Understanding the law ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List
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Guess the concept of the following definitions. 1. A municipal court that, in accordance with international law, deals with questions relating prize, i.e. ships, aircraft, or goods captured during wartime at sea or in port by the naval or air forces of a belligerent power. 2. A body, headed by the President of the Council, that formerly advised the Crown on government policy but has been superseded in that role by the Cabinet. Its functions are now mainly formal, but it has limited statutory powers of legislation and it also advises the sovereign, through committees, on certain judicial matters and other matters of a nonpolitical nature. 3. Any of the civil courts forming a system covering all of England and Wales, the area covered by each court does not invariably correspond to the local government county boundary. 4. The court that hears appeals from the Court Martial; it is mostly made up of judges from the civilian Court of Appeal for England and Wales. Further appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. 5. A system of courts, held by authority of the Crown, whose wearer is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The courts have jurisdiction over matters dealing with the rights and obligations of church members, now limited to controversies in areas of church property and ecclesiastical disciplinary proceedings. These courts, unlike common law courts, are based upon and operate along civil law procedures and Canon law-based jurisprudence. 6. A court having jurisdiction to review the law as applied to a prior determination of the same case. V. Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word–combinations in which these words can be used. 1.appeal (v); 2.indictment (n); 3. inquest (n); 4. discharge (n); 5. proceeding (n).
VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. 1. This agency will carry out the administrative and support tasks for the Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court, and county courts. 2. Certain other distinguished judges, for example the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls, may also sit in 'the Lords'. All the Law Lords are Life Peers, created from the ranks of judges. 3. The Law Lords may reach their decisions by a majority, and it is not unusual for the court to decide its cases by a majority of 3-2. 4. Lord Chancellor Falconer said the object of the creation of this 'new free-standing Supreme Court will be to 'separate the highest appeal court from the second house of Parliament, and remove the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary from the legislature ... the proposed new Court will be a United Kingdom body legally separate from the England and Wales courts since it will also be the Supreme Court of both Scotland and Northern Ireland'. 5. Consultation Paper prepared by the Department for Constitutional Affairs refers to: questions about whether there is sufficient transparency of independence from the executive and legislature to give people the assurance to which they are entitled about the independence of the judiciary. 6. The considerable growth of judicial review in recent years has inevitably brought the judges into the political eye. It is essential that our systems do all that they can to minimize the danger that judges decisions could be perceived to be politically motivated. 7. It therefore follows that a High Court Judge in the Queen's Bench Division is likely to find the year divided up into periods when he or she will be in London, or say, Leeds, Manchester, Cardiff or Winchester trying either serious criminal cases or important civil cases, or sitting in the Court of Appeal, assisting the Lords Justices to hear criminal appeals. 8. Circuit Judges may be specially approved to try cases involving certain types of serious criminal offences, such as murder, rape, child abuse, and fraud. 9. Members of the public sit as magistrates as an act of public duty. 10. In cases of difficulty, where, for example, the circumstances of death may point to someone being to blame, a jury will be sworn to give a verdict as to the cause of death.
JUDICIAL DECISIONS AS AUTHORITIES 1. The decisions of the House of Lords upon questions of ________ are normally considered by the House to be _________upon itself, but because too rigid adherence to __________ may lead to __________ in a particular ___ and unduly restrict the proper ____________ of the law the House will depart from a previous __________ when it appears right to do so, although it bears in mind the danger of disturbing retrospectively the basis upon which contracts, property ___________ and fiscal arrangements have been ______________and the especial need for certainty as to the _________law. 2. When a broad ________ has been clearly decided by the ________, the decision should not be weakened or frittered away by fine distinctions, and an erroneous _________ of the House upon a __________ of law can be set right only by Act of ___________. 3. A decision of the House of Lords occasioned by __________ of the House being equally divided is as ________ on the House and on all inferior _________ as if it had been _________. 4. Decisions of the House of Lords are binding on every court ________ to it. 5. The decisions of the __________ upon questions of law must be followed by Divisional Courts and courts of ___________, and, as a general _____, are binding on the Court of Appeal until a contrary __________ has been arrived at by the House of Lords. 6. There are, however, three, and only three, exceptions to this rule; thus (1) the Court of Appeal is _________ and bound to decide which of two __________ decisions of its own it will follow; (2) it is ________ to refuse to follow a decision of its own which, although not expressly _____, cannot, in its opinion, stand with a decision of the House of Lords; and (3) the Court of Appeal is not ______ to follow a decision of its own if given __________. 7. Unlike the House of Lords, the Court of Appeal does not have liberty to ________ its own earlier decisions. 8. A decision is given per incuriam when the _______ has acted __________ of a ____________of its own or of a court of ____________ which covered the case before it, in which case it must decide which case to _________; or when it has acted in ignorance of a House of Lords decision, in which case it must follow that decision; or when the decision is given in ignorance of the terms of a__________ or rule having statutory ________. 9. In its _______________ the Court of Appeal applies the same principles as on the _________, but _________ that there are exceptions (a) where the _______ is in prison and in the full _____________ wrongly so; (b) where the court thinks that the law was ___________ or misapplied; and (c) where the full court is carrying out its _______ to lay down principles and guidelines in relation to __________. 10. A Divisional Court is bound by its own previous decisions, regardless of how many ________ are sitting, with limited exceptions in __________, subject always to the per incuriam ______. Faced with ________ earlier decisions the court is _____ to decide which to follow. 11. Divisional Court decisions bind _______ of first instance, even of a different division, but not the Employment Appeal __________.
1. But unlike those peers who support one political party or another, ____ tradition the Law Lords do not become involved _____ politics, and will generally only concern themselves _______ legislation which relates ____ legal matters. 2. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is also the final court of appeal _____ ecclesiastical courts and prize courts; it hears appeals ___ certain professional bodies, who have the power to strike members ____ their registers. 3. Their courts are those in which the proceedings are commenced and which actually hear the first trial, unlike the appellate courts which deal only ____ cases ___ appeal. 4. The Court Service Agency carries out the administrative and support task ____ the Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court and county courts and is a branch ____ the Lord Chancellor’s Department. Its head or Chief Executive is responsible _____ the Lord Chancellor. 5. Appeals in criminal cases are heard ____ the Criminal Division ____ the Court, the Court will be presided _____ by the Lord Chief Justice. The office of Justice of the Peace is one of the oldest ____ the country, and could date back ____ 1195, when Richard I made a royal proclamation that “knights of the peace” should assist the sheriff ____ the keeping of law and order. 6. Anyone who wishes to become a JP may apply to the Lord Chancellor’s Department. They must be supported ______ references, and will be interviewed to determine their suitability. 7. _______ the eyes _______ the public JPs have one great advantage that they are free _____ the habits of thought, speech and bearing which characterize professional lawyers and which most people find ____ a greater or lesser extent repellent. 8. Mental health review tribunals are responsible ______ reviewing cases _____ patients who suffer ______ mental illness and who have been compulsorily detained in hospital. 9. A coroner’s duty is to hold an inquiry _____ the manner of death of anyone who appears to have died _____ violent or unnatural means. 10. ______ one time coroners could actually charge people _____ murder or manslaughter, and have them committed _____ the local assize court _____ trial. 11. Decisions of judges sitting _____ first instance trying cases _____ the High Court are binding _____ all inferior courts.
1. Высшим судом страны является палата лордов. Палата лордов – это последняя инстанция, где рассматриваются апелляционные жалобы как по гражданским, так и по уголовным делам. 2. Отделение королевской скамьи занимается рассмотрением сложных гражданских дел в первой инстанции и апелляциями на приговоры магистратских судов. В состав отделения входят 60 судей Верховного суда, а возглавляет его судья-председатель отделения королевской скамьи Высокого суда. 3. Каждая апелляция по гражданским делам рассматривается коллегией из трех судей, заседающих вместе. Обычно они выносят решение единогласно, в случае если все согласны с ним, однако возможно принятие решения большинством голосов в соотношении 2:1. 4. Апелляции по наиболее сложным уголовным делам рассматриваются судьей-председателем отделения королевской скамьи Высокого суда, заседающего вместе с двумя судьями Высокого суда. При рассмотрении апелляций по уголовным делам все три судьи выносят общее решение. Это означает, что если один из них не согласен с остальными, он не может принять решение согласно своему особому мнению, а должен подчиниться общему решению. 5. Апелляционный суд также выполняет функции Военного апелляционного суда. В этом случае в нем рассматриваются апелляции, поступившие из различных военных трибуналов армии, военно-морского флота и военно-воздушных сил. 6. Трибуналы (специализированные суды, суды специальной юрисдикции) являются независимыми юридическими органами, учрежденными парламентом для рассмотрения различного вида жалоб, поступающих от должностных лиц и организаций. 7. Каждый, желающий стать мировым судьей, может обратиться в ведомство Лорда-Канцлера. Репутация претендента должна быть подтверждена рекомендациями, и он должен пройти собеседование для определения его профессиональной пригодности. 8. Некоторые профессиональные организации имеют свои собственные суды специальной юрисдикции, которые занимаются вопросами профессиональной дисциплины и имеют полномочия временно или полностью отстранить от занимаемой должности члена коллектива, если его поведение не соответствует требуемым нормам. 9. Коронер (следователь, специальной функцией которого является расследование случаев насильственной или внезапной смерти) должен быть барристером, солиситером или практикующим врачом с не менее чем пятилетним стажем. В его обязанности входит проведение расследования, которое еще называют коронерским расследованием (дознанием), обстоятельств смерти человека, чья гибель оказалась результатом насильственных действий или была внезапной. 10. Священный принцип английского права – это принцип ‘прецедента, имеющего обязательную силу’. То есть, когда суду представлены факты по делу, судьи обязаны решать дело, используя принципы права, применяемые при решении предыдущего дела с аналогичными обстоятельствами. |