles VIII with Anne of Brittany, which joined the domains of Brittany with the crown. When Charles freed himself from tutelage, however, his former guardians were exposed to the wrath of the new queen, whose duchy’s independence had been compromised.
Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. abolished; 2. abuse; 3. charge; 4. confidence; 5. custody; 6. degrading; 7. detention; 8. divorce; 9. fair; 10. gained; 11. in custody; 12. inhuman;13. injunctions; 14. intimidation; 15. living; 16. offenses; 17. standard;18. to do wrong; 19. wrongdoing.
In the United States any suspect who is being interrogated ______________ must be offered the services of a lawyer, at the expense of the state if he cannot afford to pay, and failure to advise the suspect of this right (known as the Miranda warnings, after the case of Miranda v. Arizona) results in the rejection of a confession as evidence.
Belonging to this first generation, thus, are rights such as those set forth in Articles 2–21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including freedom from gender, racial, and equivalent forms of discrimination; the right to life, liberty, and security of the person; freedom from slavery or involuntary servitude; freedom from torture and from cruel, ________________, or ______________ treatment or punishment; freedom from arbitrary arrest, _____________, or exile; the right to a ____________ and public trial; freedom from interference in privacy and correspondence; freedom of movement and residence; the right to asylum from persecution; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of peaceful assembly and association; and the right to participate in government, directly or through free elections.
The catalog of rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted without dissent by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948, is scarcely less than the sum of most of the important traditional political and civil rights of national constitutions and legal systems, including equality before the law… Also enumerated are such economic, social, and cultural rights as the right to work, the right to form and join trade unions, the right to rest and leisure, the right to a ______________ of ___________ adequate for health and well-being, and the right to education.
Amerigo Vespucci was the son of Nastagio, a notary. In 1479 he accompanied another relation, sent by the famous Italian family of Medici to be their spokesman to the king of France. On returning, Vespucci entered the “bank” of Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici and ______________ the ______________ of his employers.
Though Socrates (5th century BC) never taught directly, his whole activity rested on two unshakable premises: (1) the principle never ______________ nor to participate, even indirectly, in any _________________ and (2) the conviction that nobody who really knows what is good and right could act against it.
In _____________ cases the situation is often a de facto one: separation of the parents has taken place some time before the legal proceedings, and the child is already in the ___________ of one of them, so that the divorce decree may do no more than regularize in law what has already happened in fact.
Hence, in a case of armed robbery, the U.S. prosecutor may ____________ the suspect with armed robbery, simple robbery, assault, simple theft, or any combination of these _____________.
In July 1999, however, the Florida Supreme Court outlawed the state's use of the death penalty against 16-year-olds, and Montana ____________ the death penalty for those who were under 18 at the time of their crimes.
By the end of the 14th century the Court of Chancery in England had begun to grant ______________ as a remedy for the inadequacy of decisions in the common-law courts.
During the furor that ensued, more evidence came to light that prisoners held by the U.S. in various locations had been beaten, sexually assaulted, deprived of sleep and medical attention, frightened by dogs, and subjected to other forms of _______________, humiliation, and ___________.
IX. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.
_____________________________________________________________________________
in (4); of (4); on (2); to (2); before; from; out; with
Another argument favouring family courts is that a high proportion of family proceedings are noncontentious or undefended; for example, proceedings concerning adoption and children in need of care normally require not so much the application of law as an inquiry into what is _______ the best interests _______ the child.
________ the state and federal courts, each party has a specified number of peremptory challenges. After they are used, a party is required to furnish a reason why he or she thinks a particular person should not be allowed to serve ________ the jury.
Since 1969 (in Malaŵi traditional law), criminal cases involving witchcraft or local superstition, for which the death penalty can be imposed, have been tried ______ the traditional courts instead _______ the High Court.
Affidavits generally name the place of execution and certify that the person making it states certain facts and appeared _________ the officer on a certain date and “subscribed and swore” to the statement.
But the Gold Coast's first general election (Feb. 8, 1951) demonstrated the support the CPP (Convention People’s Party) had already won. Elected to Parliament, Kwame Nkrumah was released _______ prison to become leader of government business and, in 1952, prime minister of the Gold Coast (now Ghana).
The general welfare obviously includes elements such as health, housing, education, and economic opportunity as well as economic growth. This concern with the qualitative aspects of economic growth has left its mark upon the objectives written into the economic plans, which increasingly spell _______ general social aims.
Divorce was repealed in 1816 after Napoleon's fall and the restoration of the monarchy, and it was not reintroduced until 1884. From 1884 to 1975, divorce was permitted only ______ the grounds _______ adultery, conviction of a serious crime, and cruelty.
The United Nations is concerned ______ issues ______ human rights, including the rights of women and children, refugee resettlement, and narcotics control.
In Shimoda v. Japan (1983), a Japanese court held that the use of atomic weapons against Nagasaki and Hiroshima was contrary ______ international law, not merely because of the type of weapon used but because bombardment, by any means, of the civilian population of those two cities was contrary _____ the Hague Conventions of 1907.
The Prince has not appeared _____ public since the announcement of his divorce.
X. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary.
Охрана здоровья и благополучия детей является первостепенным, основным вопросом при рассмотрении возможности межгосударственного усыновления ребёнка, особенно на фоне частых случаев жестокого обращения с детьми за рубежом.
В каждой категории права существует определённый юридический термин, называющий юных граждан: ребёнок, малолетний, несовершеннолетний, малолетний обвиняемый и малолетний правонарушитель.
Офицер службы пробации работает на систему уголовного судопроизводства, осуществляя надзор за следующими лицами: 1) правонарушителями ещё не приговоренными к наказанию за преступления, 2) за лицами, которые приговорены к пробации (испытательному сроку), или 3) за лицами, которым вынесли приговор в виде условного наказания. Это отличает работу офицера службы пробации от работы офицера, надзирающего за заключёнными, досрочно освобождёнными за хорошее поведение.
Показания по делу являются судебными документами, содержащими изложение фактов, а также заявления по вопросу права. Подзащитный может ответить на показания по делу несколькими способами: принятием заявления, озвученного в суде, непринятием данного заявления или отклонением заявления. Когда сторона судебного разбирательства выбирает третий способ (отклонение заявления), следует должным образом усовершенствовать вариант изложения фактов, чтобы можно было отрицать виновность.
Мы изучили процесс получения «активного» письменного родительского согласия на проведение школьного проекта по предотвращению СПИДА в Южно-Африканской средней школе…В течение 2 недель, 94% из 258 родителей ответили на письмо, запрашивающее письменное согласие, и из них 93% согласившихся, а последующие опросы показали, что 65% ознакомились с формой согласия.
Grammar Revision
Exercises
The nouns can be countable [C] and uncountable [U].
There are a lot of nouns in English that can be both countable and uncountable. If nouns are both countable and uncountable it means that they have different meanings. And these nouns can be used both with articles and without any articles. That’s why sometimes we face difficulties while deciding to put an article or not.
There can be nouns that are always plural (e.g. the police).
I. Remember if these juridical noun-terms from Chapter 21 are countable, uncountable or both.
countable
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uncountable
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both
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ACT
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CONFIDENCE
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ABUSE
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ALLEGATION
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CUSTODY
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ADOPTION
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CASE
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EVIDENCE
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AGREEMENT
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CHECKLIST
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GUILT
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ASSAULT
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CONTRACT
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INTIMIDATION
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CAUTION
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JURY
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PERMISSION
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CONSIDERATION
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PROBATION
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CONSISTENCY
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WELFARE
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CONTACT
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CONVICTION
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COURT
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CRIME
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DEBATE
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DANGER
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DEFENCE
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DETENTION
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JUSTICE
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MAJORITY
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MURDER
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OFFENCE
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ORDER
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PRISON
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PROSECUTION
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PUNISHMENT
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STATUS
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TREATMENT
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TRIAL
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WARNING
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WRONG
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II. Give your own examples illustrating the fact that the nouns from the 3d column can be both countable and uncountable.
E.G. He visits his Dad in prison every week.
The two men were arrested only a week after they were released from prison.
They live opposite the prison. (say 'the prison' when you refer to a particular building)
The farm felt like a prison for her.
Speaking
Exercises
Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Explain why.
It is unlawful to punish children by smacking and beating.
to smack - to hit someone or sth forcefully with the flat inside part of your hand, producing a short loud noise, especially as a way of punishing a child
to beat - to hit repeatedly
Judges and police officers who deal with child abuse have special training.
In England and Wales a child can be a witness since he or she is 4.
In youth courts the jury has to decide what action to take if a young person is charged with a very serious crime.
Unmarried couples can not adopt children.
Answer the questions about the text.
What does the notion ‘the child’s welfare’ mean?
What legal actions are provided by the law for such cases when a child who is under 10 has committed a crime?
Who can be ‘the appropriate adult’? What are his or her functions?
What is the ‘cautioning panel’?
What’s the difference between an informal warning and a formal caution?
What does ‘a community sentence’ mean?
What are young offender’s parents allowed to do in court?
What does a construction ‘Her Majesty’s pleasure’ mean?
What does the notion ‘child abuse’ include?
Could you find and name the reasons why corporal punishment or physical chastising of a child has not been outlawed yet?
What protection agencies for any child at risk of abuse are known in England?
Who is included into child protection teams?
What are the steps of interviewing the child who is a victim of crime?
What planned delays with a specific purpose may there be in dealing with a case concerning a child?
What is included into monitoring of the child’s progress by a trained social worker?
When can decisions made by the court that are concerned with child’s welfare be changed?
Who are independent experts who know all about the child’s welfare checklist?
What special care do disabled children have the right to?
What is included into the notion ‘a standard of living’?
Are girls allowed to join the armed forces in Britain?
III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it.
IV. Discuss the following issues.
The extract is taken from ‘Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law’ [V. 1, p. 15]. Read this extract and answer the questions.
“When people in the United States think of children’s rights they usually think of children in third world countries who are victims of abusive child labour practices or insurmountable poverty. They may not realize that the rights of children are violated in the United States as well. Even though child labour laws were passed decades ago prohibiting employment of underage youngsters, pockets of oppressive child labour exist, literally, on American soil; child farm labourers work long hours in squalid conditions and often receive half the standard minimum wage”.
Why do not people in the United States realize, according to the extract, that the rights of children are violated in the United States?
What is known about abusive child labour practices, oppressive child labour in Britain, America and Russia?
What new child labour laws concerning employment of underage youngsters have recently been passed in Britain, America and Russia?
The extract is taken from ‘Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law’ [V. 1, p. 153]. Read this extract and contemplate on suggested topics.
‘The United States did sign the Convention in 1995 but it was never submitted to the Senate for ratification. Although the government has stated that it has no intention of ratifying the Convention, it has consistently reaffirmed its commitment to children’s rights.
Among the reasons the United States has failed to ratify the Convention is the fact that the Convention clearly states that anyone under the age of 18 is a child.
The US government has reservations about how that would affect matters when a 16- or 17-year old commits a crime; currently, in certain instances that a child can be tried as an adult.’
- Express your ideas about the fact that the Convention was not ratified in the US.
- Consider all the pros and cons of ratification and non-ratification of the Convention in the US.
V. Find the information on the Internet on the following themes and make presentations in class.
The most recent public inquiries about child abuse in: a) England, b) America and c) Russia.
Children as witnesses in: a) England, b) America and c) Russia.
New Adoption Laws in: a) England, b) America and c) Russia.
Adoption by gay (homosexual) parents in America and Britain. Gaybies.
gayby (plural gaybies) - 1. a baby with 2 parents of the same gender; 2. a baby belonging to gays; a gay baby; 3. the baby of a gay parent or parents [www.urbandictionary.com] - 1. ребёнокдвуходнополыхродителей; 2. ребёнок, принадлежащийгеям; 3. ребёнокродителя-геяилиродителей-геев.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).
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