Understanding the law ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List
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Grammar Revision Exercises Translate the sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice construction. 1. A person or thing performing an action is called the subject of the action. A person or thing acted upon is called an object of the action. 2. In the English language the verb has two voices: the Active Voice and the Passive Voice. 3. The Active Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is the subject of the action expressed by the predicate. 4. The Passive Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is an object of the action expressed by the predicate. 5. The tenses of the Passive Voice are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense and Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb. 6. The Future Continuous and the Perfect Continuous tenses are not used in the Passive Voice. 7. The tenses of the Passive Voice are used according to the same rules as the corresponding tenses of the Active Voice. 8. The Passive Voice is used when the speaker wants to say something about the object (not about the subject of the action). In this case the subject of the action is mostly not mentioned at all; otherwise it is expressed by a noun or pronoun with the preposition by or with. 9. A verb which may have a direct object is a transitive verb. A verb which is not used with a direct object is intransitive. In Russian only transitive verbs are used in the Passive Voice -- the subject of a passive construction corresponds to the direct object of the active construction. 10. In English not only transitive but many intransitive verbs are used in the Passive Voice. The subject of a passive construction in English may correspond not only to a direct object of the active construction but also to an indirect or prepositional object. 11. The passive verb-forms are translated into Russian: a. by verbs with the particle -ся (-сь); b. by combinations of the verb бытьwith a short form of the Past Participle Passive (краткое причастие страдательного залога); c. by verbs in the Active Voice in indefinite-personal sentences; d. if the subject of the action of a passive construction is indicated, the English Passive Voice may be rendered in Russian by the verb in the Active Voice in a definite-personal sentence. 1. The new Department for Constitutional Affairs (formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department) is responsible for the organization and smooth running of the courts, although much of the day-to-day running of the courts is carried out by Her Majesty's Courts Service. 2. The House of Lords is more correctly called the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. 3. Only those cases, in which 'leave to appeal' (special permission) has been given, either by the Court of Appeal or by the House of Lords itself, will be heard there. 4. The extraordinary term 'In Ordinary' simply means that they receive their salary from the ordinary Consolidated Fund (the Exchequer account at the Bank of England into which all revenues are paid); they are not paid by the House of Lords itself. 5. Normally, each appeal is heard by five Law Lords, although in some, rare instances cases are heard by a panel of seven or even nine. 6. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was established by statute in 1833 to hear appeals from 'any dominion or dependency of the Crown in any matter, civil or criminal'. 7. Other senior judges have also been co-opted to sit in this court, as have distinguished judges from abroad. In February 2001 Dame Sian Elias, Chief Justice of New Zealand, became the first woman to sit in the Privy Council, when she was invited to spend two weeks as a member of the court. 8. The rulings of the Privy Council are normally not binding on other courts, but they are of strong persuasive authority (the rulings do not have to be followed, but should be given attention and great respect when courts are deciding what the law is). 9. The first sitting of the new Supreme Court was planned to take place in 2008; until then the House of Lordsl continued as the final court of appeal. 10. The Queen's Bench Division consists of about 80 High Court Judges, and from October 2005 has been headed by the new office of President of the Queen's Bench Division. 11. County courts were introduced in 1846 to enable civil claims for small amounts to be heard quickly and cheaply. 12. This 'regularity' in standing by decisions has been described as "a 'sacred principle' of English law, and it is rooted in the natural, human inclination of people to regard past experience and decisions as guides to future action, and to be able to conduct themselves with a degree of certainty about what the legal consequences of their actions, if any, will be. Speaking Exercises
1. The Court Service Agency is responsible for the organization and smooth running of the courts. 2. The Judicial Committee of the House of Lords deals with all the cases of public importance. 3. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council hears appeals from all the “dependent territories of the Crown in any matter civil or criminal”. 4. In the UK Lords Justices of Appeal always deliver unanimous judgment. 5. Recorders sit as part-time judges only in the Crown Court. 6. Nowadays JPs hear both civil and criminal cases in England. 7. The only difference between а JP and а District judge is that the latter is paid а stipend. 8. Tribunals sit quite informally, they have to make а variety of important decisions which can’t be challenged in the High Court. 9. The police will be expected to investigate the case thoroughly if the coroner’s court reaches а verdict of “unlawful killing”. 10. The main legal principal in the UK is known as stare decisis.
1. What is a tale of two committees about? Give a detailed description of the committees. 2. What does the Court of Appeal deal with? Which different functions does it comprise? To what extent does it submit to the House of Lords? 3. What was the rationale behind the establishment of the Supreme Court? 4. What are the judicial aims of the Supreme Court? 5. How do appeals in Civil Cases differ from appeals in Criminal Cases? 6. Where does the importance of a dissenting judgment lie? 7. What rules are judges run by while hearing appeals in civil and criminal cases? 8. How does the Court of Appeal function? 9. What divisions does the High Court of justice consist of? What does the activity of these divisions encompass? 10. What does the phrase “to try cases at first instance” mean? 11. How does a High Court Judge put into practice the principle “Justice must be seen to be done”? 12. How do the Crown and county courts work? Which requirements are they to meet? 13. What is the role of High Court Judges and Circuit Judges within the frame of the Crown Court? 14. What are the functions of the magistrates’ courts? 15. Where does the difference lie between a magistrates’ court and a county court? 16. Who are the cases in magistrates’ courts heard by? 17. What is the notion “Justices of the Peace” rooted in? 18. What are tribunals set up for? 19. What are the types of tribunals? What matters do they deal with? 20. What are the coroner’s duties? 21. When are juries involved in the work of the coroner’s court? 22. Why is the coroner’s court so important nowadays? 23. What is the clerk of the court responsible for? When is the clerk a particularly important figure? 24. What is the principle of binding precedent based on? How does it work in practice? III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it. IV. Discuss these issues. 1. Lord Bingham, defending the work done by magistrates, described them as а ’democratic jewel beyond price’. Comment on his words. What is your idea of magistrates? 2. In England, in accordance with tradition the law has been developed through the principle of binding precedent. What are weak and strong points of their ‘sacred principle’? Compare the English principles and the Continental ones? 3. Discuss the differences in the work of the Courts in Russia and in Britain. What are pros and cons of their work in both countries?
1. The changes in the court system of the UK. 2. The present and past of independent judicial bodies set up by Parliament. 3. Coroner’s courts in the 21 century. Chapter XII The Work of the Courts - Part 2 Criminal and Civil Cases Criminal Cases Vocabulary List 1. allege – утверждать (часто голословно); ссылаться на оправдание в доказательство 2. accused – подсудимый; обвиняемый в преступлении Note: can be singular or plural. the accused in custody – обвиняемый, содержащийся под стражей.. 3. defendant – ответчик; обвиняемый; подсудимый; подзащитный a defendant in attendance – присутствующий в суде ответчик или подсудимый a defendant in error – ответчик по апелляции 4. be charged with an offence – быть обвиненным в совершении преступления 5. convicted – осужденный already convicted – ранее осужденный capitally convicted – осужденный за преступление, караемое смертной казнью convict (n) – осужденный convict (v) – осудить (признать виновным); осуждать на длительный срок тюремногo заключения conviction – осуждение (признание виновным), судимость quash (cancel) conviction – снять обвинение 6. conspiracy (to sth/to do sth) (n) – конспирация; заговор, тайный сговор; тайная подпольная организация conspire – устраивать заговор, тайно замышлять, сговариваться 7. associate (n) – сообщник, соучастник; партнер associate (v) – присоединять(ся); объединяться 8. tip off (v) – предупреждать tip-off (n) – конфиденциальная информация; намек, предупреждение, наводка 9. statute – статут (международный коллективный акт конститутивного характера); закон, законодательный акт statute declaratory of the common law – закон, формулирующий существующее общее право statute in force – действующий законодательный акт, действующий статут 10. dismiss – отклонять (иск); прекращать (дело) 11. acquittal – оправдание, судебное решение об оправдании, оправдательный вердикт; освобождение (от ответственности) acquittal of crime – оправдание по уголовному делу acquit – оправдать, признать невиновным; освобождать (от ответственности) acquit for lack of evidence – оправдать за недостатком или отсутствием доказательств 12. assault (n) – словесное оскорбление и угроза физического насилия; нападение assault and battery – нападение с нанесением удара assault (v) – совершить нападение 13. decree (v) – издавать указ decree (n) – судебное решение; указ decree nisi – условное решение суда decree absolute – решение суда окончательно и безусловно вступившее в силу 14. detention – задержание, арест a detention center – центр для содержания под стражей задержанных правонарушителей pretrial detention – заключение под стражу до начала судебного процесса detention on remand – предварительное заключение detention in custody – содержание под стражей 15. an information – заявление об обвинении; изложение фактических обстоятельств bring ( lodge) the information – заявлять об обвинении 16. prosecution – судебное преследование; предъявление иска; обвинение prosecute – проводить, вести (судебное дело); преследовать в судебном порядке 17. sentence (v) – приговаривать (к наказанию) 18 create – предусматривать (в законе, правовой норме) create an offence – предусмотреть (в законе) новый состав преступления 19. appeal (n) – апелляция; обращение appeal (v) – подавать апелляционную жалобу; предложить ответчику дать объяснения по иску appellant - податель апелляции appellate - апелляционный appellee - оветчик по апелляции
remand in custody – возвращение под стражу remand on bail – возвращение на поруки
be liable to capital punishment – подлежащий смертной казни liability – ответственность
indict – обвинять по обвинительному акту 23. manslaughter – простое убийство (без злого предумышления) 24. in default – за неимением, ввиду отсутствия in default of payment – в случае неуплаты Vocabulary notes 1. Gunpowder plot – ‘пороховой заговор’ (против короля Якова I и членов обеих палат парламента 5 ноября 1605г.) 2. the Criminal Justice Act 2003– акт об уголовном судопроизводстве 3. the Law Commission (Law revision commission) – постоянно действующая комиссия по пересмотру действующего права 4. the Person Act – закон о неприкосновенности личности 5. the Crime and Disorder act – закон о совершении преступления и нарушении общественного порядка 6. the Divisional Court – один из судов Высокого суда Reading Comprehension Exercises I. Scanning Scan the text and finish the sentences using the facts from it. 1. In a criminal trial the duty to prove the case is called the burden of proof and it belongs…. 2. The court can impose only a limited punishment on crimes which are less serious and are tried…. 3. Nowadays it is possible for the Court of Appeal to set aside an acquittal and…. 4. Summary offences are called so because…. II. Skimming Skim through the 2nd paragraph of “Indictable offences” and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part. 1. The appeal courts will re-try cases themselves. 2. The appeal courts will decide if the original trial was conducted properly and then either dismiss or allow the appeal. 3. In this case the Court of Appeal will quash the conviction altogether and order a re-trial. Skim through “Either-way” offences and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part. 1. “Either-way” offences may be tried only in magistrates’ court. 2. Burglary and handling stolen goods are good examples of “either-way” offences. 3. “Either“-way” offences may be tried either in magistrates’ court or by the Crown Court, the latter giving the opportunity for the defendant to choose who to be tried by. Vocabulary Work Exercises I. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
II. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
III. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B). A. B. 1. be charged with a crime a. признавать недействительной апелляцию 2. indictable offence b. обеспечивать соблюдение судебных приказов 3. unsafe conviction c. быть обвиненным в совершении преступления; 4. summary offence d. отклонить иск 5. dismiss the appeal e. представить позицию защиты 6. allow the appeal f. обвинительный приговор, не имеющий достаточной юридической силы 7. reverse a verdict on appeal g. преступление, преследуемое в порядке суммарного производства; 8. put up a defence h. освобождать на поруки, направлять на пробацию 9. enforce orders i. отменять судебное решение по апелляции 10. place on probation j. преступление, преследуемое по обвинительному акту |