Understanding the law ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List
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Vocabulary notes: 1. KC=King's Counsel or QC=Queen's Counsel - королевский адвокат - a senior British lawyer appointed to the rank by the Lord Chancellor. Note: there is no plural for counsel which is always used in the singular whether it refers to one barrister or several, and it is never used with the article "the" or "a" e.g. The claimant appeared in court with his solicitor and two counsel. On the other hand, the abbreviation QC can have a plural: e.g. Two QCs represented the defendant. 2. Metropolitan Police Commissioner - head of the Metropolitan Police in London - комиссар столичной полиции 3. Statute Book - all the laws passed by Parliament - действующее законодательство 4. Community order - punishment where a criminal is sentenced to do unpaid work in the local community - общественные работы 5. The Domesday Book - букв. "Книга страшного суда"/"Книга судного дня" ист. кадастровая книга, земельная опись Англии, произведенная Вильгельмом Завоевателем в 1085 - 1086; считалась основным документом при разборе тяжб о недвижимости 6. Chief Constable - начальник полиции (в городе, графстве) 7. Sikh - сикх (член индийской религиозной секты) Reading Comprehension Exercises
1. What types of discrimination does the law provide for? 2. Does prejudice still exist in the head and heart of many people? 3. Why do some historians claim that Britain has always been a haven from oppression for ethnic and religious minorities?
Choose the correct answer 1. Judges a. must never b. don't have to allow any witness to be bullied or intimidated. 2. Discrimination at its worst can lead to a. harassment b. injustice c. disability 3. The rights of immigrants must be protected a. by the law b. by police 4. Courts must be aware of defendant's a. mental and physical state b. marital status Vocabulary Work Exercises I. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text. 1. mute appeal; 2. be riven with racism; 3. impair; 4. incite hatred; 5. invoke an act; 6. abridge privileges and immunities; 7. breach of the law; 8. outlaw slavery; 9. be entitled to damages; 10. refuse admittance; 11. gain acceptance;12. advance the cause of racial equality; 13. ethnic imbalance and disparities; 14. employment tribunal; 15. accommodate problems. II. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text. 1. нападение при отягчающих обстоятельствах; 2. приставание, преследование, домогательствo; 3. закон; 4. смягчить взыскание; 5. бежать от преследования, гонений; 6. предвестник; 7. утверждение; 8. орган государственной власти; 9. запугивать свидетеля; 10. обязательство, обязанность; 11. лицо, имеющее разрешение, патент; 12. прорыв часто посещаемое место; 13. отягчающие обстоятельства; 14. предать правосудию. III. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B). A B 1. impairment of speech a. бежать от преследования, гонений 2. make allowances в. отказаться от попытки, прекратить попытки 3. uphold the law с. иметь право на что - то, сделать что - либо 4. flee persecution d. дефект речи 5. abandon an attempt е. защищать закон, оказывать моральную поддержку 6. be entitled to do f. принимать во внимание, учитывать обстоятельства 7. incitement to racial hatred g. расовое предубеждение, дискриминация по расовому признаку 8. aggravated assault h. недееспособность, инвалидность 9. mitigating circumstances/factor i. Подстрекательство к расовой ненависти 10. disability j. соблюдение (закона), наблюдение 11. employment tribunal l. нападение с отягчающими обстоятельствами 12. racial prejudice=racial discrimination m. смягчающие обстоятельства 13. observation n. наведение справок, расспрашивание, осведомление 14. inquiry into smth o. суд, занимающийся вопросами трудового законодательства IV. Guess the concept of the following definitions: 1. call or bring into use ( a right or a law) 2. a place which a particular person visits frequently 3. lessen the seriousness of (evil, harm, pain) 4. a person who is involved in a disagreement that is examined in a court of law 5. annoying behaviour towards someone that takes place regularly, for example threats, offensive remarks, or physical attacks V. Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word - combinations in which these words can be used. 1. to advance; 2. to deny smb smth; 3. assertion; 4. defy; 5. caution VI. Match the words on the left (A) with the definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents. A B 1. intimidate a. make smth. less good or effective, esp. by causing damage that affects the way smth. works 2. litigant b. to deliberately make someone feel frightened esp. so that they will do what you want 3. impair c. the business activities or the general relationship that you have with another person or organization 4. accommodate problems d. someone who is involved in a disagreement that is being examined in a court of law 5. invoke an act e. a discovery or achievement that comes after a lot of hard work 6. disparity f. consider and include something when you are deciding what to do 7. licensee g. someone who has a license to do something 8. breakthrough h. a difference between things 9. public authority i. use a law in order to achieve something 10. dealings j. a state governing institution VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian: 1. The Court of Appeal agreed to make the order, saying that if the statistics 'show racial or ethnic imbalance or disparities, then they may indicate areas of racial discrimination'. 2. Judges must never allow any witness to be bullied or intimidated. 3. We have a commitment to providing equal services and opportunities for all. 4. Some disabilities are so serious that they may make it impossible for the disabled person to attend court at all. 5. The Act introduced four main offences to deal with the problem of racially aggravated violence and harassment. VIII. Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
1. Problems of disabled people must be ___sympathetically. 2. The police give a formal ___more frequently to a white offender (who is not prosecuted) than to a black offender(who is). 3. These laws against discrimination were extended to ___, housing, and insurance. 4. This law only became an Act after the Parliament Act 1911 was ___. 5. It is the aim of the courts always ___the laws passed by Parliament against sexual or racial discrimination. 6. This act was designed ___racial discrimination. 7. The 14th Amendment to the US Constitution decrees that ' no State shall make or enforce any law which shall ___the privileges or immunities of citizens. 8. An outstanding cricketer was ____to stay in the hotel. 9. Protestant refugees, ___in countries in Western Europe, found safety in Britain. 10. The defendant turned to the lawyer in ___as he didn't know how to answer the judge's question. IX. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box if necessary.
1. It has been the claim _____ some historians that Britain has, _____ comparison _____ many other countries, been a haven _____ oppression _____ ethnic and religious minorities; and there are some outstanding examples _____ tolerance. 2. _____ the USA _____ this time, a number _____ dramatic and highly publicised cases advanced the cause _____ racial equality. 3. This was the forerunner _____ a succession _____ statutes designed to outlaw racial discrimination, each carrying the protection _____ discrimination a stage further. 4. The Race Relations Act 1976 made it unlawful to discriminate _____ racial grounds _____ relation _____ employment, training and education; and _____ the provision _____ goods and services. 5. _____ 17 June 1998, _____ the course _____ the Inquiry, assistant Commissioner Johnston, _____ behalf _____ Metropolitan Police apologized _____ the Lawrence family _____ failing to bring Stephen’s Killers _____ justice. 6. It is unlawful to discriminate _____ anyone because _____ his or her sex. 7. All disabled people must have an equal access ____justice. 8. Courts now have a duty to comply ____the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. 9. They tried to intimidate him ____doing what they wanted. 10. The judge said that nothing could mitigate ___the cruelty with which had treated ___her child. X. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary: 1. Оказалось, что это был важный период в развитии законов, направленных против дискриминации. 2. Парламент постоянно принимает новые и более жёсткие законы для того, чтобы защитить людей от дискриминации. 3. Было бы глупо считать, что проблем дискриминации больше не существует. 4. Судьи никогда не должны допускать, чтобы свидетелей, будь это свидетель обвинения или свидетель защиты, запугивали. 5. Осознание того, как много вреда может быть причинено межрасовым (racial) отношениям и делу справедливости предвзятостью (предубеждением), и как много нужно сделать, чтобы устранить этот вред, возникло в ходе расследования по делу Стефана Лоренса. 6. Заместитель комиссара полиции от имени Столичной полиции извинился перед семьей Лоренсов за то, что они не смогли предать правосудию убийц Стефана. Speaking Exercises I. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Explain why. 1. The problems of prejudice and discrimination do not remain among the most difficult, sensitive and important facing society today. 2. Credit for the steady improvement in the sphere of religious discrimination goes to many people: enlightened parents, teachers, and workers in the community, community leaders, sportsmen, entertainers. 3. Special arrangements may have to be made in advance of the trial for the convenience and comfort of the disabled. 4. The racial motivation for a crime mustn't be regarded as an aggravating factor. 5. After the Second World War, it became the policy the British Government to encourage people from South Asia and West Africa to come to Britain. II. Answer the questions about the text. 1. What is discrimination? 2. Why is discrimination one of the most obvious examples of injustice? 3. Why is the problem of racial discrimination so important for the “island race”? 4. Do you agree with the assertion that Britain has, by comparison with many other countries, been a haven from oppression for ethnic and religions minorities? 5. What is the Domesday Book? 6. How do you understand the expression “discrimination for discrimination’s sake”? 7. Why was the period between 1950s and 1960s so important in the development of laws against discrimination? 8. What problems emerged in the course of the Stephen Lawrence inquiry? 9. What kind of recommendations did the Home Secretary accept after the Lawrence inquiry? 10. Are there any examples of discrimination in the justice system itself? Give examples, if there are any. 11. What does the 1997 - 98 statistics show? 12. What is called “sex discrimination”? 13. What cases of racial discrimination are described in this chapter? 14. What important laws which relate to discrimination do you know? 15. What is a racially aggravated offence? 16. Why do race issues go to the heart of Britain system of justice? 17. Why do Acts of Parliament require the courts to take account of disability? 18. What provision of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 is considered to be a breakthrough in the field of race relations in criminal cases? 19. What instructions are given to those who are sentenced by the court to community orders? 20. Is religious discrimination a criminal offence in Britain? 21. Why are changing attitudes and prejudices always very difficult, and can take a long time? What is a crucial part of this process? III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it. IV. Discuss the following issues. 1. What types of discrimination can you find in your country? 2. Are there any laws against discrimination in your country? What kind of laws would you propose? 3. What ways of dealing with discrimination do you know? Chapter XXI Young Persons Vocabulary List
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